中国雅罗鱼亚科的骨骼系统及其分类学意义(鲤形目:鲤科)

鱼类的骨髂系统对研究鱼类分类及系统发育有十分重要的意义。我国有丰富的鲤科鱼类,为这方面的研究提供了良好条件。 雅罗鱼亚科Leuciscinae在我国南北方都有分布,也广布于北美洲及欧洲。本亚科的许多种类是我国的重要经济鱼类,也有许多是我国的特产种属。关于本亚科的骨骼系统,过去只有零星报道,如张春霖、包桂浚(1934),Ramaswami(1955),Howes(1978,1981),陈宜瑜(1981),林人端(1981),以及作者(1986a,b)对本亚科咽颅的研究。本文较为系统地研究了我国产雅罗鱼亚科13属17种的脑颅、脊柱及附肢骨髂,结果如下。     

广西南宁渐新世基于咽齿的鲤亚科一新属

记述了产自广西南宁盆地渐新世早—中期的鲤科鲤亚科一新属种——伍氏南宁鲤(+Nanningocyprinus wui gen.et sp.nov).化石材料包括一些咽喉骨和咽齿.这些咽喉骨和咽齿的以下特征组合明显不同于其他鲤科鱼类:齿式-3·2·1,主行第一枚咽齿大小是第二枚的3～4倍,第二枚咽齿及第二行第一枚咽齿咀嚼面上各仅有一条沟纹,咽骨前角很发育.该属种的发现进一步证明鲤亚科是鲤科中较早的分支,中国南方很有可能是鲤亚科的起源和分化中心.     

广西南宁渐新世基于咽齿的鲤亚科一新属（英文）

记述了产自广西南宁盆地渐新世早—中期的鲤科鲤亚科一新属种——伍氏南宁鲤(?Nanningocyprinus wui gen.et sp.nov)。化石材料包括一些咽喉骨和咽齿。这些咽喉骨和咽齿的以下特征组合明显不同于其他鲤科鱼类:齿式—3·2·1,主行第一枚咽齿大小是第二枚的3~4倍,第二枚咽齿及第二行第一枚咽齿咀嚼面上各仅有一条沟纹,咽骨前角很发育。该属种的发现进一步证明鲤亚科是鲤科中较早的分支,中国南方很有可能是鲤亚科的起源和分化中心。     

鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾和行为反应特性及其对捕食习性的适应

用扫描电镜观察和行为学实验研究鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾形态和分布及吞食行为反应特性，结果表明，鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾丰富，几乎都是Ｉ型和Ⅱ型味蕾，着生于表皮乳突上，主要分布于上颌骨齿周围及内侧，下颌齿周围及外侧，舌前中区，下鳃骨细齿内侧等部位，其它区域分布较少，鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾对食物味道和软硬均非常敏感，鳜鱼仅吞食同时具有一定味道和软硬度的食物，本文探讨了鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾的结构功能关系及其对捕食习性的适应意义。     

锦鲤咽齿替换及齿胚的解剖学观察,前插1

从鱼类解剖学和口腔医学的角度,观察和讨论了锦鲤咽齿、齿胚的形态结构和咽齿的替换,并对咽齿和咬合板做了扫描电镜观察.发现锦鲤咽齿替换与齿胚有密切关系;咽齿替换分为两侧不同名齿同时替换、同侧两枚不同名齿同时替换和单侧一枚齿自主替换3种类型;咽齿替换是终生发生的,遵循着"被替换咽齿的骨性支持从基骨骨孔开始吸收-同名齿胚的移行与就位-旧齿脱落与新齿支持组织改建为骨性"的过程.认为齿胚的发育是启动咽齿替换的起始因素;锦鲤与野生鲤有近缘关系.     

新疆玛纳斯古近纪—新的鲤科鱼类

记述了新疆玛纳斯古近纪安集海河组发现的鲤科(Cyprinidae)一新属、种——刘氏天山鱼(Tianshanicus liui gen.et sp.nov.)。新属具有臀鳍分叉鳍条多于7根、体长形稍侧扁、口端位、下咽齿近锥形而齿尖前后略侧扁、背鳍和臀鳍均无硬棘、背鳍起点略在腹鳍起点之后以及尾鳍深分叉等特征,表明它应属于雅罗鱼亚科(Leuciscinae sensu Cavender & Coburn,1992)。然而,它又具有额骨前宽后窄、顶骨长方形、膜质蝶耳骨很大、齿骨冠状突较低、鳃盖骨近长方形等特征而有别于本亚科中其他属。值得注意的是,这些特征却见诸于现生的胭脂鱼类Myxocyprinus中,这将对研究雅罗鱼类的起源很有意义。根据鱼化石和哺乳化石的证据,认为含鱼层的时代为晚始新世。     

鲤形目鱼类咽齿形态及发育的比较研究

对鲤形目所属６科类的咽龄形态及个体发育模型进行了较详细的比较研究。结果得出除双孔鱼科鱼类未形成咽齿外,其它５科鱼类在咽齿发生的过程中具有齿着生方向完全相反的两种发育模式。以亚口鱼科,鳅科和平鳍鳅为一类的齿后向增长的类型和以鲤科另一类的齿同增长的类型。     

