细菌蛋白质磷酸化修饰研究进展

细菌蛋白质磷酸化修饰是调控细菌基因表达的一种重要方式,在细菌诸多生命活动中发挥非常关键的作用。本文系统概括了近年来细菌蛋白质磷酸化修饰的种类、双组分调控系统中磷酸化修饰调控信号传导、酪氨酸残基磷酸化修饰以及丝/苏氨酸残基磷酸化修饰等,同时对不同种类细菌蛋白质磷酸化修饰的功能进行综述,这些研究将对人类了解细菌蛋白质翻译后修饰的磷酸化调控及其与控制细菌感染的关系提供参考价值。     

蛋白质磷酸化修饰的研究进展

蛋白质磷酸化是最常见、最重要的一种蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,它参与和调控生物体内的许多生命活动。通过蛋白质的磷酸化与去磷酸化,调控信号转导、基因表达、细胞周期等诸多细胞过程。随着蛋白质组学技术的发展和应用,蛋白质磷酸化的研究越来越受到广泛的重视。我们介绍了蛋白质磷酸化修饰的主要类型与功能、磷酸化蛋白质分析样品的富集及制备、磷酸化蛋白的鉴定及磷酸化位点的预测、蛋白分离后磷酸化蛋白的检测,及蛋白质磷酸化的分子机制,并综述了近年来国内外的主要相关研究进展。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

蛋白质是执行细胞功能的基本功能单元,其表达受基因组和表观遗传学的调控。通常,蛋白质在表达以后还需要经过不同程度的修饰才能发挥所需要的功能。这种翻译后修饰过程受到一系列修饰酶和去修饰酶的严格调控,使得在某一瞬间细胞中蛋白质表现出某种稳定或动态的特定功能。最新的研究表明,真核细胞中存在着各种各样的蛋白质修饰过程,其中大约70%目前还无法解释。有理由认为,这种经过了特定修饰的蛋白质,更客观地反映了细胞的各种生理以及病理过程。因此,除了基因组所编码的＂裸＂蛋白质组的表达以外,更需要对经过翻译后修饰的蛋白质及蛋白质组的调控过程进行深入的研究。该文对常见翻译后修饰以及研究方法进行了综述。     

玉米早期花药蛋白质组和磷酸化蛋白质组分析

蛋白质磷酸化修饰是调控其功能的一种重要方式。植物有性生殖过程在农作物产量形成和物种繁衍过程中起着重要作用。作为植物雄性生殖器官的花药,其正常生长发育对于保证形成功能性配子(花粉)以及完成双受精过程至关重要。本研究以重要农作物玉米(B73)为材料,利用Nano UHPLC-MS/MS质谱技术对玉米早期发育的花药在蛋白质组和磷酸化蛋白质组水平进行全面分析,以探究玉米花药发育过程中的蛋白调控网络和磷酸化修饰调控网络。在蛋白质组学分析中,共鉴定到了3 016个多肽,匹配到1 032个蛋白质上。通过Map Man分析,预测到了一些和花药发育相关的蛋白质,例如受体激酶(GRMZM2G082823_P01、GRMZM5G805485_P01等)。另外,在磷酸化蛋白质组学研究中,通过对Ti O2亲和层析富集到的磷酸化多肽进行质谱分析,检测到了257个磷酸化多肽,匹配到210个蛋白质上。我们的数据揭示了玉米花药发育过程中的223个磷酸化位点。与已发现的玉米中的86个磷酸化蛋白质(植物蛋白磷酸化数据库(P3DB):http://www.p3db.org/organism.php)相比,其中203个磷酸化蛋白和218个磷酸化位点为首次揭示。进一步生物信息学分析表明:磷酸化在14-3-3蛋白质、激酶、磷酸酶、转录因子、细胞周期和染色质结构相关的蛋白质介导的玉米早期花药发育过程中起着重要的调控作用。总之,本研究首次在蛋白质组学和磷酸化蛋白质组学水平研究了玉米早期花药发育的蛋白质调控网络,不仅丰富了玉米蛋白质和磷酸化修饰蛋白质数据库,并为利用遗传学和生物化学手段深入研究玉米花药发育的分子调控机理提供了基础。     

