Resistance to Potato Virus X Infection in Transgenic Tobacco Plants with Coat Protein Gene of Virus

A major commercial cultivar of tobacco was transformed via Agrobacterium mediated procedure. Tobacco leaves started to form shoots on shoot inducing medium containing kanamycin after infected by Agrobacterium containing the plasmid with PVX CP gene. Regenerated plants were obtained in two weeks on hormone-free MS medium containing kanamycin. The transgenic tobacco plants were identified with nopaline detection,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis, symptom appearance was significantly delayed and virus accumulation was either absent or reduced in PVX CP gene transformed plants. Progenies of transgenic tobacco plants also gained resistance to PVX infection to a certain degree. These experiments demonstrate that CP protection is effective against PVX.     

Potato Gene Xi Confers Inoculum Dependent Resistance to Potato Virus X Replication in Protoplasts

Protoplasts were obtained from genetically related Argentinepotato (Solanum tuberosum tuberosum) cultivars: Serrana INTAand Huinkul MAG and from an European cultivar: Spunta. SerranaINTA is resistant to potato virus X (PVX) infection becauseit carries the major reaction gene Xⁱ (believed to be the sameas Rx_ac1) while Huinkul MAG and Spunta are susceptible. Protoplastswere inoculated with a purified preparation of PVXcp (a SouthAmerican isolate) and then assayed for PVX concentration atdifferent times postinfection by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), immunofluorescence and nucleic acid hybridization.PVX multiplication rates in Serrana INTA were about fifteentimes slower than in susceptible genotypes when cell-bound viruslevels just after infection were in the range of 0.01 to 0.1ng PVX per viable protoplast. However, when inoculum levelswere raised to 1 ng PVX per viable protoplast, PVX multiplicationwas about the same in all three genotypes. To rule out geneticbackground effects in this behaviour, protoplasts of an ArgentineS. acaule clone (PI: 320277) likely carrying the same resistancegene, were infected with PVX in similar conditions, reproducingthose results obtained with Serrana INTA. The comparison ofPVX replication in protoplasts and whole plants indicate thatalthough Xⁱ gene confers resistance at the cell level it necessitatesof tissue structure to fully express immunity. (Received January 16, 1990; Accepted April 23, 1990)     

Expression of the MSI-99m Gene in Transgenic Potato Plants Confers Resistance to Phytophthora infestans and Ralstonia solanacearum

Magainins are a class of antimicrobial peptides isolated from skin secretions of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. MSI-99 is a synthesized magainin II analogue with high inhibitory effects to a wide spectrum of microbial organisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. To verify the resistance conferred by the MSI-99m gene (a MSI-99 synthetic gene with codon usage adapted for expression in potato) to potato pathogens and to generate multi-resistant potato materials, we transferred the MSI-99m gene into potato plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PCR and Southern blot analyses of eight kanamycin-resistant plants showed that MSI-99m gene was present and expressed in five independent transgenic lines. These five transgenic plants exhibited enhanced resistance to Phytophthora infestans and Ralstonia solanacearum. The results demonstrate that the MSI-99m gene can be used to potentially improve potato disease resistance genetically.     

转基因植物中RNA介导病毒抗性

1986年以来,利用病毒外壳蛋白及其它基因转化植物,获得具抗病毒能力的植株,已有大量成功的报道。以前,一直认为是病原体来源的基因引发抗性,但在实验过程中,发现转基因植物中转化基因的表达水平与病毒抗性程度之间没有直接联系,因此有人提出转基因植物抗性获得与病毒RNA特异性降解有关的机制。本文对RNA介导抗性机制进行讨论。     

