肥胖与脂肪组织巨噬细胞的研究进展

肥胖被认为是一种慢性促炎症疾病。近年来巨噬细胞在肥胖的发生过程中起的重要作用越来越被研究者们所重视。研究发现脂肪组织巨噬细胞(ATMs)的极化和招募在肥胖的发生过程中扮演着重要角色:在肥胖的脂肪组织中,巨噬细胞M1/M2的比例出现失衡即M1促炎巨噬细胞比例上调M2抑炎巨噬细胞比例下调导致脂肪组织慢性炎症;脂肪组织的局部炎症发生时周边组织巨噬细胞招募至脂肪组织也能够促进肥胖的发展进程。本文就肥胖的发生与脂肪组织巨噬细胞的极化和招募的关系作一综述。     

肥胖状态下脂肪组织的重塑机制

全球范围内肥胖人口正逐年增加并呈年轻化趋势,预防和治疗肥胖将对人类健康和经济发展产生巨大影响.脂肪组织是调节机体能量平衡的中心代谢器官,是参与肥胖及其并发症形成的核心组分.肥胖状态下机体微环境的改变,诱导形成脂肪组织扩增、纤维化、自噬稳态缺陷及脂肪因子分泌异常等特征性变化,促使代谢性失调的发生.因此,深入了解肥胖状态下...     

肥胖与慢性炎症

肥胖及其相关的代谢类疾病严重影响人类的健康,而肥胖诱导的慢性炎症是胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合症发病的关键因素.脂肪组织慢性炎症发生的机制及其与代谢综合症的关系已经成为全球瞩目的研究热点.慢性炎症的特征主要包括脂肪组织中促炎细胞因子表达量增加,抗炎细胞因子表达量降低以及大量巨噬细胞浸润.鉴于肥胖及其相关代谢综合症对人类健康的巨大危害,现对慢性炎症的发生机制,肥胖和慢性炎症之间的关系,脂肪组织炎症中巨噬细胞浸润以及和信号传导通路进行综述.     

脂肪组织功能失调在动脉血栓相关疾病中的作用

肥胖与代谢综合征是传统心血管疾病的危险因素.多项临床研究表明,肥胖也会增加患血栓性疾病(如急性心肌梗死和脑卒中)的风险.脂肪组织与血小板反应性增加和高凝状态形成以及纤溶功能降低等存在着重要联系.脂肪组织还是一个高度活跃的内分泌器官,其表达和分泌具有重要功能的脂肪因子和脂质代谢物参与调控全身代谢.深入地了解脂肪组织的内分...     

抗阻运动对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖大鼠脂肪组织自噬和炎症因子的影响

为探讨运动对肥胖患者自噬活性和内脏脂肪组织炎症反应的影响,本研究将60只肥胖小鼠随机分为高脂饮食组(B)、正常饮食组(C)、正常饮食加耐力运动干预组(D)、正常饮食加耐力运动干预组(E)。D组和E组分别进行10周的耐力和抗阻运动,然后用RT-PCR检测自噬、炎症的基因和蛋白表达。结果显示,三个干预组的Lee指数和BFI均显著降低,2个运动组的Lee指数和BFI均显著降低,但差异无显著性;D组和E组Beclin 1表达较C组显著降低,p62表达明显升高;与C组相比,D组p62显著升高,E组无明显升高;与D组相比,E组Beclin 1基因表达增加,p62蛋白表达降低;与C组相比,D组和E组IL-6和IL-0蛋白表达均显著升高;10周不同运动干预对大鼠减脂效果无差异。运动后内脏脂肪组织的自噬活性受到抑制,尤其是无氧运动;肥胖患者运动干预前后内脏脂肪组织自噬和炎症的变化趋势一致,其中IL-10的变化最为明显。     

不同强度电针对PCPA失眠大鼠下丘脑γ-氨基丁酸及受体的影响

通过观察不同强度电针对睡眠节律紊乱大鼠下丘脑γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)及受体(GABRA1)的影响,初步探讨针灸治疗失眠的作用机制及不同强度电针的效应差异.用免疫组织化学技术观察失眠大鼠下丘脑GABA阳性细胞的表达情况,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测失眠大鼠下丘脑GABRA1 mRNA表达改变.研究发现,对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA)化失眠大鼠下丘脑GABA阳性细胞染色较浅,且表达量减少,GABRA1mRNA表达明显降低(P＜0.01);经电针治疗5 d后,失眠大鼠下丘脑GABA阳性神经元染色较深,表达量较多,GABRA1 mRNA表达显著升高(P＜0.01),且2 V电针刺激作用比1 V电针刺激更为明显.结果表明电针可增加失眠大鼠下丘脑GABA及受体的表达,调节睡眠-觉醒周期,发挥镇静催眠作用,且2 V电针刺激效果优于1 V电针刺激.     

