细粒棘球蚴AgB8/2基因的原核表达及免疫学鉴定

旨在克隆细粒棘球蚴 AgB8/2基因,优化原核表达体系,鉴定纯化蛋白并初步确定其诊断价值.采用 RT-PCR扩增 AgB8/2基因 cDNA,构建原核表达载体pET-AgB8/2并在大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中表达,优化表达条件.纯化的AgB8/2融合蛋白经 Western blot鉴定正确后,采用斑点免疫金渗滤法初步验证其血清学诊断价值.结果显示,克隆的 AgB8/2基因包含了 273 bp的完整ORF,序列分析表明与其它已报道的AgB8/2 cDNA序列的同源性在 99%～100%之间.优化的表达条件为,当菌液 OD600值为0.6时,加入终浓度为0.05 mmol/L的 IPTG,37℃,振荡培养5 h.纯化的蛋白经 Western blot鉴定为目的蛋白.克隆的 AgB8/2基因高度保守,原核表达载体pET-AgB8/2构建正确并高效表达可溶性融合蛋白,可作为特异性抗原应用于斑点免疫金渗滤法检测血清抗体.     

肠道病毒71型2C蛋白原核表达及抗体制备

肠道病毒71型(EV71)的非结构蛋白2C(P2C)在病毒复制周期中起着重要的作用,制备P2C的特异性抗体,对研究P2C的生物学功能以及EV71与宿主相互作用的具体机制有非常重要的意义。实验将2C基因克隆到原核表达载体p ET-28a(+)上,在大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)中表达出重组蛋白r P2C,进一步优化原核表达条件,在温度为30℃,诱导剂IPTG浓度为1 mmol/L时,蛋白表达量最高,且主要以包涵体形式存在。直接将获得的r P2C通过SDS-PAGE分离后免疫新西兰兔,制备EV71病毒P2C的兔多克隆抗体。通过Western blot检测,该抗体在110 000稀释比例下仍能很好地识别原核表达的r P2C。同时该抗体也能很好地检测到EV71感染RD细胞中的P2C。因此,实验制备出的抗P2C抗体特异性强、效价高,为后续P2C功能的研究以及EV71病毒检测提供了良好的材料。     

丙型肝炎病毒包膜蛋白E2可溶性单链可变区抗体在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用分子生物学技术,构建表达丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)包膜蛋白E2的人源单链可变区抗体(ScFv)的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌JM109中表达可溶性的HCV-E2-ScFv.以重组的HCVE2蛋白为包被抗原,利用噬菌体抗体库的表面展示技术,筛选到含有HCV-E2-ScFv基因的噬菌体克隆,从噬菌体抗体阳性克隆中提取质粒,经Ncol/NotI酶切鉴定后,该ScFv基因由750bp组成,将其亚克隆到pCANTAB5E载体中,转化大肠杆菌JM109,提取质粒进行DNA序列测定,符合ScFv的基因结构特点.IPTG诱导转化的大肠杆菌JM109,在其培养上清中获得了可溶性HCVE2单链可变区抗体的表达.酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)证实表达的HCV-E2-ScFv具有与重组HCVE2蛋白的反应活性和特异性,对转化的JM109大肠杆菌上清中表述的HCV-E2-ScFv进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE),证实表达的HCV-E2-ScFv的分子量为28kD.为应用HCV-E2-ScFv进行肝组织免疫组织化学和细胞内免疫基因治疗研究奠定了基础.     

抗c-Myc标签纳米抗体的筛选与应用

目的: 以c-Myc-GST蛋白为靶分子,从纳米抗体噬菌体展示免疫文库中筛选能够特异性识别c-Myc标签(EQKLISEEDL)的纳米抗体。方法: 采用固相淘选技术,筛选出能与c-Myc标签特异性结合的噬菌体,phage-ELISA鉴定阳性克隆并测序,通过基因重组技术将阳性噬菌体编码的纳米抗体基因克隆至原核表达载体pET25b(+),再转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白表达情况。采用间接ELISA和量子点免疫荧光法验证纳米抗体的结合活性和特异性。结果: 通过4轮固相淘选,具有结合活性的噬菌体克隆得到了有效富集,回收率提高了145倍,阳性率从20.83%提高至85.4%。将phage-ELISA鉴定显色值高的两个纳米抗体A25和A26分别进行了重组表达,SDS-PAGE结果显示均为可溶性表达,表达量为60 mg/L。间接ELISA结果表明重组蛋白A25和A26都能够识别c-Myc标签,量子点免疫荧光法验证得到纳米抗体A25能够对SP2/0细胞内的c-Myc蛋白进行检测。结论: 成功地筛选出与c-Myc标签结合的纳米抗体噬菌体克隆,构建了两个抗c-Myc标签纳米抗体的原核表达载体并实现了可溶性表达,为检测胞内c-Myc蛋白奠定了基础。     

