完整叶绿体中的NADP及NADPH测定

NADP是植物体内重要的氢递体,叶绿体通过光合电子传递和偶联光合磷酸化反应形成NADPH和ATP,再利用它们去同化CO_2。因此对光合器官内NADP及NADPH的含量分析,在光合作用研究中显得十分重要。一般测定NADPH形成的非循环光合电子传递活性时,是在无被膜的离体叶绿体反应系统中加入外源NADP及铁氧还蛋白,光还原形成的NADPH的量直接由波长340     

叶绿体Fd—NADP还原酶活性的光活化

通过测量叶绿体ＮＡＤＰ光还原的延滞时间和细胞色素ｆ氧化还原的光诱导，比较暗适应和光活化的叶绿体ＦＮＲ－黄递酶活力对底物ＮＡＤＰＨ的Ｋｍ值，以及化学修饰剂处理膜结合的ＦＮＲ，进一步证明叶绿体膜结合状态的ＦＮＲ存在光活化现象。     

CAM植物NADP─苹果酸的环境调节

专─ＣＡＭ植物瓦松（Ｏｒｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓｆｉｍｂｒｉａｔｕｓ）．兼性ＣＡＭ植物长药景天（Ｓｅｄｕｍｓｐｅｃｔａｂｉｌｅ、露花（Ｍｅｓｅｍｂｒｙａｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｃｏｒｄｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ）的ＮＡＤＰ─苹果酸酶活性在２５─５５℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高而增强,高于５５℃后,活性下降;在ｐＨ６─９的范围内,反应系统ｐＨ７．５时,表现出最大活性。苹果酸是该酶反应底物,苹果酸浓度在１─５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内,随着苹果酸浓度增加,酶活性上升,浓度高于５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,对ＮＡＤＰ─苹果酸酶有抑制作用。光对该酶活性影响不大,在１３５０μｍｏｌ／ｍ２ｓ光照和黑暗条件下,处理４ｈ后,光下酶活性比黑暗下略有提高。看来,ＮＡＤＰ─苹果酸酶活性昼高夜低的变化规律并不是光／暗变化所致。     

孔雀绿定磷法测定植物NADP磷酸酶活性

AMethodofPhosphateDeterminationUsingMalachiteGreenFitfortheMeasurementofNADPPhosphataseActivityYANGWan-Nian,HEZhi－Chang（CollegeofLifeSciences,WuhanUniversity,Wuhan430072)NADP磷酸酶催化NADP水解生成NAD和磷酸：NADP＋H2O→NAD＋Pi。该酶与NAD激酶一起参与NAD和NADP水平的调节。其活性通过乙醇脱氢酶循环反应生成的NAD确定［1］。该方法虽然比较灵敏,但操作比较繁琐,反应条件不易控制。孔雀绿定磷法是一种灵敏度很高的测定无机磷的方法［2,3］已用于ATP酶［2,3,4］活性及钙调素含量[3]的…     

光合作用条件下烟草叶片中的NADP含量分析

用酶循环法在叶片水平上分析NADP含量的结果显示,在光照条件下,NADP含量呈现出先迅速下降进而缓慢上升的变化,上升过程受高温和抗霉素A(antimycin A)抑制,说明此法所得结果能够反映光合作用条件下叶中内源NADP含量的变化趋势.     

高粱NADP苹果酸脱氢酶的纯化及其分子特性

用Sephadex G-100柱和制备性等电聚焦电泳纯化了高梁叶片NADP苹果酸脱氢酶,得到电泳均一的酶制剂,酶比活力提高350倍。天然酶含有两个分子量为4万D的亚基。动力学研究表明Km(OAA)=31μmol/L:K_m(NADPH)=48 μmol/L;K_m(Mal)=11m mol/L:K_m(NADP)=45μmol/L。NADP为NADPH的竞争性抑制剂,抑制常数K_i=190 μmol/L。 在体外DTT为NADP苹果酸脱氢酶的激活所必需。DTT对该酶的激活受一小分子蛋白、NADP及离子强度所调节。     

玉米C4型NADP—ME的生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学软件对GeneBank上注册的玉米C4型NADP-ME进行氨基酸组成、功能域、二级结构、疏水性、导肽、亚细胞定位、蛋白质功能及系统进化分析和预测.结果表明,NADP-ME蛋白是等电点为6.09的亲水性不稳定蛋白,包含一个结合NAD(P)的结构域和一个N-末端区域,属于裂解酶类,具有能量代谢的功能,定位于叶绿体中;α螺旋和不规则卷曲是其蛋白质二级结构的主要结构元件,β折叠和伸展链散布其中;玉米C4型NADP-ME与高粱、水稻等植物的NADP-ME基因有较高的同源性.     