鲤咽齿个体发生及其与近缘种间关系的比较研究

鲤具鲤科咽齿个体发生的共同性征,又呈现其种的独特性状.主要特性;(1)主列齿相连3齿胚几乎同时出现、同时脱落,形成3个相连齿种同时置换的特殊模式;(2)主列齿发生中曾出现4枚齿,替换3代后A_4齿退化消失,最终齿式1.1.3-3.1.1,成为迄今3列咽齿的鱼类中齿数最少的种类.鲤与其近缘种间系统关系比较结果;依最近缘属顺次排列为中鲤、原鲤、肥鲤;而最近缘的亚科为肥亚科.       

柴达木盆地渐新世的鲤科鱼类化石

记述了首次发现于柴达木盆地早渐新世晚期至晚渐新世早期(距今27～29 Ma)的鲤科鱼类化石。材料包括咽骨、咽齿、匙骨、腹鳍骨及一些零散的鳍条。咽骨及咽齿化石与原始鲃亚科鱼类及裂腹鱼亚科裂腹鱼属鱼类的相似;腹鳍骨化石与原始鲃亚科鱼类的更相似。鲃亚科鱼类现今分布于北纬35°以南的亚洲、欧洲南部及非洲北部;裂腹鱼属鱼类分布局限于青藏高原东、南、西面的边缘区域,在柴达木盆地没有分布。柴达木盆地水系现生鱼类仅见适于高寒环境的高度特化等级的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类及鳅科高原鳅属鱼类,鱼类组成与早渐新世晚期至晚渐新世早期的不尽相同。     

高体PangPi咽齿个体发育过程及其系统学意义

鱼类为5-5齿式,主行齿数目为最普通的形式。但鳑鲏鱼类咽齿全部为单行,没有2或3行咽齿存在,咽齿的形态也表现出光滑和有锯齿的变异,显示出一定的独特性。Nakajima对琵琶湖中高体鳑鲏的咽齿替换过程作了简单描述［1］。由于方法和材料的限制,在他的研究中没有早期的材料。本研究采用人工受精、孵化和室内养殖的方式,从早期材料开始,观察咽齿替换的模式和形态变化,同时对比养殖情况下,自然产卵在蚌内,孵化发育后刚从蚌体游出的仔鱼材料,分析高体咽齿发育的系统学意义和生态适应。     

Abnormalities of caudal pharyngeal pouch development in Pbx1 knockout mice mimic loss of Hox3 paralogs

Pbx1 is a TALE-class homeodomain protein that functions in part as a cofactor for Hox class homeodomain proteins. Previous analysis of the in vivo functions of Pbx1 by targeted mutagenesis in mice has revealed roles for this gene in skeletal patterning and development and in the organogenesis of multiple systems. Both RNA expression and protein localization studies have suggested a possible role for Pbx1 in pharyngeal region development. As several Hox mutants have distinct phenotypes in this region, we investigated the potential requirement for Pbx1 in the development of the pharyngeal arches and pouches and their organ derivatives. Pbx1 homozygous mutants exhibited delayed or absent formation of the caudal pharyngeal pouches, and disorganized patterning of the third pharyngeal pouch. Formation of the third pouch-derived thymus/parathyroid primordia was also affected, with absent or hypoplastic primordia, delayed expression of organ-specific differentiation markers, and reduced proliferation of thymic epithelium. The fourth pouch and the fourth pouch-derived ultimobranchial bodies were usually absent. These phenotypes are similar to those previously reported in Hoxa3(-/-) single mutants and Hoxa1(-/-);Hoxb1(-/-) or Hoxa3(+/-);Hoxb3(-/-);Hoxd3(-/-) compound mutants, suggesting that Pbx1 acts together with multiple Hox proteins in the development of the caudal pharyngeal region. However, some aspects of the Pbx1 mutant phenotype included specific defects that were less severe than those found in known Hox mutant mice, suggesting that some functions of Hox proteins in this region are Pbx1-independent.     

稀有鮈鲫咽齿个体发生的研究

稀有鲫是一种２,４－４,２齿式的小型鲤科鱼类,通过对其胚后发育连续材料的观察,作者认为：１．成体中咽齿的副行齿是遗留的早期替换齿;２．成体中排成一行的主行齿实际分属两代齿,其替换过程与幼体中齿的替换无本质上的差别;３．整个咽齿的替换过程可用Ｅｄｍｕｎｄ的齿序理论和Ｏｓｂｏｒｎ的假设共同解释。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hoxa3</Emphasis> and signaling molecules involved in aortic arch patterning and remodeling