人乳铁蛋白基因在烟草中的表达及抗细菌与病毒的能力

从人血液中性白细胞中分离细胞总ＲＮＡ,用ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ） 为引物进行ｃＤＮＡ 第１ 条链合成,再用乳铁蛋白ｃＤＮＡ 的特异性引物进行聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ） ,分两段合成并拼成完整的乳铁蛋白ｃＤＮＡ。核苷酸序列测定证明,该ｃＤＮＡ 所编码的氨基酸与前人论证的人乳铁蛋白的氨基酸序列完全一致。将该ｃＤＮＡ 构建成植物表达载体ｐ３５ＳｈＬＦｃ,经根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４ 感染烟草叶盘,获得具有卡那霉素抗性的烟草植株,ＰＣＲ检测和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,人乳铁蛋白基因已整合到烟草基因组中。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交与Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ 免疫印迹分析,检测到人乳铁蛋白基因在转化烟草中表达。体外实验证明,人乳铁蛋白基因在烟草中的表达产物对植物致病菌烟草火叶病菌、水稻白叶枯病菌有一定抑制作用     

cry3A和vhb基因在转基因马铃薯中的表达

分别构建了含cry3A和cry3A+vhb基因的植物表达载体pBCry3A和pBC3Vhb,并通过根癌农杆菌介导转化了马铃薯.对转化再生植株进行PCR和DNA印迹分析表明,外源基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中,且连续三代无性繁殖后转基因仍存在.ELISA分析表明cry3A基因在转基因植株中得到了高效表达,在单转cry3A植株中最高表达量达0.1%,转cry3A与vhb双基因株系中为0.065%.水涝试验显示,转双基因且vhb mRNA的RT-PCR呈阳性的马铃薯植株,对低氧胁迫有较好的耐受性,表明获得的上述转双基因马铃薯株系可能会具有很好的抗虫和耐涝性能.     

翻译和非翻译马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白基因介导的抗病性比较

利用RT－PCR方法克隆获得马铃薯Y病毒烟草叶脉坏死株系（PVY^N）的可翻译和不可翻译外壳蛋白（CP）基因,并分别插入pROKⅡ质粒中获得重组双元表达载体。通过根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导的基因转化方法,将可翻译和不可翻译的PVY^N-CP基因分别导入烟草栽培品种NC89叶片组织中,得到抗卡那霉素的再生植株,对所得到的抗卡那霉素的再生苗进行PCR检测表明,被导入可翻译和不可翻译CP基因的植株分别占卡那霉素抗性植株的95％和98％。攻毒实验表明,两种类型的转基因烟草对PVY^N的抗病性具有相似性,其表现型为：免疫、抗病和感病。免疫型转基因植株的抗病性不受接种物类型及其剂量的影响。Southern印迹杂交结果显示,目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中。Northern印迹杂交证明,两种类型的CP基因都已在RNA水平上得到了表达,但细胞内RNA的积累量与转基因植株的抗病强度成负相关。Western印迹杂交表明,在表达不可翻译PVY^N－CP基因的转基因植株内 以CP蛋白,而在导入可翻译的PVY^N-CP基因的植株内检测到了CP蛋白,且CP蛋白含量与抗病性不存在正相关。本研究结果证明,表达可翻译与不可翻译PVY^N-CP基因的转基因烟草对PVY^N的抗病性均为RNA介导的抗病性。     

马铃薯Y病毒NIb复制酶基因在转录水平介导的相对广谱抗病性

在大肠杆菌中表达了马铃薯Ｙ病毒中国分离物（ＰＶＹ－Ｃ）复制酶ＮＩｂ基因,并制备了其抗血清。利用ＰＣＲ定点突变方法使ＮＩｂ基因移码－１位,构建了移码－１位ＮＩｂ基因（ＵＮ）的植物表达载体。通过土壤农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ ＬＢＡ４４０４）介导转化烟草ＮＣ８９,获得５１株再生植株。对再生植株的分子检测结果表明,转基因烟草中检测到ＵＮ基因相应的ＲＮＡ转录产物,３推测该基     

转基因植物中RNA介导的病毒抗性机制

介绍了近年来转基因植物中RNA介导的抗性特征和解释这种抗性机制的两种模型,一种是阈值模型,一种是质量模型,并对这两种模型的优缺点进行了讨论.     