信号肽及其在蛋白质表达中的应用

分子生物学研究已进入后基因组时代,其中心任务是更多地关注基因组表达的蛋白质的结构和功能。由于基因功能最终通过其表达产物——蛋白质来实现,因此,要了解基因组全部功能活动,最终也必须回到蛋白质上。另外,在菌株、培养和发酵等逐渐成熟的条件下,构建高效的表达载体以提高外源蛋白质的表达量是降低工业化生产成本的关键。随着研究的深入,发现信号肽对蛋白质的定位有着非常重要的作用,使得信号肽的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且也具有潜在的应用价值。就信号肽的结构和功能,信号肽的捕获方法及其在原核表达系统和真核表达系统中表达外源蛋白质的应用做一些介绍。     

基于高覆盖(磷酸化)蛋白质组对人胚胎干细胞干性维持调控网络的解析

目的:对人胚胎干细胞H9的(磷酸化)蛋白质组进行鉴定和深入分析,探讨维持人胚胎干细胞干性的核心调控网络。方法:利用新近发表的TAFT磷酸化肽段富集策略和高精度质谱鉴定技术,采用无标定量方法对H9细胞(磷酸化)蛋白进行定量分析;结合MOTIFX、iGPS、IPA等多种生物信息学分析软件,分析H9细胞的磷酸化基序-激酶、转录因子-靶基因调控网络。结果:获得了目前高度覆盖的H9细胞(磷酸化)蛋白质组数据集,鉴定到8674种蛋白质,其中3898种能够发生磷酸化修饰,包括13 676条磷酸化肽段,高可信度(class 1)磷酸化位点有11 870种。与已有的H9细胞磷酸化蛋白质组数据相比,其中2247种磷酸化蛋白质和10 025种磷酸化位点是本研究新鉴定到的。基于基序和激酶预测分析,推导出与干性维持相关的已知转录调节因子的新的磷酸化修饰基序以及调控其发生磷酸化的激酶。结合多能性转录因子对靶基因的调控信息,构建了多能性调控分子磷酸化修饰及其转录调控的核心网络。此外,还对特定位点的磷酸化修饰水平及其对应蛋白的总体丰度水平进行了比较及功能分析。基于各自的百分位数,比较磷酸化修饰水平与其对应蛋白的总体丰度,发现具有高丰度但低磷酸化修饰水平的蛋白倾向于参与物质转换或物质运输等生物过程,而低丰度但高磷酸化水平的蛋白质倾向于参与信息转导或调控过程。结论:提供了人胚胎干细胞H9高覆盖的(磷酸化)蛋白质组数据,这些数据有助于深入了解蛋白质磷酸化修饰在胚胎干细胞干性维持中所发挥的重要作用,为胚胎干细胞基础和应用研究提供了宝贵的数据资源。     

植物蛋白质翻译后修饰组学研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰(Protein post-translational modification,PTMs)是一种重要的细胞调控机制,通过在蛋白质的氨基酸侧链上共价结合一些化学小分子基团来调节蛋白质的活性、结构、定位和蛋白质间的互作关系,从而精细调控蛋白质生物学功能的动态变化。PTMs是植物对环境变化最快、最早的反应之一,是植物蛋白质组多样性的关键机制,在植物生长发育和对环境适应中起重要作用。主要介绍了近年来植物磷酸化、乙酰化、琥珀酰化、糖基化、泛素化、巴豆酰化、S-亚硝基化及2-羟基异丁酰化等PTMs研究进展,旨为认识植物PTMs的关键生物学功能和研究前景提供参考。     

磷酸化蛋白质组研究中的富集策略

蛋白质的磷酸化与去磷酸化过程,调控着包括信号转换、基因表达、细胞周期等诸多细胞过程。因此,对蛋白质磷酸化修饰的分析是蛋白质组研究中的重要内容。但由于磷酸化蛋白的丰度较低,难以用质谱直接检测。为了解决这个问题,改善质谱对磷酸肽的信号响应,需要对磷酸化蛋白质或磷酸肽进行富集。目前主要的富集方法包括免疫沉淀、固相金属离子亲和色谱、金属氧化物/氢氧化物亲和色谱等。     

