水稻恶苗病菌对苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗药性分子机理研究初探

用真菌β－微管蛋白基因的丰余寡聚核苷酸引物Ｂ１和Ｂ３,扩增了一段８７１ｂｐ的水稻恶苗病菌Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ的β－微管蛋白基因片段,进行了克隆和ＤＮＡ序列测定,并根据该序设计了Ｆ．ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ β－微管蛋白基因的特异性测序引物。经过对恶苗病菌对多菌灵具有不同抗性水平菌株的β－微管蛋白基因核苷酸序的比较研究,表明Ｆ．ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ的β－微管蛋白的１６５,１９８。     

水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium fujikuroi)β-微管蛋白基因克隆及与多菌灵抗药性关系

【目的】揭示水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium fujikuroi)对多菌灵的抗药性与其β-微管蛋白基因的相关性。【方法】结合形态学和TEF-1α基因序列对分离菌株进行鉴定;根据近源种拟轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)核基因组测序菌株7600的β-微管蛋白核苷酸序列设计引物,采用PCR方法克隆并比对分析了F.fujikuroi对多菌灵不同敏感性表型的5个菌株的β-微管蛋白基因全序列;利用实时定量技术(qRT-PCR)分析了β-微管蛋白基因在上述5个菌株中的表达特性。【结果】F.fujikuroi的β-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列(GenBank登录号:JQ026022)全长1671 bp,包含4个内含子,编码447个氨基酸残基;2个敏感性菌株和3个抗药性菌株的β-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性100%;在无药剂处理下该基因在2个敏感性菌株中的表达水平显著高于3个抗药性菌株(p=0.05),且对同一菌株而言,药剂处理能够显著提高β-微管蛋白基因表达水平(p=0.05),但在相同药剂处理条件下,菌株间差异不显著。【结论】F.fujikuroi对多菌灵的抗药性机制与β-微管蛋白无关,有待进一步研究。     

芒果炭疽病菌β-微管蛋白基因的克隆及其与多菌灵抗药性发生的关系

参照豆科合萌属（Aeschynomene）作物炭疽病菌的tub1和tub2基因序列设计了2对引物,分别从芒果（Mangifera）炭疽病菌对多菌灵(MBC)田间抗药性（MBCR）和敏感（MBCS）的菌株中扩增β_微管蛋白基因。结果只有以tub2为参照设计的引物扩增到了特异片段。进一步对全基因进行了克隆和测序。该基因序列全长1344bp,编码447aa,其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与豆科合萌属炭疽病菌的tub2基因高度同源。对芒果炭疽病菌抗、感菌株β_微管蛋白氨基酸序列进行比较分析,发现第181、237和363位氨基酸发生了突变,而其它位置（如第198位或200位）均不变。     

芒果炭疽病菌β-微管蛋白基因的克隆及其与多菌灵抗药性发生的关系

参照豆科合萌属 (Aeschynomene)作物炭疽病菌的tub1和tub2基因序列设计了 2对引物 ,分别从芒果 (Man gifera)炭疽病菌对多菌灵 (MBC)田间抗药性 (MBCR)和敏感 (MBCS)的菌株中扩增 β_微管蛋白基因。结果只有以tub2为参照设计的引物扩增到了特异片段。进一步对全基因进行了克隆和测序。该基因序列全长 1344bp ,编码4 4 7aa ,其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与豆科合萌属炭疽病菌的tub2基因高度同源。对芒果炭疽病菌抗、感菌株 β_微管蛋白氨基酸序列进行比较分析 ,发现第 181、2 37和 36 3位氨基酸发生了突变 ,而其它位置 (如第 198位或 2 0 0位 )均不变     

禾谷镰孢菌α-微管蛋白基因克隆及其与多菌灵抗药性关系分析

根据禾谷镰孢菌参考菌株NRRL310 84 (PH 1)的α- 微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列设计 4对引物 ,采用PCR方法克隆并测序了禾谷镰孢菌 (Fusariumgraminearum)对多菌灵 (MBC)不同敏感性表型的 6个中国菌株的α 微管蛋白基因全序列。DNA序列对照表明中国的 3个敏感菌株和 3个抗药菌株的α- 微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性没有差异 ,多菌灵抗药性与α- 微管蛋白无关。该基因全长 1718bp ,含有 6个内元 ,编码 4 4 9aa ;与NRRL310 84的α- 微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性为 99% ,存在 5个差异核苷酸 ,与其所编码的氨基酸序列同源性为 99 78% ;与其他 6种真菌α- 微管蛋白基因所编码的氨基酸序列同源性为 37%～ 86 %。     