Expression of the Bar Gene Confers Herbicide Resistance in Transgenic Lettuce

Resistance to bialaphos, a broad-spectrum herbicide, was introduced into Lactuca sativa cv. Evola by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. tumefaciens strains 0310 and 1310, both carrying the bialaphos resistance (bar) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) genes, were used for transformation. Primary transformants were selected on kanamycin sulphate-supplemented shoot regeneration medium. Integration of both transgenes was confirmed by non-radioactive Southern hybridisation. The hypervirulent plasmid ToK47 in A. tumefaciens strain 1310 generated multiple insertions of T-DNA in some transgenic plants; the absence of pToK47 (strain 0310) resulted in single gene inserts in all plants tested. Resistance to glufosinate ammonium was observed in axenic seedlings grown on medium supplemented with the herbicide at 5 mg l–1 and in glasshouse-grown plants sprayed with the compound at 300 mg l–1. Stable expression of the bar gene was observed in R2 generation plants. The kanamycin resistance of R1 seedlings was observed by germinating seeds on medium supplemented with 200 mg l–1 kanamycin sulphate. The presence of NPTII protein and PAT enzyme activity were demonstrated by ELISA and PAT enzyme assay respectively. Transgenes segregated in a Mendelian fashion in some plant lines in the R1 generation; herbicide resistance also segregated in the expected ratio in the R2 generation in most transgenic lines. This study confirmed that an agronomically important transgene can be integrated and stably expressed over several generations in lettuce.     

Expression of Potato Virus Y Coat Protein Gene in Transgenic Potato

Potato virus Y (PVY) N coat protein (CP) coding sequence was cloned into a plant expression vector pMON316 under the CaMV 35S promoter. Leaf discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) were used to Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. A large number of regenerated putative transgenic plants were obtained based on kanamycin resistance. Using total DNA purified from transgenic plants as templates and two oligonucleotides synthesized from 5' and 3' of the PVY coat protein gene as primers, the authors carried out polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to check the presence of this gene and obtained a 0. 8 kb specific DNA fragment after 35 cycles of amplification. Southern blot indicated that the PCR product was indeed PVY CP gene which had been integrated into the potato genome. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of our transgenic plants showed that CP gene was expressed in at least some transgenic potato plants.     

马铃薯卷叶病毒基因间隔区转化的马铃薯抗病性研究

将本室合成、克隆的马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰｏｔａｔｏＬｅａｆｒｏｌＶｉｒｕｓ,ＰＬＲＶ）中国分离株的基因间隔区（ｉｎｔｅｒｇｅｎｉｃｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ,ＩＳ）双链ｃＤＮＡ以正、反向两种方式分别构建于转化载体ｐＲＯＫ２中,通过致瘤农杆菌介导,以马铃薯叶圆片为转化材料,转化马铃薯栽培品种Ｄｅｓｉｒｅ,获得了转基因植株。卡那霉素抗性分析和ＰＣＲ检测目的基因,证明ＰＬＲＶＩＳ双链ｃＤＮＡ已经整合到转基因马铃薯的染色体基因组中。将转基因植株移栽网棚用蚜虫接种ＰＬＲＶ,观察症状并用酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测转基因植株中ＰＬＲＶ含量。结果表明,表达ＰＬＲＶＩＳ正意和反意ＲＮＡ的转基因植株,接种病毒后表现无症状或症状轻微,ＰＬＲＶ平均滴度均较未转基因对照植株低。表达正意ＲＮＡ的转基因植株ＰＬＲＶ滴度降低４３％～７２％,表达反意ＲＮＡ的转基因植株ＰＬＲＶ滴度降低７２％～８６％,由此可见,表达ＰＬＲＶＩＳ反意ＲＮＡ的转基因马铃薯对ＰＬＲＶ抗性较强。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒基因间隔区转化的马铃薯抗病性研究

