警惕椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella Walker （鳞翅目：织蛾科）传入中国

【背景】椰子织蛾是棕榈植物上的主要害虫。该害虫在印度和斯里兰卡危害严重,现已入侵泰国。【方法】在收集、整理椰子织蛾原产地或已知入侵地的生物学、生态学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了椰子织蛾的主要形态特征、寄主、分布、生物特性,并对该有害生物入侵我国的风险及后果进行综合分析。【结果】椰子织蛾幼虫通常为5龄,大多在棕榈植物叶背面为害。卵期约为5 d,幼虫期约为42 d,蛹期约为12 d,成虫产卵约为137粒。从适生性风险角度看,目前椰子织蛾在南亚和东南亚棕榈植物分布区危害严重,我国南方棕榈植物产区具有相似的生物气候,是椰子织蛾潜在的地理分布区;从传入扩散风险角度看,椰子织蛾成虫能够飞翔,且我国与该害虫发生国家特别是东盟国家的贸易日益频繁,加大了该害虫传入我国的可能性;从经济与生态风险角度看,椰子织蛾入侵我国后将危害椰子等棕榈植物,给相关产业带来损失,影响从业人员收入,同时影响本地生态环境,可能导致生态灾害。【结论与意义】椰子织蛾有入侵我国的可能,有效的检疫管理措施是防范其入侵的主要手段。生物防治是治理该害虫的重要措施之一。     

In vitro release of digestive enzymes by FMRF amide related neuropeptides and analogues in the lepidopteran insect Opisina arenosella (Walk.)

The insect neuropeptides FMRF amide, leucomyosupressin (LMS) and neuropeptide analogues leucosulfakinins (FLSK and LSK II Ser (SO(3)H)), perisulfakinin (PSK), proleucosulfakinin (PLSK), 14A[phi1]WP-I, 542phi1, and 378A[5b]WP-I were assayed for their effects on the release of amylase and protease from the midgut tissue of larvae of Opisina arenosella. In the bioassay, empty midgut tubes ligated at both ends using hair were incubated with insect saline containing neuropeptides/analogues in a bioassay apparatus at 37 degrees C for 30 min. After incubation the contents of the midgut preparations were analyzed for amylase and protease activity. In control experiments, the midgut preparations were incubated in insect saline without neuropeptides. The results of the study reveal that for stimulating amylase release from midgut tissue, the peptides require an FXRF amide (X may be methionine or leucine) sequence at the C-terminal. The presence of HMRF amide at C-terminal of peptides may inhibit the release of amylase. Meanwhile, peptides with both FMRF and HMRF amide sequence at the C-terminal are found to be effective in stimulating protease release. The tetrapeptide segment at the C-terminal probably represent the active core of the neuropeptide.     

5种杀虫剂对入侵害虫椰子织蛾的室内毒力测定

椰子织蛾是一种外来新入侵害虫,对棕榈科植物造成了严重危害。采用叶片浸渍法测定了甲维盐等5种杀虫剂对入侵害虫椰子织蛾5～6龄幼虫的室内毒力。5种药剂处理72 h后的室内毒力大小顺序为甲维盐＞氯虫苯甲酰胺＞毒死蜱＞高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂＞烟碱;72 h 致死中浓度（ LC50）为5．2604、9．7126、24．8202、104．0584、643．1496 mg· L-1。选取同样毒力效果所需成本依次为毒死蜱＜甲维盐＜高效氯氟氰菊酯＜氯虫苯甲酰胺＜烟碱。本研究可用于指导椰子织蛾的应急化学防控。综合毒力和成本,建议在生产上采用毒死蜱和甲维盐等相关药剂防治椰子织蛾。     

Regulation of digestive enzyme activity in the larvae of Catopsilia crocale (Lepidoptera)

Amylase and invertase activity in the midgut tissue of the lepidopterous larvae Catopsilia crocale was studied in relation to the developmental stage and food availability. The enzyme activity increased significantly with advancing age of the larva. A direct positive correlation between food intake and enzyme activity was observed. A possible relationship between feeding and the regulation of enzyme activity is discussed.     