禾谷镰孢菌β-微管蛋白基因克隆及其与多菌灵抗药性关系的分析

应用3对引物,从禾谷镰孢菌(Gibberella zeae)对多菌灵(MBC)的敏感菌株(MBC^R)和田间及室内诱导抗药性菌株(MBC^R)中扩增β-微管蛋白基因。该基因全长1631bp,包含3个内含子,编码447aa,与其他常见植物病原丝状真菌β-微管蛋白基因的氨基酸同源性达95．12％～99．30％。MBC^R和MBC^R菌株核苷酸序列分析表明,MBCR菌株未发生任何位点的突变,说明G．zeae对MBC的抗药性机制并非像其他丝状真菌一样由β-微管蛋白198位氨基酸突变所致。     

三种多菌灵耐药性链格孢属真菌β-tubulin基因的序列特征

应用两对引物,从对多菌灵具有耐药性的链格孢属3个真菌中扩增了与多菌灵耐药性相关的β-微管蛋白基因,基因长度分别为1,419bp（瓜链格孢）,1,426bp（茄链格孢）,1,419bp（链格孢）,均包含3个内含子,编码398个氨基酸。3个链格孢属真菌与其他对多菌灵敏感的植物病原真菌β-微管蛋白氨基酸具有高度的同源性。但是,3个真菌167位氨基酸均为酪氨酸,而其他对多菌灵敏感的真菌167位均为苯丙氨酸,研究结果表明链格孢属真菌对多菌灵的耐药性可能与167位酪氨酸有关。     

小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性与a2-微管蛋白序列无关析

【目的】研究小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性与a2-微管蛋白基因的相关性。【方法】比较对多菌灵不同敏感性水平菌株间在药剂作用下的形态学特征及其a2-微管蛋白基因异同。【结果】当敏感菌株和田间中抗菌株均在各自EC50 和EC90浓度作用下,两者分生孢子芽管和初生菌丝均表现畸形,肿胀,分支增多。根据小麦赤霉病菌核基因组测序菌株NRRL31 084（PH-1）的a2-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列设计4对引物,采用PCR方法克隆并测定了小麦赤霉病菌（Fusarium graminearum）对多菌灵（MBC）不同敏感性表型的8个中国菌株的a2-微管蛋白基因全序列。DNA序列比对结果表明中国的4个敏感菌株和4个抗药性菌株的a2-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性没有差异,多菌灵抗药性与a2-微管蛋白无关。该基因全长1712 bp,含有4 个内元,编码453 aa;与NRRL31 084的a2-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性为99%,存在5个差异核苷酸,与其所编码的氨基酸序列同源性为100%;与其他9种真菌a2-微管蛋白基因所编码的氨基酸序列同源性为64%~89%。【结论】小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性与a2-微管蛋白序列无关。     

小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性与α2-微管蛋白序列无关析

[目的]研究小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性与α2-微管蛋白基因的相关性.[方法]比较对多菌灵不同敏感性水平菌株间在药剂作用下的形态学特征及其α2-微管蛋白基因异同.[结果]当敏感菌株和田间中抗菌株均在各自EC50和EC90浓度作用下,两者分生孢子芽管和初生菌丝均表现畸形,肿胀,分支增多.根据小麦赤霉病菌核基因组测序菌株NRRL31 084(PH-1)的α2-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列设计4对引物,采用PCR方法克隆并测定了小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)对多菌灵(MBC)不同敏感性表型的8个中国菌株的α2-微管蛋白基因全序列.DNA序列比对结果表明中国的4个敏感菌株和4个抗药性菌株的α2-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性没有差异,多菌灵抗药性与α2-微管蛋白无关.该基因全长1712 bp,含有4个内元,编码453 aa;与NRRL31 084的α2-微管蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性为99%,存在5个差异核苷酸,与其所编码的氨基酸序列同源性为100%;与其他9种真菌α2-微管蛋白基因所编码的氨基酸序列同源性为64%～89%.[结论]小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性与α2-微管蛋白序列无关.     

二化螟β1微管蛋白基因cDNA序列的克隆与序列分析

微管是真核生物体内分布最为广泛的一类蛋白,是由a-和β-两种不同的微管蛋白组成的异源二聚体.微管参与许多细胞功能,如细胞形态发生、细胞生长和分裂等.以二化螟3龄幼虫为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),扩增得到该虫的β微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列一条.cDNA序列含1 862个碱基,开放读码框1 344个碱基,编码氨基酸447个,分子量约为50.2kD,等电点4.82.氨基酸序列中1～4个氨基酸MREI为β微管蛋白转录后调控信号,是微管蛋白特异片段;氨基酸序列的140～146GGGTGSG位存在一个微管蛋白标志信号片段.序列比对表明,克隆的β微管蛋白基因与其他昆虫的β微管蛋白基因在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上都是高度同源的,与家蚕Bombyx moriβ1微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到99.1%,与烟草天蛾β1微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到98.7%,与果蝇Drosophila melanogasterβ1微管蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到96.9%.该基因cDNA序列已经登录Genbank并获得登录号为EU429675.     

