沈阳地区国槐尺蠖发生规律研究

通过室内饲养和田间观察,对国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey各虫态(成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹)特征进行了详细的描述。对国槐尺蠖的行为习性、生活史以及田间种群消长规律进行了深入的研究。研究结果表明,国槐尺蠖在沈阳一年发生3代,无世代重叠,以蛹在树下松软土壤中越冬。国槐尺蠖幼虫共有7龄,1～4龄取食量小,5龄以后食量大增,进入暴食期,取食量占全幼虫期的80%～90%,而且随着虫龄的增长,其存活率增加。国槐尺蠖幼虫发生期为5月到9月,6月上旬、中旬至7月下旬为幼虫为害盛期,9月以后种群呈递减趋势,老熟幼虫开始入土化蛹越冬。     

国槐新害虫——竖鳞条麦蛾的初步研究

竖鳞条麦蛾AnarsiasquamerectaLietZheng是国槐上新发现的害虫 ,该文首次报道了其寄主及生物学特性。该虫在山东商河 1年发生 1代 ,以 3龄幼虫在枝条芽缝内越冬 ,用 40 %久效磷 1 0 0 0倍液喷雾防治 ,防治效果较好     

危害国槐的新害虫──双条杉天牛

双条杉天牛指名亚种Semanotusbifasciatusbifasciatus（Moischulsky）国内分布于河北、北京、山东、陕西等地,寄主是侧柏和圆柏属sabinaspp,是一种重要的蛀干害虫。国愧是泰安市市树,近几年受到锈色粒肩天牛Aprionaswainsoni（Hope）严重危害,个别路段树木受害率达95％以上,1990～1995年,我们在调查锈色粒肩天牛时,发现有少数树势极为衰弱的国槐是受双条杉天牛危害所致。国槐是双条杉天牛的新寄主植物,为阔叶树,与原有寄主针叶树有较大差异,特此报道。1危害情况双条杉天牛以幼虫钻蛀国槐的主干部,特别是距地面0．5～Zm段,并且…     

国槐尺蠖发育起点温度与有效积温

在恒温20,23,25,27,30℃下,对沈阳市国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremeret Grey各虫态的发育历期,发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期逐渐缩短;国槐尺蠖卵,幼虫,蛹,成虫期和世代发育起点温度C分别为(4.20±0.95),(5.80±0.95),(8.28±0.30),(16.92±0.50)和(9.06±0.21)℃。相应的有效积温K分别为(71.3±2.3),(300.5±14.3),(354.2±8.3),(52.4±2.59)和(752.76±10.5)日.度。根据发育起点温度和有效积温,预测出国槐尺蠖在沈阳的年发生代数为3.4～3.6代,其结果符合实际发生情况。     

金叶国槐选育记

１９９６年的春季，笔者在苗圃当年播种的国槐实生苗中，发现一株叶片金黄发亮，十分特异，就做了标记，继续观察。到了夏季，标记苗依然金黄鲜艳，生机勃勃，在周围普通国槐的映衬下，显得十分醒目。为了进一步验证其稳定性，次年春天，取其枝条在国槐上进行了高接，嫁接枝条全部成活，萌发后依旧金黄鲜艳，且长势良好。此后几年又连续进行了嫁接，均性状稳定，长势良好，笔者初步给其定名为“金叶国槐”。金叶国槐叶子为奇数羽状复叶，叶片为卵形，比国槐叶片较舒展，平均长２５厘米，宽２厘米，从端部到顶部大小均匀，每个复叶有１７—…     

不同径级国槐行道树重金属富集效能比较

采用ICP-OES测定北京市台基厂大街行道树国槐各器官中7种重金属(Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn)含量,比较不同径级国槐重金属富集效能。结果表明:国槐中重金属含量因胸径级、器官、元素种类不同而存在差异。各径级国槐重金属含量大小总体趋势为ZnMnCuPbCrNiCd,各器官中树皮和根对重金属的吸收能力最强,其次是叶和枝,树干对重金属的吸收能力最弱。不同径级国槐对重金属的富集能力存在差异,表现为小径级中径级大径级。国槐各器官中重金属积累量大小顺序为根干枝叶,重金属积累量随着胸径级扩大和生物量的增加而增加。综合比较不同径级国槐重金属年均积累量、单位面积富集量和单位空间富集量,小径级(20≤DBH30 cm)国槐富集效能最高。     