椰子织蛾幼虫龄数及取食量的雌雄差异

为了明确椰子织蛾幼虫的龄数、取食量及龄期。在室温25℃±3℃,寄主食料椰子叶饲养条件下,测量了雌、雄幼虫头壳宽、取食量并记录了各龄幼虫的发育历期。结果表明,椰子织蛾雌性幼虫有9-10个龄数,雄性幼虫有8-10个龄数。1-10龄雌虫的头壳宽约为0.2300,0.3250,0.4300,0.5267,0.7700,0.9633,1.3775,1.5850,1.8200,2.1929 mm。1-10龄雄虫的头壳宽约为0.2233,0.3214,0.4125,0.5300,0.6529,0.8675,1.1267,1.3375,1.4950,1.8925 mm。9-10龄雌虫的头壳宽显著大于雄虫的头壳宽。头壳宽与龄数具有很强的相关性。椰子织蛾幼虫的取食量随龄数的增大而增加。椰子织蛾1代雌性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(3607.23±146.83 mm~2)显著高于1代雄性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(1991.25±143.92 mm~2)。1-5龄幼虫的取食量最小,小于50 mm~2。8-10龄为暴食期。1-10龄幼虫的发育历期分别为4.55±0.16,5.69±0.24,5.73±0.37,5.22±0.15,5.11±0.46,4.61±0.46,5.12±0.68,6.00±0.43,6.86±0.40和8.75±1.55 d。对于雌、雄成虫个体差异较大的昆虫,对其幼虫头壳宽值和取食量的测定应雌、雄幼虫分别测定。椰子织蛾的防治适期应在未造成严重为害的1-5龄幼虫高蜂期进行。以幼虫头壳宽为主,同时结合取食面积判定幼虫所处龄数,可为准确掌握防治时期提供科学依据。     

不同寄主对小线角木蠹蛾幼虫消化解毒酶的影响

小线角木蠹蛾Streltzoviella insularis是一种重要的林木蛀干害虫,在我国北方地区广泛分布,其寄主范围广,尤其对城市园林树种威胁严重。本研究测定了小线角木蠹蛾幼虫分别取食3种喜食寄主(洋白蜡、银杏和国槐)和4种普通寄主(旱柳、栾树、香椿、毛桃)后的解毒酶(细胞色素P450酶、谷胱甘肽S转移酶和羧酸酯酶)和消化酶(内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶、外切-β-1,4-纤维二糖水解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶)的活性。结果表明,不同寄主对小线角木蠹蛾幼虫的消化酶和解毒酶都存在显著影响,其中取食普通寄主的幼虫3种解毒酶的平均活性(P450、GST和CarE酶活性分别为21.12、4876.86、0.035μmoL/min/mg protein)均高于取食喜食寄主的幼虫(P450、GST和CarE酶活性分别为15.87、3760.55、0.027μmoL/min/mg protein),且普通寄主的平均次生代谢物质含量更高(普通寄主总酚、类黄酮和单宁含量分别为173.10、110.07、88.77 mg/g,喜食寄主为105.22、14.05、55.74 mg/g);而取食普通寄主与喜食寄主的幼虫EG和CBH酶活性之间没有显著差异,仅取食普通寄主的幼虫β-葡糖苷酶活性和木聚糖酶活性略高于取食喜食寄主的幼虫,幼虫的消化酶活性(纤维素酶和半纤维素酶)和寄主营养物质(纤维素和半纤维素)并未在普通寄主和喜食寄主中表现出明显趋势。因此本研究认为小线角木蠹蛾的寄主适应性与寄主次生代谢物质(总酚、类黄酮和单宁)含量的关联性更强,而与营养物质(纤维素和半纤维素)含量的相关性较弱。     

Inhibition of growth and development of tobacco hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) larvae by cyromazine

When fed to larvae of tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), cyromazine strongly inhibited normal growth and development. Depending on the dose or period of feeding, symptoms were cuticular melanization, swellings in intersegmental regions, cuticular lesions, rupture of the body wall, and death. At greater than 10 ppm, cyromazine in the diet initiated symptoms in fifth instars, whereas greater than 20 ppm induced symptoms which led to death during the instar or at molting. The ratio of chitin to larval body weight in both cyromazine-exposed and control fifth instars increased slightly from ecdysis to 42 h. However, this ratio did not differ between the two groups, indicating that cyromazine had no immediate or direct effect on chitin production. When cyromazine was ingested by fifth instars, it was excreted rapidly, and a small amount (less than 5%) was metabolized to melamine. The amount of cyromazine found in the hemolymph remained relatively constant during the feeding period, whereas the amount present in the body wall increased with time and was localized in the KOH-soluble fraction. Cyromazine may inhibit growth or expansion of the body wall (or both) sufficiently to prevent normal internal growth, producing the observed symptoms and leading to abnormal development.     