Sirt3在不同热量饮食下的大鼠脂肪组织中的表达

Sirt3是一种NAD+依赖性组蛋白去乙酰化酶,在肾脏、棕色脂肪、心脏和其它代谢活跃的组织中高表达. 多项研究表明,Sirt3在细胞能量代谢、衰老、肿瘤发生等方面起着重要的作用.为探讨Sirt3基因在不同热量饮食下的SD大鼠脂肪组织中的表达差异和意义,将60只3周龄,重量(60±5) g的断乳SD雄性大鼠,随机分为热量限制组、自由摄食组、高热量组,其中高热量组用于构建肥胖SD大鼠模型,喂养16周后处死,分别用Western印迹和real-time RT-PCR方法检测各组大鼠肾周脂肪组织中Sirt3基因的蛋白和mRNA的表达量.Western印迹检测与real-time RT-PCR检测结果一致: Sirt3基因的蛋白和mRNA在肥胖大鼠脂肪组织中的表达低于自由摄食组（P<0.05）,在热量限制组大鼠脂肪中的表达高于自由摄食组(P<0.05).研究结果说明,Sirt3基因在不同热量饮食下的SD大鼠脂肪组织中的表达有差异,可能与能量代谢及肥胖有着密切关系.     

脂肪组织中巨噬细胞在肥胖过程中的作用及其调控机制

肥胖是一个全球性的健康问题,世界上三分之一的成年人口出现超重或肥胖现象,儿童肥胖的比例也在逐年上升。超重或肥胖会增加患严重慢性疾病的风险,例如II型糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病和哮喘等。越来越多的证据表明,慢性炎症是肥胖的一个重要特征,持续性炎症可以导致肥胖和肥胖相关的代谢疾病。因此,肥胖现在被认为是一种与代谢紊乱相关的低度慢性炎症疾病。了解脂肪组织中免疫细胞与脂肪沉积的关系可能对开发肥胖及相关代谢疾病的治疗策略具有重要意义。巨噬细胞是脂肪组织中含量最多的免疫细胞,在炎症的诱导和消退方面发挥重要作用。本文概述了脂肪组织中巨噬细胞在肥胖过程中的响应,及巨噬细胞对脂肪细胞的调控机制进而影响肥胖的发生发展。在此基础上,总结出巨噬细胞参与肥胖调控的4条主要途径：(1)巨噬细胞通过分泌外泌体进入邻近脂肪细胞内,通过干扰PPARg或Nadk的表达,引起脂肪沉积的降低或增加;(2)巨噬细胞通过M1型和M2型之间的极化,引起脂肪沉积的变化;(3)巨噬细胞通过分泌调控因子引起脂肪组织中交感神经纤维变化,进而调控脂质沉积;(4)巨噬细胞通过捕获外源线粒体,来调控脂质沉积。巨噬细胞变化作为肥胖过程中关键事件,...     

不同时辰电针对大鼠杏仁核一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的观察不同时辰电针对大鼠杏仁核一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响.方法采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)法,观察不同时辰电针大鼠一侧"足三里"穴对杏仁核NOS表达的影响.结果电针对大鼠杏仁皮质内侧核群、基底外侧核群NOS的表达有上调作用,并存在时辰差异(P<0.05);电针对大鼠杏仁中央核NOS表达无明显作用(P>0.05).结论电针对大鼠杏仁核NOS表达的影响有时辰差异.     

