ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ASCOCARP DEVELOPMENT IN SPORORMIA AUSTRALIS

Thin sections taken from intact ascocarps were examined to trace the developmental sequence of ascocarp formation in Sporormia australis Speg. The ascocarp originated from a uninucleate vegetative hyphal cell which underwent repeated divisions and formed an ascostroma. In the center of the young ascostroma a cavity formed, apparently from cell disintegrations, and enlarged as the ascocarp enlarged. Within the cavity pseudoparaphyses developed from undifferentiated pseudoparenchymatous cells at the apex of the cavity and extended downward. Ascogenous hyphae arose from proliferating uninucleate cells at the base of the cavity. As the ascocarp matured, the pseudoparenchymatous cells differentiated into three layers, none of which were considered homologous to the perithecial wall lining the cavity of pyrenomycetes. The cells of the apex were not differentiated into layers and light microscopy revealed the presence of an ostiole through which bitunicate asci discharged their eight 4-celled ascospores.     

African Hepatics: VIII. Diplasiolejeunea albifolia (Taylor) E. W. Jones comb.nov.

Abstract

The new combination Tetralophozia filiformis (Steph.) E. Urmi is proposed for Chandonanthus filiformis Steph. So far this species has been known only from Asia and N. America. Recent collections show it to occur also in Europe, in the Cantabrian Mts., Spain. Here it grows in sheltered places on siliceous rocks in oceanic conditions. From Tetralophozia setiformis (Ehrh.) Schljak. (=Chandonanthus setiformis) it is distinguished by its smaller size, the leaf lobes are always more than twice as long as wide and their margins are not inflexed towards the stem.     

Brassica glabrescens,eine neue Art aus Nordost-Italien

Abstract

The new endemic species Brassica glabrescens Poldini is described from the Friuli, Italy. It is a perennial caespitose hemicryptophyte belonging to sect. Brassicaria (Godr.) Coss. (= Oreobrassica Prantl), which shows close affinity to the very complex species B. repanda (Willd.) DC. and particularly to its subsp. saxatilis (DC.) Heywood from South France.     

Further observations on the recovery of vegetation in the Caledonian Pinewood of Coille Creagloch after fire

Summary

Details are given of the occurrence in Britain, mainly Scotland, of 27 species of coprophilous ascomycetes which have either not been recorded from Britain or which are rare or otherwise of interest. Observations on the variation in spore size of Anopodium ampullaceum and Sporormia fimetaria and their identity, using data from French and British material, are discussed.     

Addenda Clavariacea. III

1. The following noveltiea are described, with notes on otherspecies of their genera : Aphelaria subgen. Tremellodendropsis for the A. tuberosa alliancewith subtremellaceous basidia: A. amboinensis (Lév.)comb. nov. Chaetotyphula gelatinosa sp. nov. and C. tetraspora sp. nov.from Tropical America, whence C. hyalina (Jungh.) Corner isalso recorded. Clavariadelphus junceus (Fr.) Corner is recorded from Brazil. Mucronella flava sp. nov. from Iowa. Phaeoapheloria austra1iensis gen. et sp. nov. is intermediatebetween Aphelaria and stereoid fungi. Pistillaria trispora sp. nov. from Iowa: P. tucumanensis (Speg.)comb. nov. for Typhula tucumanensis Speg. Phistillina calyx Heim is excluded as marasmioid. 2. The Physalacria-subseriea is reviewed, and the followingare described aa new: Hormomitaria albidula sp. nov. from Brazil Pseudotyhula gen. nov. from West Africa: P. ochracea sp. nov.as the typespecies : P. tenuipes (Lloyd) comb. nov. (= Mucronellatenuipes Lloyd).     

Chromosome number inHalophytum ameghinoi (Halophytaceae)

The chromsome number and karyotype ofHalophytum ameghinoi (Speg.) Speg. was found to be 2n = 24 and 12m+10sm+2t, respectively. Meiosis was regular and 12 bivalents were observed. The relationships of this monotypic family are briefly discussed.     

Philip Miller and the plants from the Chelsea Physic Garden presented to the Royal Society of London, 1723–1796

Summary

From 1723 to 1796 the Society of Apothecaries of London presented annually to the Royal Society of London 50 dried specimens of plants grown the previous year in the Chelsea Physic Garden, this being a condition of Sir Hans Sloane's deed of gift of the Garden to the Apothecaries in 1722. These herbarium specimens are now in the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History), London. Many represent plants recorded in successive editions of Philip Miller's Gardeners Dictionary and, together with Miller's own specimens also in the British Museum (Natural History) and Ehret's drawings, may serve to typify binomials published in the 8th edition (1768) of his Dictionary. They were listed from 1723 to 1774 in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society; the lists here contain six long-overlooked binomials Galium verrucosum Huds. (syn. G. valantia Weber), Gypsophila pilosa Huds. (syn. G. porrigens (L.) Boiss), Briza pinnata Huds. (= Demazeria sicula (Jacq.) Dumort.) Euphorbia hispanica Huds. (= E. esula var. lanceolata Gren. & Godron), Pteris cheusanica Curtis (= P. ensiformis Burm. f.) and Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis (syn. S. sarmentosa L.). The deed of conveyance is printed as an appendix.     