高效构建卵清白蛋白scFv噬菌体文库及其筛选

目的:建立一种高效噬菌体文库构建方法,获得抗鸡卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)的单链抗体(scFv)噬菌体展示文库,筛选鉴定获得OVA单链抗体。方法:用OVA蛋白免疫Balb/C小鼠,选取血清抗体效价高的小鼠提取脾脏RNA,利用RT-PCR方法扩增获得小鼠重链和小鼠轻链基因。通过无缝连接酶一步将小鼠重链基因、轻链基因和linker DNA连接起来,插入噬菌体表达载体中,构建OVA scFv噬菌体展示文库。测定文库容量,对文库进行富集筛选,ELISA鉴定阳性克隆,测序后构建真核表达载体,转入Expi-CHO悬浮细胞进行真核表达,利用Western blot进行鉴定。结果:成功获得库容量为1. 2×10~7cfu的OVA scFv噬菌体展示文库,并从中筛选出8个阳性克隆,选取效价最高的2号克隆,在Expi-CHO悬浮细胞中表达获得可溶性抗体。结论:建立了一种高效构建scFv噬菌体文库的方法,筛选获得高结合活性的OVA单链抗体,并成功进行了真核表达,为OVA ELISA检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

对虾白斑综合症病毒结构蛋白VP28的原核表达和性质研究

VP2 8是对虾白斑综合症病毒 (Whitespotsyndromevirus ,WSSV)的一个重要的囊膜蛋白。为了便于研究VP2 8在和宿主细胞相互作用过程中扮演的角色 ,将VP2 8基因克隆到一个原核表达系统 ,对原核表达的VP2 8的特性进行了研究 ,并制备了抗VP2 8的多克隆抗体和单链抗体 ,对原核表达的和天然病毒的VP2 8蛋白免疫原性进行了比较。结果表示 ,原核表达的VP2 8与天然蛋白具有相似的免疫原性。     

禽流感病毒H5N1亚型NS1基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的表达H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)NS1蛋白,用于AIV感染与注射灭活疫苗鸡的鉴别诊断和NS1蛋白功能研究。方法采用RT_PCR方法对H5N1亚型AIVNS1基因进行扩增,将PCR产物克隆于pGEM_T_easy载体,将该基因插入pGEX_4T_1中构建NS1基因原核表达载体,转化BL21大肠杆菌后,在IPTG诱导下表达NS1蛋白,Westernblot鉴定表达NS1蛋白。结果成功克隆H5N1亚型AIV的NS1基因,其核苷酸序列长度为690bp,编码230个氨基酸残基。构建NS1基因原核表达载体在大肠杆菌内表达出约51×103的NS1融合蛋白。Westernblot鉴定表明表达NS1蛋白与H7N2AIV感染鸡血清有反应性。结论在大肠杆菌中成功表达了H5N1亚型AIVNS1基因蛋白,具有与感染H7N2亚型AIV阳性血清反应原性。     

利用噬菌体展示技术筛选草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP39蛋白相互作用多肽

VP39是草鱼呼肠孤Ⅲ型病毒(GCRV GenotypeⅢ, GCRV-Ⅲ)S9基因编码的蛋白,为研究VP39蛋白在GCRV-Ⅲ感染草鱼细胞过程中行使的生物学功能,将克隆VP39基因序列并构建原核表达载体pET32a-VP39,通过原核表达得到VP39-HIS融合蛋白;利用VP39蛋白溶液免疫小鼠,制备鼠抗VP39多克隆抗体,通过Western Blot对抗体进行评估;利用制备的多克隆抗体探究GCRV-Ⅲ感染细胞过程中VP39蛋白表达动力学;利用噬菌体展示技术筛选与VP39蛋白特异性结合的多肽序列并进行分析。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示, VP39-HIS融合蛋白可良好溶于PBS中,蛋白大小约为39 kD; Western Blot检测表明实验所制备的VP39多克隆抗体在1:10000稀释比例下,既能识别原核表达的VP39-HIS融合蛋白,也能识别GCRV-Ⅲ感染CIK细胞后表达的VP39蛋白,具有良好的效价与特异性;在病毒侵染过程中, VP39前期表达量较少,在中后期大量表达;噬菌体展示技术筛选出两条多肽与VP39蛋白有高度亲和性,经过在NCBI上比对后发现草鱼基因组中有7个基因与筛...     