国槐（Sophora japonica）种子成分分析

为更深入了解国槐种子的生理特性及其综合利用价值,对种子主要成分进行研究,结果表明,国槐种子中蛋白质含量最高,其次为总糖和脂肪;谷氨酸,精氨酸和天冬氨酸是组成种子蛋白质的主要成分;种子油脂以不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸为主,各种维生素Ｖｃ含量最高,各种化学成分在叶和胚轴＋胚根中含量存在差异。     

铜胁迫对国槐幼苗生长及叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了不同浓度处理水平的铜对国槐(Sophora japonica)生长及叶片部分生理指标的影响.结果表明:国槐幼苗的株高及地径随铜胁迫浓度的增加表现出先增加后下降的趋势,在浓度1000 mg·kg^-1时,株高和地径与对照相比达到极显著差异(检验水平,P<0.01).在浓度<500 mg·kg^-1时,叶绿素含量的呈下降趋势,细胞膜透性呈增加趋势,与对照相比差异不显著;脯氨酸含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性迅速上升,与对照处理相比差异显著,表现出一定的适应能力.随着铜胁迫浓度的增加(>500 mg·kg^-1),叶绿素含量及SOD活性显著下降,MDA含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量显著上升,表明国槐幼苗受害明显加重.     

齿茎长突叶蝉的生物学特性和防治

齿茎长突叶蝉BatrachomorphusdentatusKuoh是危害国槐(SophorajaponicaL.)、合欢(AlbiziajulibrissinDurazz)、臭椿(AilanthusaltissimaSwingle)、苦楝M(eliaazedaeachL.)等树木的新害虫。首次明确了该虫的寄主,记述其幼期形态特征、生物学特性、天敌种类。在山东商河1年发生2代,以卵在寄主枝条皮层内越冬。成虫寿命最长可达78d,羽化后17～21d开始产卵,产卵主要在傍晚前后进行。在若虫期用20%吡虫啉4000倍液和1.0%阿维菌素5000倍液喷雾防治,杀虫率分别达到98.5%和99.3%。     

光周期对国槐尺蠖生长发育状况的影响

在温度(25±1)℃,RH65%～75%条件下,对国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey各龄幼虫分别采用0:24、10:14、12:12、14:10、1:85种光周期处理。结果表明,以14:10处理的国槐尺蠖1～5龄幼虫历期最短;以16:8处理的幼虫发育历期最短,且随着光照时间的增加,幼虫发育历期逐渐缩短;不同光周期对于6～7龄幼虫存在显著的影响,但是对于1～5龄影响不大。成虫53%～56%在夜间羽化,越冬蛹在8～14h光照范围内,随光照长度增加发育历期延长,在14～16h光照范围内,历期随光照延长而缩短。以0:24处理的蛹羽化率最高,发育历期最短。     

Méthodes d'échantillonnage des populations d'insectes nuisibles dans les cultures cotonnières en Afrique

The assessment of pest densities in cotton crops is a vital prerequisite to the implementation of rational control of pest populations. The various methods of assessment are described, followed by a discussion of the problems particular to each type of pest. The problems associated with statistical interpretation of the results obtained are briefly considered.     

A spatial model of the development of pest resistance to a transgenic insecticidal crop: European corn borer on Bt maize

A mathematical model was constructed to describe the evolution of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Bt) in an insect pest (European corn borer) population on a transgenic crop (Bt corn). The model comprises a set of partial differential equations of the reaction-diffusion type; local interactions of three competing pest genotypes formed by alleles of Bt resistance and susceptibility are described as in the Kostitzin model, and the spread of insects is modeled as diffusion. The model was used to evaluate the influence of pest characteristics on the efficacy of the high-dose/refuge strategy aiming to prevent or delay the spread of Bt resistance in pest populations. It was shown, by contrast, that a model based on Fisher-Haldane-Wright equations and formally incorporating a diffusion term cannot adequately describe the evolution of Bt resistance in a spatially inhomogeneous pest population. Further development of the proposed demo-genetic model is discussed.     

Spatial model of development of resistance to transgenic insecticidal crop in a pest as applied to the European corn borer

A mathematical model of the development of resistance to transgenic Bt-crop in insect-pest populations as applied to the European corn borer has been constructed. The model represents a system of differential equations in special derivatives of the reaction-diffusion type. Local interactions of three competing pest genotypes formed by the allele of Bt-resistance and allele of susceptibility, are described by the same relations as in the Kostitsyn model, and the spread of insects is modelled as diffusion. The model was used to estimate the influence of the pest on the efficiency of the "high dose-refuge" strategy, which is intended for the suppression of development of Bt-resistance in pest populations. It was shown that formal integration of the Fisher-Haldane-Wright model and the diffusion term cannot adequately describe the development of Bt-resistance in a spatially heterogeneous pest population. A further development of the model is discussed.     