规模化蛋白质相互作用的研究技术

蛋白质相互作用既是蛋白质执行功能的主要方式,也是细胞功能调控网络的结构基础。蛋白质间异常的相互作用及其连锁网络的紊乱是引起许多病理改变的原因。作为功能基因组和蛋白质组研究的重要内容,规模化蛋白质相互作用研究已成为近年国际上研究的热点之一。文章综述了当前规模化蛋白质相互作用研究中的常用技术和常用蛋白质相互作用数据库,研究者可根据研究需要和技术特点利用这些资源。     

哺乳动物精子磷酸化蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质的表达、修饰及相互作用的研究已成为后基因组学时代蛋白质组学中的重要内容。蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化作为最普遍的翻译后修饰之一,是精子细胞信号转导和酶调控、表达的主要分子机制,亦是精子、卵细胞信号识别及完成受精作用的关键环节。对精子磷酸化蛋白功能的研究有助于深入理解精子的获能、超激活运动的维持、发生顶体反应及精卵结合等受精过程的分子调控机理。对哺乳动物精子磷酸化蛋白质组学的研究进展,包括动物精子磷酸化蛋白质组学研究的技术方法、磷酸化蛋白质种类的鉴定、定量及其功能分析进行了综述,为进一步发掘与受精相关的重要生物标志物,揭示精子发育、繁殖潜能变化及受精分子机理奠定基础。     

线粒体蛋白质组及蛋白质量控制

线粒体是哺乳动物细胞内重要细胞器,不仅通过氧化磷酸化产生ATP为细胞提供能量,也参与调节钙离子稳态、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生、细胞应激反应和细胞死亡等过程,其功能障碍不仅导致多种人类疾病的发生,而且也能降低动物卵母细胞质量和早期胚胎发育能力.大量证据表明,线粒体的功能依赖于...     

A proteomic approach for dissecting H-Ras signaling networks in NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells

To elucidate an understanding into H-Ras protein network, we have established various oncogene H-Ras-expressing NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell clones, which are expressing G12V H-Ras, G12R H-Ras, and G12V/T35S H-Ras proteins under the tight control of expression by an antibiotic doxycycline. Here we provide a catalog of proteome profiles in total cell lysate derived from the oncogenic and partial loss of function H-Ras-expressing NIH/3T3 cells. In this biological context, we compared total proteome changes by the combined methods of 2-DE, quantitative image analysis and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis both commonly in oncogenic and partial loss of function H-Ras expression system. Thus, we tried to dissect H-Ras signaling pathway, especially a downstream effector molecule, Raf in NIH/3T3 cells using proteomics tools. In this study, we centralized upon the proteome profile changes as common targets for oncogenic H-Ras and a partial loss of function H-Ras in the H-Ras-expressing cells. Thirteen protein spots were selected as what the staining intensities on the gels for 2-DE images from both kinds of cells were consistently changed in their protein expression level. Differentially regulated expression was further confirmed for some subsets of candidates by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis using specific antibodies. Taken together, our results obtained and present here show that the comparative analysis of proteome from oncogenic and partial loss of function H-Ras-expressing cells has yielded interpretable data to elucidate the protein network directly and/or indirectly.     

Response of larval barnacle proteome to CO(2)-driven seawater acidification

The majority of benthic marine invertebrates have a complex life cycle, during which the pelagic larvae select a suitable substrate, attach to it, and then metamorphose into benthic adults. Anthropogenic ocean acidification (OA) is postulated to affect larval metamorphic success through an altered protein expression pattern (proteome structure) and post-translational modifications. To test this hypothesis, larvae of an economically and ecologically important barnacle species Balanus amphitrite, were cultured from nauplius to the cyprid stage in the present (control) and in the projected elevated concentrations of CO₂ for the year 2100 (the OA treatment). Cyprid response to OA was analyzed at the total proteome level as well as two protein post-translational modification (phosphorylation and glycosylation) levels using a 2-DE based proteomic approach. The cyprid proteome showed OA-driven changes. Proteins that were differentially up or down regulated by OA come from three major groups, namely those related to energy-metabolism, respiration, and molecular chaperones, illustrating a potential strategy that the barnacle larvae may employ to tolerate OA stress. The differentially expressed proteins were tentatively identified as OA-responsive, effectively creating unique protein expression signatures for OA scenario of 2100. This study showed the promise of using a sentinel and non-model species to examine the impact of OA at the proteome level.     