西安地区EV71-VP1基因分析

目的:通过在原核表达系统初步构建EV71-VP1,对西安地区肠道病毒71型(EV71)的外壳蛋白VP1基因进行分析.方法:采集西安地区手足口病患儿的疱液、咽部分泌物进行病毒分离和RT-PCR检测;通过逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1基因,构建重组表达质粒PQE30/VP1,转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,对VP1基因进行遗传学分析.结果:对肠道病毒71型(EV71)西安地方株VP1基因测序.并将其与阜阳株(序列号为EU913471)相比较,表明我国西安地区EV71分离株与阜阳株有较大差别,核苷酸差异约为4%.结论:西安地方株VPl基因与阜阳株相比,其核苷酸差异较为明显.这将为西安地区EV71的分子流行病学研究以及EV71所致疾病的预防和控制,打下良好的基础.     

抗伏马菌素单链抗体与碱性磷酸酶的融合表达及活性鉴定

为原核表达抗伏马菌素单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白并分析其活性,本研究根据抗伏马菌素单链抗体H2的基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增获得目的基因,经限制性核酸内切酶SfiⅠ和Not Ⅰ的酶切位点克隆到pDAP2/S载体中,转化大肠杆菌(Eschrichia coli)菌株XL1-Blue并鉴定阳性转化子.IPTG诱导H2-AP融合蛋白基因的表达,利用Western blot检测其表达情况,AP显色反应和ELISA鉴定其活性.结果显示成功构建了 pDAP2/S-H2原核表达载体,融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中实现可溶性表达,并保留单链抗体和碱性磷酸酶的活性.因此,H2-AP融合蛋白通过原核表达后可用于发展伏马菌素的快速免疫检测方法.     

Characterization of a novel portal protein from deep-sea thermophilic bacteriophage GVE2

Portal proteins, located asymmetrically at one of the twelve vertices of the capsid, play very important roles in viral DNA packaging. Compared with the well-studied portal proteins of bacteriophages infecting mesophilic bacteria, portal proteins of thermophilic bacteriophages from deep sea have not been characterized. In this investigation, a novel portal protein was identified from a deep-sea thermophilic bacteriophage GVE2 for the first time. The GVE2 portal protein (designated as VP411 protein) shared low similarity to known portal proteins from other species, but they showed high similarities in the predicted secondary structures, suggesting that they had the same function in viral DNA packaging. The Northern blot and Western bolt results demonstrated that the vp411 gene was expressed in the late stage of GVE2 infection, implying that it might be a viral late gene. As revealed by immuno-electron microscopy, the gold particles were observed in the junction between the phage head and the phage tail when the anti-VP411 IgG was used as the primary antibody, indicating that it had the location in the virion expected of a portal protein.     

Generation and characterization of a protective mouse monoclonal antibody against human enterovirus 71

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has emerged as a major threat to children; however, no effective antiviral treatment or vaccine is currently available. Antibody-based treatment shows promises to control this growing public health problem of EV71 infection, and a few potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting viral capsid protein have been well described. Here, we generated an EV71-specific mouse mAb 2G8 that conferred full protection against lethal EV71 challenge in a suckling mouse model. 2G8 belonged to IgM isotype and neutralized EV71 at the attachment stage. Biochemical assays mapped the binding epitope of 2G8 to the SP70 peptide, which spanning amino acid residues 208–222 on the VP1 protein. Alanine scanning mutagenesis defined the essential roles of multiple residues, including Y208, T210, G212, K215, K218, L220, E221, and Y222, for 2G8 binding. Then, a panel of single mutation was individually introduced into the EV71 infectious clone by reverse genetics, and three mutant viruses, K215A, K218A, and L220A, were successfully recovered and characterized. Biochemical and neutralization assays revealed that K218A mutant partially escaped 2G8 neutralization, while L220A completely abolished 2G8 binding and neutralization. In particular, neutralization assays with human sera demonstrated that K218A and L220A substitutions are also critical for antibody neutralization in natural infection population. These findings not only generate a protective mAb candidate with therapeutic potential but also provide insights into antibody-mediated EV71 neutralization mechanism.     