Classification of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata). XI. The new genus Chaureopa and description of a new species of Paracharopa Climo (Charopidae)

Abstract

Chaureopa n. gen. is proposed for Endodonta (Charopa) titirangiensis Suter, 1896 (= E. (C.) ochra Webster, 1904), and the following new species: Chaureopa depressa, C. hazelwoodi, C. microumbilicata, C. roscoei, and C. subdepressa. Paracharopa rimu n. sp. is described from Westland.     

Pleosporales in Japan (4). The genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Massariosphaeria</Emphasis>

Six species of the genus Massariosphaeria collected from northern Japan are described and illustrated. Massariosphaeria moricola (on dead twigs of Morus australis) and M. megaspora (on submerged dead twigs of an unknown woody plant) are reported as new species. A new combination of M. clavispora (basionym: Hysterium clavispora) is proposed. Three species, M. typhicola, M. roumeguerei, and M. grandispora, are newly added to the mycoflora of Japan.     

Virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Steinernema scarabaei against five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of economic importance in turfgrass in North America

We compared the virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (GPS11 and TF strains) against third instars of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, the oriental beetle, Anomala (=Exomala) orientalis, the northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis, the European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis, and the Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea, in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The virulence of the nematode species relative to each other differed greatly among white grub species. H. bacteriophora and H. zealandica had similar modest virulence to P. japonica, A. orientalis, C. borealis, and M. castanea. But against R. majalis, H. zealandica showed low virulence with a clear concentration response whereas H. bacteriophora caused only erratic and very low mortality. In contrast, S. scarabaei had modest virulence against C. borealis, but was highly virulent against R. majalis, P. japonica, A. orientalis, and M. castanea with R. majalis being the most susceptible and M. castanea the least susceptible.     

水玉霉(Pilobolus)属的种的重新划分

我们在过去的工作中承认水玉霉(Pilobolus)属的9个种(郑、胡,见戴,1979)。近年来我们重新分离得到了这些分类群并对它们进行了再研究。研究结果表明,尽管它们是彼此可以互相区分的分类群,但是,包括我们过去的概念在内,目前被普遍接受的用于这个属的分类的种概念太小.为了与整个毛霉目的其它属的分类系统相一致,我们把这9个分类群重新划分为由9个变种组成的5个种:晶澈水玉霉原变种[Pilobolus crystallinu (Wigg.) Tode var. crystallinus],晶澈水玉霉透孢变种新组合[P. crystallinus var.hyalosporus (Boedijn) Hu &Zheng, comb. nov.],晶澈水玉霉克莱因变种新组合[P. crystallinus var.kleinii (van Tieghem) Zheng &G.-q. Chen, comb. nov.],豆状水玉霉原变种(P. lentiger Corda var. lentiger),豆状水玉霉小型变种新组合[P. lentiger var. minutus (Speg.) Zheng &G.-q. Chen, comb. nov.],长型水玉霉(P. longipes van Tieghem),厚壁水玉霉(P. Oedipus Mont.),露水玉霉原变种[P. roridus (Bolt.) Pers. var. roridus],露水玉霉突囊变种新组合[P. roridus var. umbonatus (Butler) Hu &Zheng, comb. nov.]。水玉霉属先后报道过的种或种下分类群名称共计50个左右,其中一些异名往往被不同的作者归到不同的正名下面。为了解决它们的正确归属问题,我们对全部原始描述作了细致的文献考证然后决定其位置。对那些找不到原始描述或从原始描述中得不出结论的则作为可疑名称处理。可疑名称共计12个:Mucor obliquus Scop., M. urceolatus Dicks.;Pilobolus urceolatus Purt., P. pestis-bovinae Hallier(=P. hallierii Rivolta), P. nanus van Tieghem, P. intermedius, (Coem.) P. A. Karsten(=P. Oedipus Mont. var,intermedius Coem.), P. pullus Massee, P.proliferens McVickar, P. ramosus McVickar, P. simplex McVickar, P. lentiger forma leinii Reyn. &Laysa, P. lentiger forma minutus Reyn. &Laysa.     