Digestive enzymes activity in larvae of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

This article presents the activity of carbohydratases and proteases in the midgut of Cameraria ohridella larvae--an oligophagous pest whose preferred feeding is horse chestnuts leaves. Optimal media pH of the assayed enzymes were similar to those of other Lepidopterans. Relatively high amylase activity, as well as maltase and sucrase activities, indicates that starch and sucrose are the main digested saccharides. Trehalase activity was similar to that described in other Lepidopterans. Activities of glycosidases were significantly lower than those of disaccharidases what suggests that neither cellulose nor glycosides are important for C. ohridella. Trypsin is the main endoprotease of this pest. Like in other leaf-eaters carboxypeptidase activity was higher than that of aminopeptidase. The activity of the majority of examined enzymes increased in the following successive pest generations, which could be explained by the decreased nutritional value of older leaves. Probably this phenomenon in hydrolases activity in Cameraria is a nonspecific mechanism present at this stage of co-evolution of the horse chestnut and its pest.     

园林植物新害虫——女贞粗腿象甲

本文首次报道了发生于贵阳地区女贞属植物上的一种新害虫——女贞粗腿象甲Ochyromera ligustri Warner,简要介绍其分布、寄主植物、形态特征、生物学特性,并提出相应的防治建议。     

Influence of the public's perception,attitudes, and knowledge on the implementation of integrated pest management for household insect pests

Households are mini‐ecosystems that provide a variety of conditions in which a variety of insect species can develop. Whether these insects are considered pests, largely depends on the perception, attitudes, and knowledge of the human inhabitants of the house. If considered unacceptable, residents can attempt to manage the insects themselves, or hire a professional. A pest management professional can provide a quick‐fix solution, often relying on the sole use of insecticides, or a sustainable solution through integrated pest management (IPM). In this review, it is discussed how the public's perception, attitudes, and knowledge affect the implementation of IPM in the household through the following steps: inspection, identification, establishment of a threshold level, pest control, and evaluation of effectiveness. Furthermore, recent and novel developments within the fields of inspection, identification, and pest control that allow to address pest infestations more effectively are described and their implementation in the household environment is discussed. In general, pest management in the household environment is reactive instead of pro‐active. The general public lacks the knowledge of the pest insects’ biology to identify the species, perform a proper inspection and identify causes of pest presence, as well as the knowledge of the available tools for monitoring and pest control. The percentage of individuals that seek professional aid in identification and pest control is relatively low. Moreover, the perception of and attitudes towards household insects generally result in low threshold levels. Current developments of methods for monitoring, identification, and control of insect pests in the household environment are promising, such as DNA barcoding, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight and RNA interference. Efforts should be strengthened to alter the perception and attitude, and increase the knowledge of the non‐professional stakeholders, so that correct pest management decisions can be taken.     

Two new species of cicadas from Vietnam (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)

Two species of Vietnamese cicadas are described as new. Pomponia daklakensis sp. nov. is described from Daklak Province and Haphsa bicolora sp. nov. is described from Gai Lai Province. Pomponia daklakensis has become a pest of coffee in Vietnam.     

野生稻优异基因分子标记定位与利用研究进展

对野生稻中抗(耐)生物胁迫和非生物胁迫等许多有用的遗传性状,抗病虫、耐非生物胁迫环境、高产和细胞质雄性不育恢复等优异基因的分子标记定位研究进行了综述,评价了野生稻中的这些优异基因的利用现状及其应用前景。     

寄主植物对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂生物学特性的影响

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&La Salle是桉属(Eucalyptus)植物的重要枝叶害虫。自2007年在我国发现以来,对广西、海南及广东地区的桉树种植已造成严重危害。本文在野外调查的基础上,研究了海南和广东地区共5种桉树上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫体大小、寿命及怀卵量。结果表明,桉树品种能够显著影响桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫体大小;用40%蜂蜜水进行补充营养时,不同寄主植物上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫的寿命差异显著,而桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄虫在不同寄主间无显著性差异;不同寄主植物上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫的怀卵量不同,并且随着日龄的延长,其怀卵量呈现上升的趋势。