姜黄素对脂肪组织功能的调控作用研究进展

研究表明,姜黄素具有诱导白色脂肪组织棕色化、提高机体能量代谢的作用,可通过调控脂肪组织内分泌功能、抑制炎症反应,进而降低肥胖导致的代谢紊乱,本文综述姜黄素对脂肪组织功能调控作用的研究进展。     

Differences in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Contribute to Sexually Dimorphic Inflammatory Responses to High Fat Diet-induced Obesity

Women of reproductive age are protected from metabolic disease relative to postmenopausal women and men. Most preclinical rodent studies are skewed toward the use of male mice to study obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction because of a similar protection observed in female mice. How sex differences in obesity-induced inflammatory responses contribute to these observations is unknown. We have compared and contrasted the effects of high fat diet-induced obesity on glucose metabolism and leukocyte activation in multiple depots in male and female C57Bl/6 mice. With both short term and long term high fat diet, male mice demonstrated increased weight gain and CD11c⁺ adipose tissue macrophage content compared with female mice despite similar degrees of adipocyte hypertrophy. Competitive bone marrow transplant studies demonstrated that obesity induced a preferential contribution of male hematopoietic cells to circulating leukocytes and adipose tissue macrophages compared with female cells independent of the sex of the recipient. Sex differences in macrophage and hematopoietic cell in vitro activation in response to obesogenic cues were observed to explain these results. In summary, this report demonstrates that male and female leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells have cell-autonomous differences in their response to obesity that contribute to an amplified response in males compared with females.     

Dietary Fat Is Shunted Away from Oxidation,Toward Storage in Obese Zucker Rats

BESSESEN, DANIEL H, CONNIE L RUPP AND ROBERT H ECKEL. Dietary fat is shunted away from oxidation, toward storage in obese zucker rats. Obes Res. 1995;3:179–189. Previous measurements of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue (ATLPL) of lean and obese Zucker rats have consistently documented increased activity in obese rats relative to lean. Since LPL is considered to be rate limiting for the delivery of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) to muscle and adipose tissue, these data have been used to suggest that the metabolic partitioning of TGFA favors storage over oxidation in obese rats. To document the partitioning of TGFA directly, the fate of ¹⁴C labeled oleic acid (42nmols) was fed to lean, obese, and obese Zucker rats fed a hypocaloric diet designed to chronically reduce weight 25% below that of obese controls (reduced-obese). The amount of ¹⁴C recovered in CO₂ over 6 hours following ingestion was significantly less in obese rats compared to lean (0.45 ± 0.06 vs. 0.88 ± 0.09nmols, p=.0004) and less still in the reduced obese group (0.34 ± 0.06nmols p=.00003). Six hours after ingestion, the quantity of label found in adipose tissue was significantly greater in the obese rats compared to lean (14.51 ± 1.92 vs. 1.38 ± 0.29nmols p<.00001), but was intermediate in the reduced-obese group (9.23 ± 0.98nmols p=.0003). At 2.2 hours there was significantly more label in skeletal muscle of lean rats compared to either obese or reduced-obese (2.33 ± 0.24; 1.35 ± 0.04nmols p=.01; 1.41 ± 0.27nm p=.02). However, at 6 hours these differences between groups were no longer present. These findings Indicate that dietary fat is shunted away from oxidation toward storage in obese Zucker rats. Additionally it appears that there may be a relative block in the oxidation of TGFA that is taken up by skeletal muscle in obese rats. Finally the relative normalization of this partitioning defect in reduced-obese rats is at variance with what was suggested by previous measurements of tissue specific levels of LPL, and suggests an enhanced recirculation of fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle in reduced-obese rats. This could occur through increased delivery of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) to muscle as a result of an increase in net lipolysis.     

Differential Response of Obese Gene Expression from Fasting in Bovine Adipose Tissues

To understand the molecular mechanism for intramuscular fat deposition, the expression of the obese gene was examined in response to fasting. Food deprivation for 48 h induced a decrease in the level of obese mRNA in pooled adipose tissues (abdominal, perirenal, subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular). The expression of obese mRNA was examined for individual adipose tissue from several fat depots. It was highly expressed in perirenal adipose tissue, but fasting did not affect its expression level in this tissue. Moderate levels were detected in subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissues, and a fasting-induced decrease in obese mRNA was apparent in these tissues. The expression level of the obese gene in intramuscular adipose tissue was very low and did not respond to fasting.     

