Eating Disorder or Disordered Eating? Non‐normative Eating Patterns in Obese Individuals

Binge eating disorder (BED) and night eating syndrome (NES) are putative eating disorders frequently seen in obese individuals. Data suggest that BED fulfills criteria for a mental disorder. Criteria for NES are evolving but at present do not require distress or functional impairment. It remains unclear whether BED and NES, as they are currently defined, are optimally useful for characterizing distinct patient subgroups. We propose that a distinction be made between “eating disorders” and “non‐normative” eating patterns without associated distress or impairment. Although non‐normative eating patterns may not be considered mental disorders, they may be very important in terms of their impact on body weight and health. More precise behavioral and metabolic characterization of subgroups with eating disorders and non‐normative eating behaviors has important implications for understanding the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of obesity. Ultimately, better understanding of the many pathways to increased energy intake may lead to targeted strategies for prevention of overweight and obesity in at‐risk individuals and populations.     

Emotional Eating,Alexithymia, and Binge‐Eating Disorder in Obese Women

Objective: To investigate the relationships between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese women with or without Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred sixty‐nine obese women completed self‐report questionnaires, including the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Stress Perceived Scale, the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The presence of BED, screened using the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns, was confirmed by interview. Results: Forty obese women were identified as having BED. BED subjects and non‐BED subjects were comparable in age, body mass index, educational level, and socioeconomic class. According to the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, BED subjects exhibited higher depression, anxiety, perceived stress, alexithymia scores, and emotional and external eating scores than non‐BED subjects. Emotional eating and perceived stress emerged as significant predictors of BED. The relationships between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese subjects differed between the two groups according to the presence of BED. Alexithymia was the predictor of emotional eating in BED subjects, whereas perceived stress and depression were the predictors in non‐BED subjects. Discussion: This study pointed out different relationships among mood, alexithymia, and emotional eating in obese subjects with or without BED. Alexithymia was linked to emotional eating in BED. These data suggest the involvement of alexithymia in eating disorders among obese women.     

The effects of ovariectomy on binge eating proneness in adult female rats

Ovarian hormones are associated with binge eating in women, however findings are limited by the lack of experimental control inherent in human studies. Animal research that manipulates ovarian hormone status and examines individual differences in extreme binge eating proneness is needed to model clinical phenotypes in humans and to confirm causal effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adult ovariectomy on overall binge eating risk and extreme binge eating phenotypes using the binge eating resistant (BER)/binge eating prone (BEP) rat model. We predicted that palatable food consumption would significantly increase after ovariectomy in all rats because ovarian hormones generally suppress food intake. If differences in responsiveness to ovarian hormones underlie BER/BEP phenotypes, then differences in binge eating between BER and BEP rats would be eliminated or diminished after ovariectomy. Changes in palatable food (PF) intake were compared in BER and BEP rats before and after ovariectomy in two samples of adult females. Findings were highly similar in the two samples. PF intake increased significantly following ovariectomy in all rats. However, BEP rats consistently consumed larger amounts of PF than BER rats, both before and after ovariectomy. The consistency of findings across two samples of rats provides strong support for activational effects of ovarian hormones on binge eating. However, the immunity of extreme binge eating phenotypes to ovarian hormone ablation suggests that other, earlier mechanisms (e.g., organizational hormone effects or hormone-independent effects) determine the expression of binge eating phenotypes.     

UK national audit of breast fine needle aspiration cytology in 1990–91: diagnostic criteria

A survey into the practice of fine needle aspiration cytology of the breast amongst members of the British Society for Clinical Cytology in 1990 and 1991 was performed. This paper presents their reported use of diagnostic categories in reporting and the criteria found useful in the diagnosis of benign and malignant disease. A wide variety of diagnostic categories are in use. the criteria used in diagnosis largely follow recommendations found in standard textbooks, but some less well recognized features were also suggested.     

阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗儿童抽动障碍的疗效及对血流动力学的影响

摘要 目的：研究阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗儿童抽动障碍的疗效及对血流动力学的影响。方法：选取2018年1月～2020年1月我院收治的抽动障碍患儿80例,将所有患儿以随机数字表法分为对照组与研究组,每组各40例。对照组给予氟哌啶醇结合心理行为疗法治疗,研究组给予阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗,疗程均为10周。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后患儿抽动障碍情况、血流动力学指标变化以及不良反应发生情况。结果：研究组总有效率为95.00%,高于对照组的77.50%（P＜0.05）。治疗后研究组发声性抽调、运动性抽动、行为以及运动不宁评分分别为（2.81±1.07）分、（1.94±0.45）分、（1.16±0.44）分、（0.82±0.50）分,均明显低于对照组的（4.71±0.73）分、（2.77±0.38）分、（1.57±0.39）分、（1.22±0.43）分（P＜0.05）。治疗前后两组心率（HR）、能量转换指数（MEC）、左心室机械效率（LME）以及心肌耗氧量（MVO）水平对比均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。研究组不良反应发生率为7.50%,低于对照的25.00%（P＜0.05）。结论：阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗儿童抽动障碍疗效显著,可有效改善患儿临床症状,对血流动力学影响较小,具有较好的安全性。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停严重度评估参数及诊断技术