Bacteriophage T4 gp2 Interferes with Cell Viability and with Bacteriophage Lambda Red Recombination

The T4 head protein, gp2, promotes head-tail joining during phage morphogenesis and is also incorporated into the phage head. It protects the injected DNA from degradation by exonuclease V during the subsequent infection. In this study, we show that recombinant gp2, a very basic protein, rapidly kills the cells in which it is expressed. To further illustrate the protectiveness of gp2 for DNA termini, we compare the effect of gp2 expression on Red-mediated and Int-mediated recombination. Red-mediated recombination is nonspecific and requires the transient formation of double-stranded DNA termini. Int-mediated recombination, on the other hand, is site specific and does not require chromosomal termini. Red-mediated recombination is inhibited to a much greater extent than is Int-mediated recombination. We conclude from the results of these physiological and genetic experiments that T4 gp2 expression, like Mu Gam expression, kills bacteria by binding to double-stranded DNA termini, the most likely mode for its protection of entering phage DNA from exonuclease V.     

Expression and purification of enterovirus type 71 polyprotein P1 using Pichia pastoris system

Enterovirus type 71(EV71) causes severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) resulting in hundreds of deaths of children every year; However, currently, there is no effective treatment for EV71. In this study, the EV71 poly-protein (EV71-P1 protein) gene was processed and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC9k and then expressed in Pichia pastoris strain GS115. The EV71 P1 protein with a molecular weight of 100 kD was produced and secreted into the medium. The soluble EV71 P1 protein was purified by column chromatography with a recovery efficiency of 70%. The result of the immunological analysis showed that the EV71 P1 protein had excellent immunogenicity and could stimulate the production of EV71-VP1 IgG antibody in injected rabbits. We suggest that EV71-P1 protein is an ideal candidate for an EV71 vaccine to prevent EV71 infection.     

Apigenin Inhibits Enterovirus-71 Infection by Disrupting Viral RNA Association with trans-Acting Factors

Flavonoids are widely distributed natural products with broad biological activities. Apigenin is a dietary flavonoid that has recently been demonstrated to interact with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and interferes with their RNA editing activity. We investigated whether apigenin possessed antiviral activity against enterovirus-71 (EV71) infection since EV71 infection requires of hnRNP proteins. We found that apigenin selectively blocks EV71 infection by disrupting viral RNA association with hnRNP A1 and A2 proteins. The estimated EC₅₀ value for apigenin to block EV71 infection was determined at 10.3 µM, while the CC₅₀ was estimated at 79.0 µM. The anti-EV71 activity was selective since no activity was detected against several DNA and RNA viruses. Although flavonoids in general share similar structural features, apigenin and kaempferol were among tested compounds with significant activity against EV71 infection. hnRNP proteins function as trans-acting factors regulating EV71 translation. We found that apigenin treatment did not affect EV71-induced nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of hnRNP A1 and A2 proteins. Instead, it prevented EV71 RNA association with hnRNP A1 and A2 proteins. Accordingly, suppression of hnRNP A1 and A2 expression markedly reduced EV71 infection. As a positive sense, single strand RNA virus, EV71 has a type I internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that cooperates with host factors and regulates EV71 translation. The effect of apigenin on EV71 infection was further demonstrated using a bicistronic vector that has the expression of a GFP protein under the control of EV71 5′-UTR. We found that apigenin treatment selectively suppressed the expression of GFP, but not a control gene. In addition to identification of apigenin as an antiviral agent against EV71 infection, this study also exemplifies the significance in antiviral agent discovery by targeting host factors essential for viral replication.     

Human SCARB2-mediated entry and endocytosis of EV71

Enterovirus (EV) 71 infection is known to cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and in severe cases, induces neurological disorders culminating in fatality. An outbreak of EV71 in South East Asia in 1997 affected over 120,000 people and caused neurological disorders in a few individuals. The control of EV71 infection through public health interventions remains minimal and treatments are only symptomatic. Recently, human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) has been reported to be a cellular receptor of EV71. We expressed human SCARB2 gene in NIH3T3 cells (3T3-SCARB2) to study the mechanisms of EV71 entry and infection. We demonstrated that human SCARB2 serves as a cellular receptor for EV71 entry. Disruption of expression of SCARB2 using siRNAs can interfere EV71 infection and subsequent inhibit the expression of viral capsid proteins in RD and 3T3-SCARB2 but not Vero cells. SiRNAs specific to clathrin or dynamin or chemical inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis were all capable of interfering with the entry of EV71 into 3T3-SCARB2 cells. On the other hand, caveolin specific siRNA or inhibitors of caveolae-mediated endocytosis had no effect, confirming that only clathrin-mediated pathway was involved in EV71 infection. Endocytosis of EV71 was also found to be pH-dependent requiring endosomal acidification and also required intact membrane cholesterol. In summary, the mechanism of EV71 entry through SCARB2 as the receptor for attachment, and its cellular entry is through a clathrin-mediated and pH-dependent endocytic pathway. This study on the receptor and endocytic mechanisms of EV71 infection is useful for the development of effective medications and prophylactic treatment against the enterovirus.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced and modulated by enterovirus 71