NADP—苹果酸酶活性变化及其在CAM运行中的调节

ＮＡＤＰ－苹果酸酶是ＣＡＭ植物一种重要脱羧酶。实验结果表明,专一ＣＡＭ植物瓦松和兼性ＣＡＭ植物长药景天及露花其ＮＡＤＰ－苹果酸酶活性昼高夜低;５－８月,兼性ＣＡＭ植物长药景天和露花随着Ｃ３光合型向ＣＡＤ型转化,其中ＮＡＤＰ－苹果酸活活性逐渐升高。     

Subunit structure and gene control of mouse NADP—malate dehydrogenase

The NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the supernatant fraction of mouse tissues is known to occur in two allelic forms which are electrophoretically distinguishable; each produces a single band in starch gel. We have investigated the subunit structure and synthesis of NADP—MDH through electrophoretic patterns obtained from several experimental sources. (1) Heterozygotes containing both alleles yield a five-banded pattern. The bands are in an approximate frequency of 1:4:6:4:1; the two extremes correspond to the pure types and the three intermediates are presumably hybrid enzymes. The NADP—MDH molecule therefore appears to be a tetramer. (2) In muscle heterokaryons of allophenic mice (with homozygous nuclei of each genotype within a common cytoplasm), hybrid enzymes are formed; they are not formed in other allophenic tissues. Therefore the gene at this locus codes only for monomeric subunits and the tetramer is assembled in a second step in the cytoplasm. Also, both genes must function in a nucleus when the locus is active (e.g., in F₁ uninucleated cells). (3) Dissociation in vitro of mixtures of both pure types of enzymes, followed by reassociation among fragments, leads to a three-banded pattern, even after repeated cycles. Thus the tetramer must cleave in a fixed plane, to form dimers, which reassociate, rather than in a random fashion to form monomers. The most likely interpretation is that mouse NADP—MDH is an example of the type of tetramer postulated by Monod et al. (1965) and termed isologous. The dimers are held symmetrically in the tetrameric conformation by relatively weak forces; the monomeric subunits comprising the dimer are held together by stronger forces.These investigations were supported by U.S.P.H.S. grants No. HD-01646, CA-06927, and FR-05539, and by an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.     

铁氧还蛋白—NADP还原酶参与的循环电子传递

铁氧还蛋白－ＮＡＤＰ还原酶的专一抑制剂－肝素在低浓度下可以强烈抑制菠 菜类囊体中铁氧还蛋白介导的ＮＡＤＰ光还原,以及类囊体中Ｆｄ／ＮＡＤＰ诱导的延迟发光增加。     

小球藻NADP—谷氨酸脱氢酶的cDNA克隆及转基因烟草分析

用RT_PCR方法从小球藻 (Chlorellasorokiniana)中克隆了铵诱导表达的以辅酶Ⅱ为辅基的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADP_GDH)基因的cDNA片段 ,DNA测序分析表明与已报道的该基因cDNA序列同源性为 94%。将NADP_GDH基因先插入到SPDK6 2 1质粒的 2CaMV35S启动子和Ω增强序列之后 ,然后将 2CaMV35S_Ω_GDH_NOS表达单元构建到RokⅡ质粒的HindⅢ与EcoRⅠ之间 ,从而获得高效植物表达载体。将RokⅡ_GDH质粒转移到根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacteriumtumefaciens (SmithetTownsend)Conn)EHA10 5中 ,对烟草 (NicotianatabacumL .)进行转化并得到阳性转化后代。对转基因烟草分析表明 ,在低氮培养基或在低氮蛭石中其生长速度和叶片数明显高于对照 ;铵毒性实验表明 ,无论在低铵或高铵条件下 ,接种在MS固化培养基上的转基因绿叶圆片存活时间长 ,叶绿素含量高。这些结果说明外源NADP_GDH增强了植物对氮素的吸收和利用。另外 ,转化后代还表现了对除草剂膦化麦黄酮 (PPT)具有较强的抗性 ;培养在含有不同浓度PPT的MS固化培养基上的转基因绿叶圆片 ,其愈伤化程度明显高于对照 ;在MS培养基中用 0 .5 μg/mL的PPT可以代替卡那霉素对转化后代进行筛选 ,这暗示NADP_GDH基因可以作为一种新的选择标记用于植物基因工程的研究。     

How is Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase Involved in the NADP Photoreduction of Chloroplasts?

