NONVERBAL TREATMENT OF NEUROSIS—Techniques for General Practice

“Psychosomatic medicine” does not demand that the general practitioner function as a psychiatrist; rather, it is a psychiatric orientation that can increase the effectiveness of purely medical treatment for such conditions as neuroses. The general practitioner to whom the patient turns may achieve permanent results with nonverbal techniques where formal psychotherapy would be impracticable or unacceptable.The first aim is to relieve pressure so that the patient can regain his mental balance and thereby his self-confidence. Arts, hobbies, sports, and the like can be prescribed rather specifically according to the patient''s personality and needs. Nutrition can be improved simply at first by prescribing needed additions to diet rather than imposing restrictions. Vitamin deficiency may by itself be the cause of neurosis or more serious mental disease, whereas psychic stress by itself may create a need for additional vitamin intake. Hormone therapy may be extremely helpful but must be based on clear indication and limited to specific purposes.Since lack of sleep and rest quickly impairs mental function, it is important for neurotic persons to learn relaxation as a necessity for sleep. Sedatives may be used in a crisis but should be abandoned as soon as possible.With all drugs there are problems of excess and habituation. The least, the mildest, the shortest dosage is the ideal.The initial steps of psychotherapy are available to any physician: Establishing rapport, noting how complaints are stated, encouraging ventilation, winning confidence rather than immediate results.     

基于替代式自下而上法的区域旅游交通碳排放测度

区域旅游交通碳排放测度是分解旅游业减碳任务的一个难题。在剖析替代式自下而上法机理的基础上,以长三角为例,依托归纳法和变异系数法,尝试从人均GDP、人均消费水平和人均运输线路长度三方面测算出游距离,采取以实地调研数据为主、辅之以Mus TT模型法拟定各旅游交通方式的距离比例,立足区情确定碳排放系数,并以区域输入和输出的双向旅游流的人次比值法则对替代结果进行还原调整。研究表明:(1)2011年,长三角旅游交通碳排放总量为8.32 Mt,其中江苏省、浙江省和上海市分别为3.23、2.98 Mt和2.11 Mt;(2)飞机和自驾车共占排放量的71.64%,较明显低于世界平均比例,二者是降低旅游交通碳排放的关键;旅游公共交通的碳排放比例具有远高于发达国家甚至全球平均水平的"中国式"烙印;由高碳排放系数的旅游交通方式向低碳排放系数甚至零碳排放系数的转变,是旅游交通减排的基本方向。     

Caring for Older People. Public transport.

Most older people are mobile and able to use public transport without any problems. Those who are hard of hearing or have poor vision and those with mobility problems need not be deterred from using public transport. Though the design and provision of suitable buses, taxis, and trains is not always optimum, many now have imaginative features to help older passengers. Travel by air and sea needs extra planning for disabled elderly people, but helpful advice is available and much can be done to enable even the most disabled traveller to make long journeys confidently and in comfort.     

Management of the rape victim.

A woman''s response to rape can be divided into three phases: an acute reaction, an intermediate stage and a period of resolution. Proper management of the physical and emotional problems of each phase, ideally by the woman''s family doctor or gynecologist, may prevent future problems. Treatment during the first phase includes responding to the emotional needs of the patient as well as doing a pelvic and general physical examination to detect any injuries; information for possible legal procedures may be obtained quickly and efficiently. Follow-up particularly psychological, is important in the second and third phases.     

Road transport of farm animals: effects of journey duration on animal welfare

Transport of farm animals gives rise to concern about their welfare. Specific attention has been given to the duration of animal transport, and maximum journey durations are used in legislation that seek to minimise any negative impact of transport on animal welfare. This paper reviews the relatively few scientific investigations into effects of transport duration on animal welfare in cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and poultry. From the available literature, we attempt to distinguish between aspects, which will impair welfare on journeys of any duration, such as those associated with loading, and those aspects that may be exacerbated by journey time. We identify four aspects of animal transport, which have increasing impact on welfare as transport duration increases. These relate to (i) the physiological and clinical state of the animal before transport; and - during transport - to (ii) feeding and watering; (iii) rest and (iv) thermal environment. It is thus not journey duration per se but these associated negative aspects that are the cause of compromised welfare. We suggest that with a few exceptions, transport of long duration is possible in terms of animal welfare provided that these four issues can be dealt with for the species and the age group of the animals that are transported.     

Multilayer adaptive control of continuous bioprocesses using optimising control technique. Case study: Bakers' yeast culture

High costs associated with many fermentation processes in an increasingly competitive industry make any prompt application of modern control techniques to industrial bioprocesses very desirable. However, this is often hampered by the lack of adequate mathematical models, on the one hand, and by the absence of continuous, on-line measurement of the most relevant process variables, on the other hand. This paper addresses these problems and offers a new strategy to control continuous bioprocesses using a hierarchical structure such that neither structured process models nor continuous measurement of all relevant variables have to be available. The control system consists of two layers. The lower layer represents a dynamic adaptive follow-up control of a continuously measured output — in our case dissolved oxygen concentration. This variable is supposed to be strongly correlated with the key output variable — in our case cellular concentration which is not continuously available for measurement. The higher layer is then designed to maintain a desired profile of the process key output using a set-point optimising control technique. The Integrated System Optimisation and Parameter Estimation method used operates on an appropriately chosen steady-state performance criterion. A prerequisite for successful application of the proposed approach is an approximate steady-state model, describing the relationship between the measured output and the process key output variable. Furthermore, occasional in situ, off-line or laboratory measurement values of the key output variable are needed. Promising simulation results of the biomass concentration control, by manipulating the air flow-rate in the continuous bakers' yeast culture are presented.     