Isolation of the β-tubulin gene from yeast and demonstration of its essential function in vivo

A DNA fragment from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was identified by its homology to a chicken β-tubulin cDNA and cloned. The fragment was shown to be unique in the yeast genome and to contain the gene for yeast β-tubulin, since it can complement a benomyl-resistant conditional-lethal mutation. A smaller subfragment, when used to direct integration of a plasmid to the benomyl resistance locus in a diploid cell, disrupted one of the β-tubulin genes and concomitantly created a recessive lethal mutation, indicating that the single β-tubulin gene of yeast has an essential function. Determination of the nucleotide sequence reveals extensive amino acid sequence homology (more than 70%) between yeast and chicken brain β-tubulins.     

Trichothecene nonproducer Gibberella species have both functional and nonfunctional 3-O-acetyltransferase genes

The trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase gene (FgTri101) required for trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum is located between the phosphate permease gene (pho5) and the UTP-ammonia ligase gene (ura7). We have cloned and sequenced the pho5-to-ura7 regions from three trichothecene nonproducing Fusarium (i.e., F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, and Fusarium species IFO 7772) that belong to the teleomorph genus Gibberella. BLASTX analysis of these sequences revealed portions of predicted polypeptides with high similarities to the TRI101 polypeptide. While FspTri101 (Fusarium species Tri101) coded for a functional 3-O-acetyltransferase, FoTri101 (F. oxysporum Tri101) and FmTri101 (F. moniliforme Tri101) were pseudogenes. Nevertheless, F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme were able to acetylate C-3 of trichothecenes, indicating that these nonproducers possess another as yet unidentified 3-O-acetyltransferase gene. By means of cDNA expression cloning using fission yeast, we isolated the responsible FoTri201 gene from F. oxysporum; on the basis of this sequence, FmTri201 has been cloned from F. moniliforme by PCR techniques. Both Tri201 showed only a limited level of nucleotide sequence similarity to FgTri101 and FspTri101. The existence of Tri101 in a trichothecene nonproducer suggests that this gene existed in the fungal genome before the divergence of producers from nonproducers in the evolution of Fusarium species.     

Bacterial tubulin distinct loop sequences and primitive assembly properties support its origin from a eukaryotic tubulin ancestor

The structure of the unique bacterial tubulin BtubA/B from Prosthecobacter is very similar to eukaryotic αβ-tubulin but, strikingly, BtubA/B fold without eukaryotic chaperones. Our sequence comparisons indicate that BtubA and BtubB do not really correspond to either α- or β-tubulin but have mosaic sequences with intertwining features from both. Their nucleotide-binding loops are more conserved, and their more divergent sequences correspond to discrete surface zones of tubulin involved in microtubule assembly and binding to eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin, which is absent from the Prosthecobacter dejongeii draft genome. BtubA/B cooperatively assembles over a wider range of conditions than αβ-tubulin, forming pairs of protofilaments that coalesce into bundles instead of microtubules, and it lacks the ability to differentially interact with divalent cations and bind typical tubulin drugs. Assembled BtubA/B contain close to one bound GTP and GDP. Both BtubA and BtubB subunits hydrolyze GTP, leading to disassembly. The mutant BtubA/B-S144G in the tubulin signature motif GGG(T/S)G(S/T)G has strongly inhibited GTPase, but BtubA-T147G/B does not, suggesting that BtubB is a more active GTPase, like β-tubulin. BtubA/B chimera bearing the β-tubulin loops M, H1-S2, and S9-S10 in BtubB fold, assemble, and have reduced GTPase activity. However, introduction of the α-tubulin loop S9-S10 with its unique eight-residue insertion impaired folding. From the sequence analyses, its primitive assembly features, and the properties of the chimeras, we propose that BtubA/B were acquired shortly after duplication of a spontaneously folding α- and β-tubulin ancestor, possibly by horizontal gene transfer from a primitive eukaryotic cell, followed by divergent evolution.     