椰子织蛾触角感器的超微结构观察

本文利用光学显微镜和和扫描电子显微镜,观察和测定椰子织蛾成虫的触角外部形态、感器的形态特征和分布,对椰子织蛾感器进行鉴定分类.结果表明,椰子织蛾雌雄成虫触角形状为线形,由38～42节组成,其中柄节1节、梗节1节和鞭节36～40节.椰子织蛾雌、雄成虫触角上有7种类型感器,9种亚型,分别是毛形感器(2种亚型)、刺形感器(2...     

椰子木蛾在中国的适生区预测

【目的】椰子木蛾Opisina arenosella Walker是2013年在海南、广东和广西等地新发现的棕榈植物的危险性入侵害虫,其入侵范围有不断扩大的趋势。【方法】应用CLIMEX软件对椰子木蛾在中国的潜在适生区进行了分析。【结果】结果表明椰子木蛾在中国适生范围广,长江以南广大地区均是其高度适生区。【结论】这些区域是我国棕榈植物的主要分布区,建议加强检疫和监测措施,防止其进一步扩散。     

Inhibition of metamorphosis by RFamide neuropeptides in planula larvae of Hydractinia echinata

The primitive nervous system in planula larvae of Hydractinia echinata (Cnidaria) has sensory neurons containing LWamide or RFamide neuropeptides. LWamides have been shown to induce metamorphosis of planula larvae into adult polyps. We report here that RFamides act antagonistically to LWamides. RFamides inhibit metamorphosis when applied to planula larvae during metamorphosis induction by treatment with LWamides (or other inducing agents such as CsCl ions, diacylglycerol and bacterial inducers). Our results show further that RFamides act downstream of LWamide release, presumably directly on target cells mediating metamorphosis. These observations support a model in which metamorphosis in H. echinata is regulated by sensory neurons secreting LWamides and RFamides in response to environmental cues.Edited by D. Tautz     

Effect of DIMBOA on growth and digestive physiology of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae

The hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) was assessed for its effect on growth and digestive physiology of larvae of the stalk corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. Nutritional indices and activities of some digestive and detoxification enzymes were determined for larvae feeding on a DIMBOA-containing diet for the first two days of the third instar (short-term feeding assays), and from neonates to third instar (long-term feeding assays). DIMBOA reduced the relative growth rate and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food without affecting the relative consumption rate in long-term feeding assays, but it had no effect in short-term assays. Moreover, elastase-like activity was significantly increased by DIMBOA in short-term feeding assays, whereas microsomal oxidase activity was increased and esterase activity was reduced in long-term feeding assays. In vitro, DIMBOA inhibited the activities of carboxypeptidases, aminopeptidase, glutathione S-transferase and esterase, but it had no effect on trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase. The implications of the altered levels of proteases and detoxification enzyme activities on the digestive physiology of larvae feeding on DIMBOA-containing diets are discussed.     

Dissolution of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedra by the digestive fluid of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) larvae

The dissolution of polyhedra of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus by digestive fluid collected from 5th stage Trichoplusia ni larvae was studied in vitro. Observations were made at timed intervals using phase contrast microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Dissolution occurred rapidly and in a detectable sequence. Under phase contrast, most polyhedra lost their refringence by 0.5 min. The polyhedra became rounded in appearance with small protuberances on the surface and Brownian movement was observed within. After 1 min, the envelope of most polyhedra had ruptured, releasing the enclosed virions. The protuberances were also observed under the scanning electron microscope after digestion for 0.5 min. Many shell fragments devoid of internal contents were seen after more lengthy digestion. Internal structural changes were revealed by electron microscopy. After 1 min of exposure, polyhedra were observed in all stages of dissolution. By 3 min, only virions, scattered about in heterogeneous material, could be distinguished.     