Controlling the exotic diseases: 2. Nursing management.

Advance planning can facilitate the care of a patient with an exotic disease who is admitted to a hospital that lacks facilities for high-security isolation. The Department of National Health and Welfare contingency plan for dealing with such patients lacks specific information in a number of areas of medical care, as described in this paper. Consideration must be given to the number of personnel trained and readied for employment, the criteria for selection and special preparation. The protective clothing generally used for hospital isolation procedures is inadequate. Several types of special clothing, including a respirator, are available for total protection of personnel; the clothing may be uncomfortable when worn for long periods, and does restrict movement, vision and communication. All persons entering the isolation suite must change into fully protective clothing, and double layers of clothing are required for direct patient care. All personnel must shower and change before leaving the isolation suite. Suitable facilities for dressing and showering, together with entry and exit routines, must be considered. Hand washing, daily cleaning procedures and disposal of liquid and solid wastes all require special procedures. The social and psychologic problems of patients and their families must also be considered. Preplanning is required to decrease the risks involved in monitoring vital signs and implementing emergency procedures requiring contact with the patient''s blood.     

Integrating transport pressure data and species distribution models to estimate invasion risk for alien stowaways

The number of alien species transported as stowaways is steadily increasing and new approaches are urgently needed to tackle this emerging invasion pathway. We introduce a general framework for identifying high‐risk transport pathways and receiving sites for alien species that are unintentionally transported via goods and services. This approach combines the probability of species arrival at transport hubs with the likelihood that the environment in the new region can sustain populations of that species. We illustrate our approach using a case study of the Asian black‐spined toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus in Australia, a species that is of significant biosecurity concern in Australasia, Indonesia, and Madagascar. A correlative model fitted to occurrence data from the native geographic range of D. melanostictus predicted high environmental suitability at locations where the species has established alien populations globally. Applying the model to Australia revealed that transport hubs with the highest numbers of border interceptions and on‐shore detections of D. melanostictus were environmentally similar to locations within the species’ native range. Numbers of D. melanostictus interceptions and detections in Australia increased over time, but were unrelated to indices of air and maritime trade volume. Instead, numbers of interceptions and detections were determined by the country of origin of airplanes (Thailand) and ships (Indonesia). Thus, the common assumption that transport pressure is correlated with invasion risk does not hold in all cases. Our work builds on previous efforts to integrate transport pressure data and species distribution models, by jointly modelling the number of intercepted and detected stowaways, while incorporating imperfect detection and the environmental suitability of receiving hubs. The approach presented here can be applied to any system for which historical biosecurity data are available, and provides an efficient means to allocate quarantine and surveillance efforts to reduce the probability of alien species establishment.     

Council Highlights: Minutes of the 551st and 552nd Meetings of the Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the action of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Council Highlights: Minutes of the 560th Meeting of the Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Council Highlights: Minutes of the 549th and 550th Meetings of the Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meeings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Council Highlights: Minutes of the 557th and 558th Meetings of the Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Council Highlights: Minutes of the 547th and 548th Meetings of the Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

The scientific board.

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Kay Elected Chairman of the CMA Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Council Highlights: Minutes of the 541st, 542nd and 543rd Meetings of the Council

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA office.     

Bayesian Estimation of Animal Movement from Archival and Satellite Tags

The reliable estimation of animal location, and its associated error is fundamental to animal ecology. There are many existing techniques for handling location error, but these are often ad hoc or are used in isolation from each other. In this study we present a Bayesian framework for determining location that uses all the data available, is flexible to all tagging techniques, and provides location estimates with built-in measures of uncertainty. Bayesian methods allow the contributions of multiple data sources to be decomposed into manageable components. We illustrate with two examples for two different location methods: satellite tracking and light level geo-location. We show that many of the problems with uncertainty involved are reduced and quantified by our approach. This approach can use any available information, such as existing knowledge of the animal''s potential range, light levels or direct location estimates, auxiliary data, and movement models. The approach provides a substantial contribution to the handling uncertainty in archival tag and satellite tracking data using readily available tools.     

Council Highlights: 545th Meeting of the Council,June 14-15, 1968

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA Headquarters office.     

Council Highlights: 544th Meeting of the Council,May 3-4, 1968

This summary is published so that CMA membership may be advised in brief of the actions of the Association''s Council. It covers only major actions and is not intended as a detailed report. Full minutes of these meetings are available upon any member''s request to the CMA Headquarters office.