棉铃虫β-微管蛋白基因cDNA序列的克隆与序列分析

β-微管蛋白是构成细胞骨架的重要组成性蛋白,对昆虫的蜕皮、器官形成等生长发育阶段均能产生重要影响。本文以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)3日龄成虫为材料,利用RACE末端扩增技术克隆得到棉铃虫的β-微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列。序列分析表明:棉铃虫β-微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列包含1775个碱基,包括一个1347个碱基的开放阅读框,编码448个氨基酸组成的多肽。GenBank登录号:JF767013。同源性分析表明,棉铃虫的微管蛋白基因与本研究所比对其它昆虫的β-微管蛋白基因具有高度的同源性,达到90%左右。本研究克隆得到棉铃虫的β-微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列,对进一步深入研究该基因功能有重要意义。     

Organization and chromosomal localization ofβ-tubulin genes inLeishmania donovani

The genomic organization and chromosomal location of theβ-tubulin isogenes inLeishmania donovani promastigotes has been studied by nucleic acid hybridization techniques using a cloned β-tubulin gene. We have cloned aβ-tubulin gene fragment, 3.3 kbp long, from genomic DNA ofLeishmania donovani using a heterologousβ-tubulin DNA as probe. Restriction maps of this clone have been prepared. It has been estimated that there are approximately 11–15 copies of theβ-tubulin genes per haploid genome. The majority of these isogenes are arranged in a tandem repeat with a length of 3.5 kbp on a single chromosome. In addition a few dispersed gene copies at different chromosomal loci were detected by pulse field gradient gel electrophoresis. Part of the internal coding region of the gene has been sequenced to confirm the identity of theβ-tubulin clone and is found to be nearly identical to that ofLeishmania mexicana amazonensis.     

串珠镰孢霉D-泛解酸内酯水解酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用D_泛解酸内酯水解酶N末端序列,并根据NCBI中公布的D_泛解酸内酯水解酶cDNA序列设计了一个特异引物,该引物结合Oligo(dT) 1 5,以串珠镰孢霉(Fusariummoniliforme)CGMCC 0 5 36mRNA反转录得到的总cDNA为模板进行扩增,获得约1 5kb左右的片段,将其克隆到T载体上进行测序,对测得的序列进行分析,重新设计了一对引物,并在引物两端分别加上限制酶EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ的识别位点序列,利用热启动PCR成功地扩增出了D_泛解酸内酯水解酶基因,基因片段长度为114 6bp ,该序列同来源于尖镰孢霉菌(F .oxysporum)AKU 370 2菌株的编码D_泛解酸内酯水解酶cDNA结构基因的同源性为90 0 6 %。将所得片段定向克隆到pTrc99a载体中,转化至JM10 9感受态细胞,筛选出了阳性克隆。经IPTG诱导阳性菌,进行SDS_PAGE电泳,检测出在约4 0kD处有一蛋白表达带。对两株重组基因工程菌的比活力进行测定,结果分别为37U和4 1U。     

Novel mutations in β-tubulin gene in Trichoderma harzianum mutants resistant to methyl benzimidazol-2-YL carbamate

Twelve low resistant (LR) mutants of Trichoderma harzianum with the capability of grow fast at 0.8 μg/mL methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) were obtained using UV mutagenesis. MR and HR mutants which could grow fast at 10 and 100 μg/mL MBC, respectively, were isolated by step-up selection protocols in which UV-treated mutants were induced and mycelial sector screening was made in plates with growth medium. Subsequently, β-tubulin genes of 14 mutants were cloned to describe the molecular lesion likely to be responsible for MBC resistance. Comparison of the β-tubulin sequences of the mutant and sensitive strains of T. harzianum revealed 2 new MBC-binding sites differed from those in other plant pathogens. A single mutation at amino acid 168, having Phe (TTC) instead of Ser (TCC), was demonstrated for the HR mutant; a double mutation in amino acid 13 resulting in the substitution of Gly (GGC) by Val (GTG) was observed in β-tubulin gene of MR mutant. On the other hand, no substitutions were identified in the β-tubulin gene and its 5’-flanking regions in 12 LR mutants of T. harzianum.     

Identification of four genes of the Brucella melitensis ATP synthase operon F0 sector: relationship with the Rhodospirillaceae family

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cloned DNA fragment from the human and animal pathogen Brucella melitensis. Four genes were identified from a 4069 bp fragment, corresponding to the B. melitensis a, c, b', and b subunits of the ATP synthase F0 sector operon. A duplicated and divergent copy of the b-subunit gene was observed. This feature has been found only in photosynthetic bacteria and chloroplasts. In addition, the gene cluster was separated from the F1 sector, a characteristic described only for the Rhodospirillaceae family.     

不结球白菜细胞质雄性不育相关基因的克隆及表达

从不结球白菜CMS新种质中分离得到的一个cDNA-AFLP差异片段,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术成功克隆了一个α-微管基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为TUBA2(DDBJ登录号为AB445012)。序列分析结果表明,该基因全长1 709 bp,最大开放阅读框为1 353 bp,编码450个氨基酸序列,与已公布的α-微管基因有较高的同源性。系统进化树分析发现,该基因在不同植物间具有高度保守性。Southern杂交表明TUBA2属于不结球白菜多基因家族的一个单一克隆基因。实时定量RT-PCR检测表明,该基因在不育系中的表达量显著低于保持系,同时在不同组织和细胞减数分裂不同时期该基因的表达量也存在明显差异。