Regional Fat Pad Growth and Cellularity in Obese Zucker Rats: Modulation by Caloric Restriction

Objective : To investigate, in young obese male Zucker rats, the effects of chronic food restriction and subsequent refeeding on: 1) parameters of nonadipose and adipose growth, 2) regional adipose depot cellularity [fat cell volume (FCV) and number], and 3) circulating leptin levels. Research Methods and Procedures : Obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/?) male Zucker rats were studied from age 5 to 19 weeks. After baseline food intake monitoring, 10 obese rats were subjected to 58 days of marked caloric restriction from ad libitum levels [obese‐restricted (OR)], followed by a return to ad libitum feeding for 22 days. Ten lean control rats and 10 obese control rats were fed ad libitum for the entire experiment. All rats were fed using a computer‐driven automated feeding system designed to mimic natural eating patterns. Results : After food restriction, OR rats weighed significantly less than did lean and obese rats and showed a significant diminution in body and adipose growth as compared with obese rats. Relative adiposity was not different between obese and OR rats and was significantly higher than that of lean rats. The limitation in growth of the adipose tissue mass in OR rats was due mostly to suppression of fat cell proliferation because the mean FCV in each of the four depots was not affected. Serum leptin levels of OR and obese rats were not different from each other but were significantly higher than those of lean rats. Discussion : Marked caloric restriction affects obese male Zucker rats in a manner different from that of nongenetic rodent models (i.e., Wistar rats). In comparison with the response to caloric deprivation of Wistar rats, these calorically restricted obese male Zucker rats appeared to defend their relative adiposity and mean FCV at the expense of fat cell number. These findings indicate that genetic and/or tissue‐specific controls override the general consequences of food restriction in this genetic model of obesity.     

肥胖合并动脉粥样硬化大鼠血管旁脂肪组织中趋化因子chemerin的表达变化

目的:通过构建肥胖合并动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型,评估模型血管旁脂肪组织中趋化因子chemerin基因及蛋白的表达变化.方法:建立肥胖合并动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型;于模型构建不同时期(8周、12周、16周及24周)取胸主动脉旁脂肪组织,应用real-time-PCR检测chemerin的mRNA表达变化;应用免疫组织化学染色的方...     

cDNA芯片研发及其在肥胖患者脂肪基因差异表达研究中的应用

为了加快基因功能的研究,利用已有的来源于不同组织的cDNA克隆,并通过交换和购买补充了低丰度和染色体覆盖不完全的部分cDNA,研制开发出具有相当代表性、覆盖较完全的高密度cDNA表达型基因芯片,每张芯片上含有384个质控DNA和12 630个cDNA探针,其中包括12 508个Unigene和122个表达序列标签(EST).利用这些芯片,对肥胖患者及正常人内脏脂肪组织基因表达谱进行了初步研究,并发现在肥胖患者内脏脂肪组织差异表达的基因,其中上调的有与凋亡相关的基因、与免疫有关的基因以及与能量代谢有关的基因等,而下调的主要是与脂肪酸及胆固醇合成有关的基因,对这些基因进一步的功能研究将为阐明肥胖发生机制奠定基础.     

Dll4蛋白在高脂饮食喂养大鼠脂肪组织炎症中的作用

目的 探讨Delta-like ligand 4（Dll4）蛋白在高脂饮食喂养大鼠脂肪组织中的表达及其与脂肪组织炎症的关系.方法 将20只SPF级雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常饮食组（SD,n=10）和高脂饮食组（HFD,n=10）喂养16w后,应用免疫组化及Western blot方法检测脂肪组织中Dll4及炎症通路NF-κB磷酸化、IL-6的表达.结果 免疫组化结果显示,HFD组Dll4表达量显著升高（P〈0.001）;Western blot结果与免疫组化结果相一致,Dll4蛋白表达量是SD组的1.34倍（P〈0.01）;磷酸化核转录因子NF-κB表达水平升高,HFD组为SD组的2.03倍（P〈0.01）;HFD组炎症细胞因子IL-6水平明显升高,为SD组的3.02倍（P〈0.01）.结论 高脂饮食可增加脂肪组织中Dll4蛋白表达,促进了脂肪组织中炎症的发生.