蚜小蜂科一中国新纪录属——原蚜小蜂属记述（膜翅目：小蜂总科）

记述蚜小蜂科1中国新纪录属——原蚜小蜂属Protaphelinus Mackauer,对该属模式种尼氏原蚜小蜂Protaphelinus nikolskajae(Yasnosh)作了重新描述,附有雌、雄形态特征及其蚜虫寄主照片。本研究的尼氏原蚜小蜂采自黑龙江五大连池,寄生火山杨Populus sp.上的远东枝瘿绵蚜Pemphigus borealis Tullgren。目前该属世界仅记载1种,是造瘿蚜虫瘿绵蚜科Pemphyidae瘿绵蚜属Pemphigus的专性寄生蜂。     

The genusSavoryella from freshwater habitats,includingS. grandispora sp. nov.

The species ofSavoryella from freshwater are discussed and a key is provided.Savoryella grandispora sp. nov. from Malaysia is described and illustrated with interference contrast micrographs.     

Revision of the section Anillochlamys Jeannel, 1909 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Leptodirini)

The taxonomy of the Iberian Leptodirini species of the section Anillochlamys Jeannel, 1909 has been revised. The proposed classification is based on the study of the genital structures of both sexes, in particular the internal sac of the aedeagus. According to the different models of internal sacs, the following genera, species and subspecies are identified: genus Anillochlamys Jeannel, 1909: A. aurouxi Español, 1965, A. bueni Jeannel, 1909 (= A. avariae Comas, 1977 n.syn.), A. cullelli Lagar, 1978, A. moroderi Bolívar, 1923 (= A. negrei Comas, 1990 n. syn.), A. subtruncatus Jeannel, 1930 (= A. baguenai Jeannel, 1930) and A. tropicus (Abeille, 1881) (= Adelops hispanicus Ehlers, 1893; A. tropicus var. apicalis Jeannel, 1909); genus Paranillochlamys Zariquiey, 1940: P. catalonicus (Jeannel, 1913), P. urgellesi (Español, 1965) and P. velox Zariquiey, 1940 (= P. velox montadai Lagar, 1963 n. syn.); genus Pseudochlamys Comas, 1977: P. raholai (Zariquiey, 1922) (= Anillochlamys raholai luis-bofilli Zariquiey, 1940 n. syn.); genus Spelaeochlamys Dieck, 1870 (= Typhlochlamys Español, 1975 n.syn.): S.bardisai (Español, 1975) (= Typhlochlamys escolai Comas, 1978 n. syn.), S. ehlersi Dieck, 1870 and S. ehlersi verai Comas, 1977 n. stat.     

Archaeorhizomyces borealis sp. nov. and a sequence-based classification of related soil fungal species

The class Archaeorhizomycetes (Taphrinomycotina, Ascomycota) was introduced to accommodate an ancient lineage of soil-inhabiting fungi found in association with plant roots. Based on environmental sequencing data Archaeorhizomycetes may comprise a significant proportion of the total fungal community in soils. Yet the only species described and cultivated in this class is Archaeorhizomyces finlayi. In this paper, we describe a second species from a pure culture, Archaeorhizomyces borealis NS99-600^T (=CBS138755^ExT) based on morphological, physiological, and multi-locus molecular characterization. Archaeorhizomyces borealis was isolated from a root tip of a Pinus sylvestris seedling grown in a forest nursery in Lithuania. Analysis of Archaeorhizomycete species from environmental samples shows that it has a Eurasian distribution and is the most commonly observed species. Archaeorhizomyces borealis shows slow growth in culture and forms yellowish creamy colonies, characteristics that distinguish A. borealis from its closest relative A. finlayi. Here we also propose a sequence-based taxonomic classification of Archaeorhizomycetes and predict that approximately 500 species in this class remain to be isolated and described.     

On the identity of Herbertus borealis (Jungermanniopsida: Herbertaceae), with notes on the possible origin of H. sendtneri

Abstract

The assumed European endemic Herbertus borealis differs from the closely related Holarctic species H. aduncus and H. stramineus by the convex vitta, a strongly asymmetrical leaf lamina and the dorsal lobes being much broader than the ventral ones. The latter character recurs in Asian H. delavayi and tropical American H. acanthelius. Phylogenetic analyses of nrITS sequences resolve H. borealis from the British Isles in a robust monophyletic lineage with H. delavayi from Bhutan whereas H. acanthelius is placed in a separate clade. Based on the molecular topology and morphological comparisons we propose to lower H. borealis to a synonym of H. delavayi. Accessions of H. dicranus from Africa and Asia are placed sister to a robust clade with H. delavayi, H. stramineus and H. aduncus. A sequence of H. giraldianus is nested within H. dicranus, supporting an earlier view that a synonym of the polymorphic H. dicranus is at hand. Herbertus sendtneri from Malaysia is placed sister to a clade with H. sendtneri accessions from Austria, the Azores and tropical America in a robust sister relationship. Based on this topology we deduce an Asian origin of H. sendtneri.     