Anomalies of the aortic arch have long been of anatomicoclinical interest. Recent studies on gene-targeted mice have identified the candidate genes that are involved in the patterning and remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries. In this review, we discuss our present knowledge with regard to the signaling molecules that regulate specific aspects of arch artery development. We focus first on Hoxa3, because it plays a critical role in the regulation of the differentiation of the third pharyngeal arch. Hoxa3 is expressed by the neural crest cells that originate from the rhombomeres, viz., (r)5, r6, and r7, and populate the third pharyngeal arch; it is also expressed in the third pharyngeal pouch. In Hoxa3 homozygous null mutant mice, the third arch artery degenerates bilaterally at embryonic day 11.5, resulting in the malformation of the carotid artery system. Complex combinatorial signals among the neural crest cells, pharyngeal mesoderm, ectoderm, and pouch endoderm are required for the proper development of the arch arterial system. Therefore, we highlight the numerous signaling pathways and individual genes expressed by the ectomesenchymal neural crest cells and also by the other epithelial and mesodermal cells of the pharynx. Defects in these genes result in malformations of the arch artery derivatives. This review should deepen our understanding of congenital human syndromes with abnormal patterns of pharyngeal arch arteries.     

PDGF signaling from pharyngeal pouches promotes arch artery morphogenesis

The great vessels of the heart originate from the pharyngeal arch arteries(PAAs).Anomalies of the PAAs often occur together with pharyngeal pouch malfo rmations,but the reasons for this phenomenon are not fully understood.In the current study,we show that platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) signaling derived from the pharyngeal pouches plays an important function in PAA vasculogenesis,During PAA development in zebrafish embryos,pdgfaa and pdgfab are expressed in the developing pharyngeal pouches.Results from loss-of-function experiments revealed a critical role of these genes in PAA formation.We found that nitroreductase(NTR)-mediated pouch ablation distinctly decreased PDGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation,yielding a severe loss of PAAs.Importantly,pouch-specific overexpression of pdgfaa in pdgfaa~(-/-);pdgfab~(-/-)mutants significantly relieved the PAA defects,which indicated a primary role of pharyngeal pouch-expressed PDGF ligands in signal activation and PAA morphogenesis.Our findings further showed that PDGF signaling was indispensable for the proliferation of PAA angioblasts.Together,these results established a role for PDGFaa-and PDGFab-mediated tissuetissue interaction during PAA development.     

Pharyngeal endoderm expression of nanos1 is dispensable for craniofacial development

Nanos proteins are essential for developing primordial germ cells (PGCs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In invertebrates, also contribute to the patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and the neural development. In vertebrates, however, besides the role of Nanos proteins in PGC development, the biological functions of the proteins in normal development have not yet been identified. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of nanos1 during craniofacial development in zebrafish. nanos1 was expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and endodermal pouches essential for the development of facial skeletons and endocrine glands in the vertebrate head. However, no craniofacial defects, such as abnormal pouches, hypoplasia of the thymus, malformed facial skeletons, have been found in nanos1 knockout animals. The normal craniofacial development of nanos1 knockout animals is unlikely a consequence of the genetic redundancy of Nanos1 with Nanos2 or Nanos3 or a result of the genetic compensation for the loss of Nanos1 by Nanos2 or Nanos3 because the expression of nanos2 and nanos3 was rarely seen in the pharyngeal endoderm and endodermal pouches in wild-type and nanos1 mutant animals during craniofacial development. Our findings suggest that nanos1 expression in the pharyngeal endoderm might be dispensable for craniofacial development in zebrafish.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症的咽部解剖分析

目的：对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症（OSAS）咽部解剖途径进行分析。方法：探讨咽部解剖的方法,并从2012年1月到2013年1月这一年的时间段里,抽选出36例此类病患者进行多项检测并与36位无病史的人进行对照分析。结果：抽取的36例此类病患者均具有腭咽部狭窄的症状,其中大部分患者还合并有口咽部阻塞。结论：阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症的产生,与腭咽腔与口咽腔狭窄密切相关。     

胃镜对咽喉部恶性病变诊断的临床应用价值

目的:探讨胃镜在对于咽喉部恶性疾病诊断的临床应用价值。方法:对2013年11月至2014年9月因声音嘶哑或咽部异物感或吞咽困难为主诉就诊的患者,给予电子喉镜或间接喉镜检查,以在喉镜下发现咽喉部肿物或喉镜下发现黏膜异常增生不能明确判定病灶性质的12例患者为研究对象。继而给予窄带成像(Narrow-band imaging,NBI)及放大胃镜检查,对病灶进行性质及病变范围的判定。病理结果作为金标准,比较喉镜及胃镜两种方式对咽喉恶性病灶的正确诊断率。结果:12例患者中共发现15处病灶,其中炎性反应5处,单纯性鳞状上皮增生3处,鳞状细胞癌6处,神经纤维瘤1处。喉镜对病灶的正确诊断率是40.0%(6/15),NBI放大胃镜对病灶的正确诊断率是93.3%(14/15),两者差异有统计学意义(x~2=9.60,P=0.005)。结论:NBI放大胃镜对咽喉部肿瘤诊断正确率高于普通喉镜,充分证明了胃镜在咽喉部恶性疾病的诊断方面的临床价值。在行胃镜检查时,同时对咽喉部进行仔细观察检查是十分必要的。