将本室合成、克隆的马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato Leafroll Virus, PLRV)中国分离株的基因间隔区(intergenic sequence, IS)双链cDNA以正、反向两种方式分别构建于转化载体pROK2中,通过致瘤农杆菌介导,以马铃薯叶圆片为转化材料,转化马铃薯栽培品种Desiree,获得了转基因植株.卡那霉素抗性分析和PCR检测目的基因,证明PLRV IS双链cDNA已经整合到转基因马铃薯的染色体基因组中.将转基因植株移栽网棚用蚜虫接种PLRV,观察症状并用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测转基因植株中PLRV含量.结果表明,表达PLRV IS正意和反意RNA的转基因植株,接种病毒后表现无症状或症状轻微,PLRV平均滴度均较未转基因对照植株低.表达正意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低43%～72%,表达反意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低72%～86%,由此可见,表达PLRV IS反意RNA的转基因马铃薯对PLRV抗性较强.     

Ectopic Expression of StERF94 Transcription Factor in Potato Plants Improved Resistance to Fusarium solani Infection

ERF proteins (ethylene-responsive factors), which belong to the AP2/ERF superfamily, play essential roles in plant development, growth, and response to abiotic and biotic constraints. In a previous study, we cloned a cDNA encoding the StERF94 factor from potato plants and the phylogenetic analyses showed that it belongs to group IX of the ERF family. Genes of this group are known to be involved in plant response to biotic stress. The StERF94 cDNA was overexpressed in transgenic potato plants and the resulting transgenic plants showed a high tolerance to salinity. In this study, we investigated the response of StERF94 transgenic plants to biotic stress by evaluating their resistance to Fusarium solani infection. A significant enhanced resistance to the fungus was noticed in the transgenic plants which displayed limited malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ production and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. Our findings also revealed that overexpression of StERF94 in potato enhanced expression of relevant defense genes like those encoding PR proteins (pathogenesis related) which led to a protection against disease propagation and reduction of fungus development in plant tissues.

     

Viral MicroRNAs Targeting Virus Genes Promote Virus Infection in Shrimp In Vivo

Viral microRNAs (miRNAs), most of which are characterized in cell lines, have been found to play important roles in the virus life cycle to avoid attack by the host immune system or to keep virus in the latency state. Viral miRNAs targeting virus genes can inhibit virus infection. In this study, in vivo findings in Marsupenaeus japonicus shrimp revealed that the viral miRNAs could target virus genes and further promote the virus infection. The results showed that white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-encoded miRNAs WSSV-miR-66 and WSSV-miR-68 were transcribed at the early stage of WSSV infection. When the expression of WSSV-miR-66 and WSSV-miR-68 was silenced with sequence-specific anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs), the number of copies of WSSV and the WSSV-infected shrimp mortality were significantly decreased, indicating that the two viral miRNAs had a great effect on virus infection. It was revealed that the WSSV wsv094 and wsv177 genes were the targets of WSSV-miR-66 and that the wsv248 and wsv309 genes were the targets of WSSV-miR-68. The data demonstrate that the four target genes play negative roles in the WSSV infection. The targeting of the four virus genes by WSSV-miR-66 and WSSV-miR-68 led to the promotion of virus infection. Therefore, our in vivo findings show a novel aspect of viral miRNAs in virus-host interactions.     

cry3A和vhb基因在转基因马铃薯中的表达

分别构建了含cry3A和cry3A+vhb基因的植物表达载体pBCry3A和pBC₃Vhb,并通过根癌农杆菌介导转化了马铃薯. 对转化再生植株进行PCR和DNA印迹分析表明,外源基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中, 且连续三代无性繁殖后转基因仍存在. ELISA分析表明cry3A基因在转基因植株中得到了高效表达, 在单转cry3A植株中最高表达量达0.1%, 转cry3A与vhb双基因株系中为0.065%. 水涝试验显示,转双基因且vhb mRNA的RT-PCR呈阳性的马铃薯植株,对低氧胁迫有较好的耐受性, 表明获得的上述转双基因马铃薯株系可能会具有很好的抗虫和耐涝性能.     