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）是一种日益广泛的睡眠呼吸障碍性疾病,是很多高风险慢性疾病如高血压、冠心病、中风、心律不齐和糖尿病的独立危险因素,具有潜在的致命性。OSA防治的关键是早诊断、早治疗,因此OSA的评估与诊断技术成为研究热点。本文综述了OSA的严重度评估参数与诊断技术的研究进展,并探讨了未来发展的方向。在OSA严重度评估参数方面,呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）作为黄金标准,其与呼吸暂停低通气持续时间百分比（AH%）、最低氧饱和度（LSpO₂）、心率变异性（HRV）、氧减指数（ODI）及新兴的生物标志物,共同构成了多维度评估体系。OSA诊断技术包括金标准多导睡眠监测（PSG）、便捷的家庭睡眠监测（HSAT）和心肺耦合（CPC）技术;而机器学习与人工智能作为新兴的诊断技术,由于其智能化和高准确度而日益受到青睐;此外,标准化问卷和Epworth嗜睡评分（ESS）、影像学检查和声音检测技术也为OSA诊断提供了支持。多模态融合、跨学科的整合研究、个性化诊疗模式的构建以及高新技术在临床应用中的推广将成为OSA评估与诊断领域的发展趋势。     

A survey of overweight,body shape perception and eating attitude of Korean female university students

[Purpose]

We obtained basic data on a proper weight loss training program by considering the relationship between body mass index (BMI), the perception of appearance, and eating attitudes of Korean female university students.

[Methods]

The survey and anthropometry for the perception of appearance and eating attitudes were conducted targeting 657 female university students located in Seoul, Busan, Ulsan, Daejeon, Chungcheongnam-do, and Gangwon-do South Korea who were not specializing in physical education.

[Results]

The underweight group accounted for 21.16% of the population, the normal weight group comprised 69.71%, the overweight group was 6.09%, and the obese group accounted for 3.04%. The satisfaction rate of appearance was 56.16%, the dissatisfaction rate was 43.84%, and normal-weight students who were dissatisfied with their own appearance comprised 48.5%. The More obese students were more dissatisfied with their appearance. As a result of investigating eating attitudes, 37.75% of all subjects had a risk for an eating disorder, and 38.6% were normal weight but showed a risk for an eating disorder. More obese (BMI) subjects were at higher risk for an eating disorder.

[Conclusion]

The BMIs of the Korean female university students were lower than those of European and American Caucasian women students, but the dissatisfaction of Korean female university students with their appearances was greater than that of European and American students, indicating that more Korean female university students were suffering from an eating disorder. It is predicted that the incidence of eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, will rise in Korean women if there is no accurate understanding and measure to identify the high risk group for an eating disorder.     

Bipolar Disorder with Seasonal Pattern: Clinical Characteristics and Gender Influences

Bipolar disorder (BD) has a multifactorial etiology with heterogeneous clinical presentations. Around 25% of BD patients may present with a depressive seasonal pattern (SP). However, there are limited scientific data on the prevalence of SP, its clinical manifestations, and any gender influence. Four hundred and fifty-two BD I and II cases (62% female), recruited from three French university-affiliated psychiatric departments, were assessed for SP. Clinical, treatment, and sociodemographic variables were obtained from structured interviews. One hundred and two (23%) cases met DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) criteria for SP, with similar frequency according to gender. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between SP and BD II (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.99, p?=?0.01), lifetime history of rapid cycling (OR?=?2.05, p?=?0.02), eating disorders (OR?=?2.94, p?=?0.003), and total number of depressive episodes (OR?=?1.13, p?=?0.002). Seventy-one percent of cases were correctly classified by this analysis. However, when stratifying the analyses by gender, SP was associated with BD II subtype (OR?=?2.89, p?=?0.017) and total number of depressive episodes (OR?=?1.21, p?=?0.0018) in males but with rapid cycling (OR?=?3.02, p?=?0.0027) and eating disorders (OR?=?2.60, p?=?0.016) in females. This is the first study to identify different associations between SP and clinical characteristics of BD according to gender. The authors suggest that SP represents a potentially important specifier of BD. These findings indicate that seasonality may reflect increased severity or complexity of disorder.