Picornavirus infection alters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane but it is unclear whether this induces ER stress. Infection of rhabdomyosarcoma cells with enterovirus 71 (EV71), a picornavirus, caused overexpression of the ER‐resident chaperone proteins, BiP and calreticulin, and phosphorylation of eIF2α, but infection with UV‐inactivated virus did not, indicating that ER stress was induced by viral replication and not by viral attachment or entry. Silencing (si)RNA knockdown demonstrated that phosphorylation of eIF2α was dependent on PKR: eIF2α phosphorylation was reduced by siPKR but not by siPERK. We provided evidence showing that PERK is upstream of PKR and is thus able to negatively regulate the PKR‐eIF2α pathway. Pulse‐chase experiments revealed that EV71 infection inhibited translation and activation of ATF6. Expression of BiP at the protein level was activated by a virus‐dependent, ATF6‐independent mechanism. EV71 upregulated XBP1 mRNA level, but neither IRE1‐mediated XBP1 splicing nor its active spliced protein was detected, and its downstream gene, EDEM, was not activated. Epigenetic BiP overexpression alleviated EV71‐induced ER stress and reduced viral protein expression and replication. Our results suggest that EV71 infection induces ER stress but modifies the outcome to assist viral replication.     

Enterovirus 71-induced autophagy increases viral replication and pathogenesis in a suckling mouse model

Background

We previously reported that Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection activates autophagy, which promotes viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study we further investigated whether EV71 infection of neuronal SK-N-SH cells induces an autophagic flux. Furthermore, the effects of autophagy on EV71-related pathogenesis and viral load were evaluated after intracranial inoculation of mouse-adapted EV71 (MP4 strain) into 6-day-old ICR suckling mice.

Results

We demonstrated that in EV71-infected SK-N-SH cells, EV71 structural protein VP1 and nonstructural protein 2C co-localized with LC3 and mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR, endosome marker) proteins by immunofluorescence staining, indicating amphisome formation. Together with amphisome formation, EV71 induced an autophagic flux, which could be blocked by NH₄Cl (inhibitor of acidification) and vinblastine (inhibitor of fusion), as demonstrated by Western blotting. Suckling mice intracranially inoculated with EV71 showed EV71 VP1 protein expression (representing EV71 infection) in the cerebellum, medulla, and pons by immunohistochemical staining. Accompanied with these infected brain tissues, increased expression of LC3-II protein as well as formation of LC3 aggregates, autophagosomes and amphisomes were detected. Amphisome formation, which was confirmed by colocalization of EV71-VP1 protein or LC3 puncta and the endosome marker protein MPR. Thus, EV71-infected suckling mice (similar to EV71-infected SK-N-SH cells) also show an autophagic flux. The physiopathological parameters of EV71-MP4 infected mice, including body weight loss, disease symptoms, and mortality were increased compared to those of the uninfected mice. We further blocked EV71-induced autophagy with the inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), which attenuated the disease symptoms and decreased the viral load in the brain tissues of the infected mice.

Conclusions

In this study, we reveal that EV71 infection of suckling mice induces an amphisome formation accompanied with the autophagic flux in the brain tissues. Autophagy induced by EV71 promotes viral replication and EV71-related pathogenesis.     

Comparative proteome analyses of host protein expression in response to Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 infections

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the main etiological agents of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), a common disease among children and had caused several outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region. Although being genetically close to each other, EV71 infection can cause serious and fatal neurological complications like encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and aseptic meningitis, but not in CA16 infections. In this study, the cellular response of host cells infected with EV71 and CA16 was characterized and compared by 2-dimensional proteome analyses. A total of 16 proteins were identified to be differentially expressed in EV71 and CA16-infected host cells. Desmin and HSP27, both indirectly regulate the contraction of muscle cells, were significantly downregulated as a result of EV71 infection, suggesting a link to acute flaccid paralysis. The ability of EV71 to evade host immune system may be due to the downregulation of MHC-I synthesis proteins like protein disulfide isomerase A3 and calreticulin. Proteins such as nucleophosmin, nuclear ribonucleoprotein C, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 were all downregulated significantly, suggesting the rapid shutting down of host translation machinery by EV71. These findings provide insight into the nature of high virulent EV71 infection as compared to CA16.