Transgenic Plants Expressing Potato Virus X ORF2 Protein (p24) Are Resistant to Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Ob Tobamoviruses

The p24 protein, one of the three proteins implicated in local movement of potato virus X (PVX), was expressed in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi D8 NN). Plants with the highest level of p24 accumulation exhibited a stunted and slightly chlorotic phenotype. These transgenic plants facilitate the cell-to-cell movement of a mutant of PVX that contained a frameshift mutation in p24. Upon inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the size of necrotic local lesions was significantly smaller in p24+ plants than in nontransgenic, control plants. Systemic resistance to tobamoviruses was also evidenced after inoculation of p24+ plants with Ob, a virus that evades the hypersensitive response provided by the N gene. In the latter case, no systemic symptoms were observed, and virus accumulation remained low or undetectable by Western immunoblot analysis and back-inoculation assays. In contrast, no differences were observed in virus accumulation after inoculation with PVX, although more severe symptoms were evident on p24-expressing plants than on control plants. Similarly, infection assays conducted with potato virus Y showed no differences between control and transgenic plants. On the other hand, a considerable delay in virus accumulation and symptom development was observed when transgenic tobacco plants containing the movement protein (MP) of TMV were inoculated with PVX. Finally, a movement defective mutant of TMV was inoculated on p24+ plants or in mixed infections with PVX on nontransgenic plants. Both types of assays failed to produce TMV infections, implying that TMV MP is not interchangeable with the PVX MPs.     

利用RNA干涉技术及微束激光转化法培育抗病毒马铃薯

针对马铃薯生产中危害严重、分布广泛并且具有强烈协生作用的马铃薯X病毒和马铃薯Y病毒,开展了抗病毒病的育种研究。采用RT-PCR技术分别克隆了267 bp的编码马铃薯X病毒外壳蛋白(PVX-cp)基因的相对保守区段X和294 bp的编码马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白(PVY-cp)基因的相对保守区段Y两个片段,将其按顺序连接,形成融合基因XY,然后分别将融合基因XY正向和反向插入到载体pHANN IBAL中,得到了载体pH IV,再用NoⅠt对pH IV进行酶切,将产生的大片段插入到载体pART27中,得到同时以PVX-cp基因和PVY-cp基因为靶标的XY的RNA i载体pAR IV。采用微束激光穿刺转化技术转化马铃薯品种Favorita的愈伤组织,得到了14株表型正常的转基因植株,转基因植株的southern b lot分析表明,导入的外源融合基因拷贝数介于2~4之间。攻毒实验表明,其中11株转基因植株对PVX、PVYo以及PVX和PVYo混合侵染均表现免疫,而其它3株的病毒浓度也低于对照。这一结果将为利用RNA i干涉技术开展植物抗多种病毒病的育种提供重要依据,验证了所构建的RNA干涉(RNA interference RNA i)载体具有良好的功能,同时又一次证明微束激光穿刺法是一种有效的遗传转化手段。     

两种凝集素基因在转基因烟草中表达的研究

构建了含尾穗苋凝集素基因(ACA)的cDNA序列和改造后的雪花莲凝集素基因(GNA)的植物表达载体pBACG。在此表达载体中,ACA和GNA基因的表达分别由35S启动子和CoYMV启动子控制。通过农杆菌介导,将ACA和GNA基因转化到烟草中,经卡那霉素筛选获得60株转化再生植株。对PCR检测呈阳性的50株植株进行接蚜虫实验,结果表明,其平均抑虫率达83．9％。Southern blotting分析表明,ACA和GNA基因都已整合到烟草基因组中。Western blotting结果显示这两个基因在不同植株中都可表达其相应的蛋白质,但表达水平不同。部分Western blotting分析呈阳性植株的抗蚜性与T0代相近,达85．3％,说明这两个基因的抗蚜功能可以稳定遗传。