Evolution of arboreal tunnelling by larvae of Aenetus (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

Abstract

Aspects of larval feeding and tunnelling were described for seven species of the wood-boring genus Aenetus. The species were studied in Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. A sequential pattern of larval feeding involving transfer from a fungal based diet to callus tissue in live trees, previously known for A. virescens, was confirmed for A. cohici and inferred for A. dulcis and A. paradiseus. A specialised “transfer” morph linking the two feeding stages in A. virescens was also confirmed for A. cohici and two unidentified species. The wood-boring habit involved entry into the host above ground level and the construction of a tunnel which extends into and then down the stem. Tunnels were often located on the lower surface of leaning branches or stems. Tunnel entrances were open to the host surface, but overlain by a silk- /frass web. Bark and underlying tissue were removed from around the tunnel entrance and a callus growth resulted, which the larva consumed. The evolutionary history of arboreal tunnelling in the Hepialidae was investigated using biogeographic analysis of generic distribution. It is argued that evolution and variation in arboreal tunnelling resulted from specialised recombinations of generalised ancestral characters. It is suggested that the study of arboreal tunnelling can provide a source of useful characters for systematic analysis of phylogenetic relationships within Aenetus. The potential systematic value of tunnel characters is illustrated for A. virescens.     

Comparative damage and digestive enzyme activity of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on 12 tomato cultivars

The damage caused by the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to 12 tomato cultivars was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The 2 cultivars Korral and CH Falat experienced lower damage in terms of all parameters investigated, whereas the cultivars Valouro and Cal JN3 were categorized as the most susceptible host plants. The larvae feeding on CH Falat and Korral cultivars reached the lowest final weight (1.82 and 1.93 mg, respectively), whereas those reared on the Valouro and Cal JN3 cultivars reached the highest body weight (3.42 and 3.33 mg, respectively). The highest proteolytic and amylolytic activity was detected in larvae feeding on the Korral cultivar, whereas larvae reared on the Valouro cultivar had the lowest enzyme activity for both third and fourth instar larvae. Altogether, the Korral and CH Falat cultivars were classified as relatively resistant cultivars, whereas the 2 cultivars Valouro and Cal JN3 were categorized as highly susceptible to infection by T. absoluta. Therefore, the resistant cultivars can be considered as candidates for use in integrated management programs of the tomato leaf miner in Iran.     

Phenoloxidase in larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): molecular cloning of the proenzyme cDNA and enzyme activity in larvae paralyzed and parasitized by Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a major component of the insect immune system. The enzyme is involved in encapsulation and melanization processes as well as wound healing and cuticle sclerotization. PO is present as an inactive proenzyme, prophenoloxidase (PPO), which is activated via a protease cascade. In this study, we have cloned a full-length PPO1 cDNA and a partial PPO2 cDNA from the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and documented changes in PO activity in larvae paralyzed and parasitized by the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The cDNA for PPO1 is 2,748 bp and encodes a protein of 681 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 78,328 and pI of 6.41 containing a conserved proteolytic cleavage site found in other PPOs. P. interpunctella PPO1 ranges from 71-78% identical to other known lepidopteran PPO-1 sequences. Percent identity decreases as comparisons are made to PPO-1 of more divergent species in the orders Diptera (Aa-48; As-49; and Sb-60%) and Coleoptera (Tm-58; Hd-50%). Paralyzation of host larvae of P. interpunctella by the idiobiont H. hebetor results in an increase in phenoloxidase activity in host hemolymph, a process that may protect the host from microbial infection during self-provisioning by this wasp. Subsequent parasitization by H. hebetor larvae causes a decrease in hemolymph PO activity, which suggests that the larval parasitoid may be secreting an immunosuppressant into the host larva during feeding.     

Effects of entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus temperata infection on the digestive enzymes of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae

This study investigated the effects of Photorhabdus temperata infection on the activities of digestive enzymes of the sugarcane stalk borer Diatraea saccharalis. Non-infected D. saccharalis larvae present a major alpha-amylase, several proteinases, three sucrose hydrolases and two alpha-glucosidases in their midgut. Analysis of these hydrolases by electrophoresis and "in gel" assays showed that the activities of all enzymes decreased following infection, with an initial decline observed 12 h after infection. The activities of alpha-glucosidases decreased by 50% twelve hours after infection, whereas, at this time, the alpha-galactosidase activities decreased by 70%. Interestingly, the animals died 48 h after infection, but approximately 5% of all the enzymes tested remained active in the midgut following host death. At this time, most of the cultivable native intestinal bacteria had died.     