Unraveling persistent host cell infection with Coxiella burnetii by quantitative proteomics

The interaction between the immune system and invading bacteria is sufficient to eradicate microorganisms for the majority of bacterial infections, but suppression of the microbicidal response leads to reactivation or chronic evolution of infections and to bacterial persistence. To identify the cellular pathways affected by bacterial persistence, we applied the MS-driven combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC) proteomics technique for a comparative study of protein expression in the C. burnetii strains Nine Mile (NM) and its respective strain (NMper) isolated from 18 months persistently infected cell cultures. In total, three different proteome comparisons were performed with the total bacterial proteome, potentially secreted bacterial proteins, and the eukaryotic infected proteome being assessed. Our results revealed that among the 547 identified bacterial proteins, 53 had significantly altered levels of expression and indicated potential metabolic differences between the two strains. Regarding differences in the secreted proteins between both strains and different modulation of the host cell, machineries reflect at least large rearrangements of both bacterial and eukaryotic proteomes during the persistent model of infection when compared to the acute one, which emphasizes that C. burnetii orchestrates a vast number of different bacterial and eukaryotic host cell processes to persist within its host.     

The hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein regulates the expression of liver-specific genes by modulating localization of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small RNA virus and the cause of acute viral hepatitis E. The open reading frame 3 protein (pORF3) of HEV appears to be a pleiotropic regulatory protein that helps in the establishment, propagation and progression of viral infection. However, the global cellular effects of this protein remain to be explored. In the absence of traditional in vitro viral infection systems or efficient replicon systems, we made an adenovirus based ORF3 protein expression system to study its effects on host cell gene expression. We infected Huh7 hepatoma cells with recombinant adenoviruses expressing pORF3 and performed microarray-based gene expression analyses. Several genes down regulated in pORF3-expressing cells were found to be under regulation of the liver-enriched hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), which regulates hepatocyte-specific gene expression. While HNF4 localizes to the nucleus, its phosphorylation results in impaired nuclear localization of HNF4. Here we report that pORF3 increases HNF4 phosphorylation through the ERK and Akt kinases, which results in impaired nuclear translocation of HNF4 and subsequently the down modulation of HNF4-responsive genes in pORF3-expressing cells. We propose that modulation of several hepatocyte specific genes by pORF3 will create an environment favorable for viral replication and pathogenesis.     

A bead-based approach for large-scale identification of in vitro kinase substrates

Deciphering the kinase-substrate relationship is vital for the study of phosphorylation network. The use of immobilized proteins on protein chip as the library for screening of potential kinase substrates is a tried-and-tested method. However, information on phosphorylation sites is lacking and the creation of the library with proteins of whole proteome by recombinant expression is costly and difficult. In this study, a new solid-phase approach by immobilization of proteins from cell lysate onto beads as a protein library for kinase substrate screening was developed. It was found that consensus phosphorylation sites motif for kinase substrates could be accurately determined and hundreds of in vitro kinase substrates and their phosphorylation sites could be identified by using this method.     

Proteome and cytoskeleton responses in osteosarcoma cells with reduced OXPHOS activity

We have recently shown disorganization of the vimentin network in cultured cells deficient in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We describe here the cellular responses to OXPHOS deficiency in osteosarcoma cells upon complex I (CI) and complex IV (CIV) inhibition, and upon the lack of mitochondrial DNA (rho0 cells). We examined the cytoskeletal organization and the distribution of mitochondria and analysed total proteome by 2-DE and vimentin expression by ELISA. Upon CIV inhibition and in rho0 cells, the vimentin network had collapsed around the nucleus and formed thick bundles. The mitochondria formed a perinuclear crescent upon CIV inhibition, whereas they accumulated around the nucleus in the rho0 cells, where the amount of vimentin was increased. Analysis of the total proteome revealed that a lack of mitochondrial DNA or inhibition of CI or CIV led to changes in the expression of cytoskeletal and cytoskeleton-associated proteins and proteins involved in apoptosis, OXPHOS, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative stress responses. Our findings suggest that a deficiency in the energy converting system and oxidative stress can lead to cytoskeletal changes.     