Floral scent chemistry within the genus Linnaea (Caprifoliaceae)

‘Beauty bush’ and ‘twin flower’ are common names attributed to two well‐recognizable species belonging to the genus Linnaea (16 spp.) – L. amabilis and L. borealis – long admired by botanists and gardeners for their perfumed paired bell‐shaped flowers. In the present study, we investigated their floral scent compositions through gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of dynamic headspace samples. Because the flowers of L. borealis in wild populations are fragrant both during the day and in the evening, circadian variation of scent emission was also assessed for this species. In total, 26 chemical compounds comprise the floral scent bouquets of L. amabilis and L. borealis, identified as monoterpenes (14), benzenoids and phenylpropanoids (5), aliphatics (3), sesquiterpenes (3) and irregular terpenes (1). Whereas monoterpenes, notably (‐)‐α‐ and β‐pinene, dominated the scent of L. amabilis (over 82% relative abundance), benzene derivates: 1,4 dimethoxybenzene, anisaldehyde, 2‐phenylethanol, benzaldehyde and nicotinaldehyde were exclusive to analysed headspace samples of L. borealis, accounting for 52% to 100% of their relative compositions, in three Swedish populations. A southwestern Finnish population was characterized by the four first mentioned benzenoid compounds and large amounts of (‐)‐α‐ and β‐pinenes plus two aliphatic substances. The scent compounds identified for both species are ubiquitous and may serve as generalist attractants/stimulants for a broad assortment of anthophilous insects. The basic work on the flower scent of L. amabilis and L. borealis should inspire studies of their pollination biology, primarily the behaviour‐guiding roles of the characteristic emitted volatiles.     

Reproductive characteristics in an understory bamboo and gradual environmental changes after its dieback provide an extended opportunity for overstory tree regeneration in a mixed cool-temperate forest in central Japan

• The reproductive characteristics of understory bamboo and the effects of dieback on overstory tree seedlings through temporal changes in the environment at the forest floor have only been examined in a few bamboo species, due to the unpredictable occurrence of flowering events and long intervals between them but provide valuable information on tree regeneration and succession in a forest with dense dwarf bamboo cover.
• We investigated environmental conditions and assessed seedlings (< 30-cm tall) of the dwarf bamboo Sasa borealis and overstory tree species at 44–50 measurement points during 2016–2021, which included a S. borealis mass flowering event in 2017. We also conducted seed germination tests to determine germination rates and patterns in S. borealis. Environmental factors affecting seedling recruitment of S. borealis and of overstory trees were analysed using spatiotemporal generalized linear mixed models in the Bayesian framework.
• We observed gradual temporal changes in the environment, including increasing canopy openness and decreasing maximum height of dead S. borealis culms. The seeds germinated slowly and the emergence of current-year S. borealis seedlings peaked in spring–summer in 2019. The tree seedling density after 2019 increased significantly compared to that before the dieback. The model results suggest that tree seedling establishment was enhanced by increased light availability.
• Continuous field observation beginning before S. borealis dieback revealed gradually enhanced tree recruitment in response to slow decay of the remaining dead culms and slow recovery of S. borealis. The seedling regeneration pattern of understory bamboo partly contributes to a prolonged opportunity for overstory tree regeneration.

     

Squash beetle trenching behaviour: avoidance of cucurbitacin induction or mucilaginous plant sap?

Abstract.

• 1 Foraging patterns of the squash beetle, Epilachna borealis Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in field cages are not consistent with the hypothesis that this beetle avoids leaves in which its feeding damage has caused the induction of cucurbitacins.
• 2 E.borealis feeding does not induce accumulation of cucurbitacins inside or outside of feeding trenches.
• 3 Cucurbitacins do not reduce the survival or growth rate of E. borealis larvae.
• 4 High concentrations of cucurbitacins fail to deter E.borealis feeding; rather, cucurbitacins are feeding stimulants for squash beetles.
• 5 Trenching behaviour in E.borealis is facultative and correlates with leaf turgor and the degree to which sticky phloem sap oozes from damaged leaves.
• 6 Mucilaginous phloem sap in many curcurbit species inhibits feeding by E.borealis when it is applied to beetle mouthparts.

     

Distribution maps

Abstract

There are two groups of Pellia peroxidase isozyme phenotypes, one composed of P. epiphylla, P. neesiana and P. borealis, the other of P. endiviifolia from Europe, P. endiviifolia from Japan and P. megaspora. The phenotypes within the second group differ supporting the suggestion that there are three taxa present.