椰子织蛾传入中国及其海南省的风险性分析

【背景】椰子织蛾原产于印度和斯里兰卡,现主要分布于南亚和东南亚,是椰子、中东海枣、蒲葵等多种棕榈科植物的重要害虫。我国目前尚无椰子织蛾发生为害的报道;但从适生性的角度看,该虫的地理分布区与我国南方棕榈植物分布区具有相似的生物气候,理论上我国热带、亚热带的广大区域是椰子织蛾的潜在地理分布区。鉴于其危害严重性,一旦入侵,其危险程度将超过已在我国发生的重要入侵害虫椰心叶甲。【方法】根据国际植物检疫措施标准（ISPM）规定的有害生物风险性分析（PRA）程序,利用相关风险性分析模型,从国内外分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面,对椰子织蛾在中国及其海南省的风险性进行定性、定量分析。【结果】椰子织蛾在中国及其海南省的风险值（R）分别为2．20和2．30,在我国属于高度危险性有害生物。【结论与意义】本研究可为制定椰子织蛾的检疫管理对策提供依据。     

Inhibition of juvenile hormone esterase activity in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) larvae parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

Glyptapanteles liparidis is a gregarious, polydnavirus (PDV)-carrying braconid wasp that parasitizes larval stages of Lymantria dispar. In previous studies we showed that parasitized hosts dramatically increase juvenile hormone (JH) titers, whereas JH degradation is significantly inhibited in the hemolymph. Here we (i) quantified the effects of parasitism on JH esterase (JHE) activity in hemolymph and fat body of penultimate and final instars of L. dispar hosts and (ii) assessed the relative contribution of individual and combined wasp factors (PDV/venom, teratocytes, and wasp larvae) to the inhibition of host JHE activity. The effects of PDV/venom was investigated through the use of gamma-irradiated wasps, which lay non-viable eggs (leading to pseudoparasitization), while the effects of teratocytes and wasp larvae were examined by injection or insertion of these two components in either control or pseudoparasitized L. dispar larvae. Parasitism strongly suppressed host JHE activity in both hemolymph and fat body irrespective of whether the host was parasitized early (premolt-third instar) or late (mid-fourth instar). Down-regulation of JHE activity is primarily due to the injection of PDV/venom at the time of oviposition, with only very small additive effects of teratocytes and wasp larvae under certain experimental conditions. We compare the results with those reported earlier for L. dispar larvae parasitized by G. liparidis and discuss the possible role of JH alterations in host development disruption.     

The distribution of dipeptidase activity in the digestive organs of the larvae of Utetheisa pulchella L. (Lepidoptera: Arctidae)

In Utetheisa pulchella L. the dipeptidases capable of hydrolysing L-alanylglycine and L. leucylglycine are not only intracellular enzymes in the midgut but these enzymes are also secreted into the midgut lumen. Final hydrolysis of protein may occur in the midgut lumen before absorption. The activity of these dipeptidases is also present in the salivary gland extract.

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Resume La distribution de l'activité de dipeptidase a été étudiée dans différentes régions du tube digestif de Utetheisa pulchella L. à l'aide de la chromatographie à papier (méthode semi-quantitative). Les dipeptidases, capables d'hydroliser les L-alanylglycine et L-leucylglycine se rencontrent dans l'extrait de la glande salivaire, des tissus de l'intestin moyen et le contenu de la lumière de l'intestin moyen. Comparé à l'extrait du tissu de l'intestin moyen, le contenu de la lumière de l'intestin moyen montra une activité plus élevée. L'auteur suggère que l'hydrolyse finale de la protéine a lieu dans la lumière de l'intestin moyen. Ces dipeptidases ne sont pas limitées à l'une ou l'autre région (p. ex. antérieure, moyenne ou postérieure) de l'intestin moyen. La thèse d'une «chaine de ferment» tel qu'il existe chez les vertébres (Vonk, 1937) et chez Periplaneta orientalis (Scholttke, 1937c) n'est donc pas soutenue par les observations sur U. pulchella.