Actin deficiency induces cofilin phosphorylation: proteome analysis of HeLa cells after beta-actin gene silencing

Actin-binding proteins regulate the dynamic structure and function of actin filaments in the cell. Much is known about how manipulation of the actin-binding proteins affects the structure and function of actin filaments; however, little is known about how manipulation of actin in the cell affects actin-binding proteins. We addressed this question by utilizing two technologies: RNA interference and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We knocked down beta-actin expression in HeLa cells using short interfering RNA and applied 2-DGE to examine alterations in the HeLa cell proteome. We revealed a 2-5 fold increases of four protein spots on 2-D gels and identified these proteins by mass spectrometry. Three of the four proteins were actin-binding proteins, including cofilin, which promotes both disassembly and assembly of actin filaments but becomes inactivated when phosphorylated. Further examination revealed that the cofilin total protein level barely increased, but the phosphorylated cofilin level increased dramatically in HeLa cells after beta-actin siRNA treatment. These results suggest that in response to siRNA-induced beta-actin deficiency HeLa cells inactivate cofilin by phosphorylation rather than down-regulate its protein expression level. This study also demonstrates that the combination of RNA interference and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis technologies provides a valuable method to study protein interactions in a specific cellular pathway.     

Differential proteome and phosphoproteome signatures in human T‐lymphoblast cells induced by sirolimus

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate early proteome and phosphoproteome changes during inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation induced by sirolimus (SRL). Materials and methods: Proliferation assays were conducted using human CCRF‐CEM T lymphoblasts under different SRL concentrations. Total protein lysates after SRL treatment were used to identify significantly regulated proteins and phosphorylated proteins by 2‐DE and Q‐TOF Ultima Global mass spectrometer. Results and conclusions: Incubation with 2.5 μmol/l SRL resulted in a ～ 70% inhibition of cell proliferation. Cells incubated with 2.5 μmol/l for 30 min showed a differential phosphorylation pattern with one higher (TCPQ) and six lower phosphorylation signals (TBA1B, VIME, HNRPD, ENPL, SEPT9, PLSL). On investigating the differential protein expression, five proteins were found to be up‐regulated (ECHB, PSB3, MTDC, LDHB and NDKA) and four were down‐regulated (EHD1, AATC, LMNB1 and MDHC). Nine of these differentially regulated proteins/phosphoproteins (TCPQ, TBA1B, VIME, HNRPD, ENPL, ECHB, PSB3, LDHB and LMNB1) showed significant interaction potential, through binding protein YWHAZ using MINT software. Conclusions: We report for the first time the simultaneous early influence of SRL on phosphorylation status and on protein expression in the total proteome of CCRF‐CEM T lymphoblasts and predict that 56% of the proteins interact with each other, highlighting significance of these results.     

AMPK induces MUC5B expression via p38 MAPK in NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a well-known serine/threonine kinase that has been implicated in modulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Recent reports have also implicated AMPK in modulation of mucin secretion. In this study, the effects and signaling pathways of AMPK on MUC5B expression were investigated in human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells. Metformin, as an activator of AMPK, induced MUC5B expression in a dose-dependent manner. Compound C, as an inhibitor of AMPK, inhibited metformin-induced MUC5B expression in a dose-dependent manner. Metformin significantly activated phosphorylation of AMPK; compound C inhibited metformin-activated phosphorylation of AMPK. Without treatment with metformin, there was no difference in MUC5B mRNA expression between Ad-dnAMPK transfected and wild-type adenovirus transfected NCI-H292 cells. However, after treatment with metformin, MUC5B mRNA expression was increased in wild-type adenovirus transfected NCI-H292 cells; MUC5B mRNA expression was significantly decreased in Ad-dnAMPK transfected NCI-H292 cells. Metformin activated phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); compound C inhibited metformin-activated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. SB203580, as an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, significantly inhibited metformin-induced MUC5B mRNA expression, while U0126, as an inhibitor of ERK1/2 MAPK, had no effect. In addition, knockdown of p38 MAPK by p38 MAPK siRNA significantly blocked metformin-induced MUC5B mRNA expression. In conclusion, results of this study show that AMPK induces MUC5B expression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in airway epithelial cells.