NADP photoreduction of chloroplasts was discovered in 1951, and subsequent research was conducted to elucidate the enzymatic mechanisms involved in this reaction. In 1963, ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR; EC 1.18.1.2, ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase) was isolated and purified to a crystalline form. Because the reaction mechanism of ferredoxin-NADP reducing system was clarified in the isolated enzyme system, it was generally thought that the role of FNR in the NADP photoreduction of chloroplasts had been fully elucidated. However, the results of a reconstitution study using the crystallized FNR and the depleted grana, from which 'built-in' FNR had been eliminated, showed that the NADP photoreducing activity of reconstituted FNR was much lower than the original physiological activity, and as a result, more studies had to be continued. In 1985, a protein factor called 'connectein' was discovered, and it was shown that this new protein binds with two FNR molecules to form an FNR-connectein complex. Then in 1991, the FNR-connectein complex was formed using purified connectein and FNR, and after eliminating 'built-in' FNR, the reconstituted complex was bound to the depleted grana having reduced NADP photoreducing activity. The results showed that NADP photoreducing activity of the reconstituted system was comparable to the original physiological activity. This proved that the FNR-connectein complex, which binds to a specific site on the surface of thylakoid membrane, is functionally responsible for NADP photoreduction in chloroplasts.     

基于全细胞催化合成NADP重组细胞复合通透剂的筛选

本文以重组大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3) p ET30α(+)-Nmnat为研究对象,考察化学通透剂处理重组菌对其催化合成NADP的影响。实验显示,在单因素筛选实验中,四种通透剂曲拉通X-100、吐温80、二甲基亚砜和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对细胞进行通透化处理均可提高全细胞催化产率,且提高幅度差距并不显著。进一步采用析因设计考察四种通透剂的复合效应,除了曲拉通X-100与吐温80和曲拉通X-100与CTAB交互作用的P大于0. 05为不显著,其余所有交互作用项P值均小于0. 05,呈现显著性,且复合通透剂中,仅单一增加CTAB量,复合体系的协同作用将减少,制约作用增加,不适宜用于复合配方。最后采用中心组合设计进一步对复配效果进行优化,通过拟合得到最佳通透剂配比为曲拉通X-100(1. 64%),吐温80(2. 53%)以及二甲基亚砜(1. 06%),此时NADP预测产率达到77. 46%,与实际验证产率均值77. 05%相差甚微,说明实验优化模型具有良好预测性,优化结果与未添加通透剂相比提升近47%,表明优化复合通透剂配方更有利于提高重组菌催化合成NADP。     

NADP(H)相关的体外合成乳酸途径构建以及性质研究

活体细胞体内代谢途径调控机制复杂,若能将目的代谢途径移到胞外,则能进行直观研究。选用嗜热酶来源的10条基因,构建一个能实现自我能量ATP和辅酶NADP(H)循环平衡,葡萄糖代谢生成乳酸的体外合成途径。对该途径初步研究表明,最适反应p H7.0,最适反应温度50℃,该条件下添加少量的辅酶NADP+,8 h内能将12.4 g的葡萄糖转化生成9.5 g的乳酸。     

Regulation of brefeldin A-induced ER stress and apoptosis by mitochondrial NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase

Brefeldin A (BFA), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport inhibitor, has been shown to cause accumulation of proteins in the ER, ER stress, and ultimately apoptosis. In this paper, we demonstrate that the knockdown of mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDPm), a mitochondrial NADPH-generating enzyme, by small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced BFA-induced apoptosis. However, attenuated IDPm activity results in the suppression of ER stress response, presumably, via the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that the association of IDPm expression and ER stress confers a survival mechanism in A549 cells against BFA-induced apoptosis.     

地钱,肾蕨和中山柏的NADP硫氧还蛋白系统

硫氧还蛋白(Td)是一类低分子量酸性蛋白,具有二硫键(-s-s-),通过氧化还原互变来参与很多反应(周志民等1986)。Td可被NADP-硫氧还蛋白还原酶(NTR)还原:     

NAD/NADP及其介导氧化应激在神经退行性疾病中的作用

神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病等疾病的发生与氧化应激紧密相关。NAD和NADP是维持氧化系统和抗氧化系统平衡的两个关键物质。NAD和NADP的生物合成和降解有多种途径,参与其生物途径的物质如NAMPT、NADK、PARP1、SIRT1、CD38等,均报道在神经退行性疾病发挥一定的作用。因此,本文分别从NAD和NADP的合成和降解途径中的一些关键物质出发,结合氧化应激总结并探讨它们在神经退行性疾病的作用,以期为临床治疗神经退行性疾病提供新思路。