水生植物群落动态与演替的研究

 本文根据10年定位研究的结果,讨论了哈尔滨朱顺泡(湖)水生植物的种类组成和动态变化;分析了群落建群种的替代及其影响因素;指出水体变浅是导致水生植物群落演替的关键因素。同时利用盖度、密度、频度和重要值等计算了群落的数量特征,并按重要值划分了不同演替阶段的优势种和亚优势种;根据生活型确定了群落的分层结构;建立了群落生物量的分层模型。随着湖底上垫作用的进行,物种的消失速率在加快;实验证明透明度仅影响沉水植物的分布,而营养盐含量低是群落生产力限制因子。     

长江中下游湖泊水生植被调查方法

我国湖泊成因多种多样,不同成因湖泊水生植被调查方法不尽相同。文中总结了前人的研究成果,从湖泊水生植被的描述与分析、取样技术等方面提出了长江中下游湖泊水生植被调查方法。     

江汉水生植物群落的结构与数量特征

汉江是长江的第一大支流,是我国实施南水北调工程的重要对象。目前,有关汉江水生植物群落方面的研究尚未见报道。因此,在1998-2000年,运用植物群落学研究的理论和方法,对汉江沿途6个江段水生植物群落的结构和数量特征进行了定位研究。在汉江上游与下游各江段,群落水平分布格局为斑块状,不象湖泊或池塘系统那样表现出明显的均匀分布或带状分布特征,而在中游局部江段中表现为小范围的带状分布。群落垂直分布格局,在上游江段,以沉水层为主,浮叶层和挺水层不发达或缺乏;在中游各江段,群落表现出完整的垂直结构层次：挺水层、漂浮层、浮叶层和沉水层;在下游江段群落结构常为两层或一层结构,以浮叶层和挺水层为主,而沉水层在下游江段发育不充分且生物量很小。另上,对汉江上、中、下游的典型植物群落的数量特征进行了分析。研究表明,在汉江的不同江段,群落的组成、结构和数量特征等都不同,而水位、流速、基质状况、人为干扰是影响汉江水生植物群落生长和分布格局的主要因子。     

红旗泡水生植物群落结构与功能的研究

红旗泡是松嫩平原上的水草型湖泊,１９７２年由引嫩干渠补入嫩江水,使其成为大庆市主要水源地和渔业基地。该湖水生植被分布面积大,覆盖近１／２的水面。本文分析了芦苇,狭叶香蒲和稗等单优群落的结构与分布,并统计了混合群落的数量特征。随着油田开发,大庆地区的水体均受到不同程度的污染;因红旗泡水生植物资源丰富且其具清除油污、吸附重金属和沉降悬浮物等净化功能,故使其成为大庆地区水质最好和鱼产量最高的湖泊。     

水环境细菌16S rNDA限制性片段长度多型性及群落结构分析

用细菌16S核菌体RNA基因（rDNA）限制性片段长度多型性描述了水环境细菌群落结构。从环境水样中直接分离DNA,以细菌特异的引物扩增16S rDNA。构建质粒文库,随机分离重组质粒,用限制性内切酶消化获得16S rDNA基因型,用基因型的种类及频率描述特定水体生境的细菌群落结构,该方法在分析水体隐含遗传多样性、揭示污染的生物学效应和评价水环境质量等方面具有重要的应用价值。     

西湖引水工程絮凝剂余铝对菹草生长及水质的影响

为分析杭州西湖引水工程絮凝剂残余铝盐对水质和沉水植物的影响,研究采用室外模拟试验,考察了连续投加不同浓度梯度的明矾(KAlSO412H2O)絮凝剂对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的生理影响和对水质的影响。试验设置了4个处理: 对照组、低剂量组(35050) g/L、中剂量组(65070) g/L、高剂量组(1100150) g/L。结果表明: (1)低、中剂量投加对水中铝盐含量无显著影响,高剂量投加导致水中铝盐含量显著上升; (2)水中铝盐含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,pH随铝盐含量升高而降低,总磷(TP)随之有所下降,各处理组水中总氮(TN)、浮游植物密度、浊度均明显下降; (3)3个剂量组菹草各生化指标较对照组几乎无显著变化,试验浓度的铝盐投加对菹草的生长没有造成明显损害,在菹草耐受范围内,建议在西湖引水工程入水口附近[水中铝盐含量约(25050) g/L]可选用菹草进行植被恢复。     

夏季若尔盖高寒湿地水生生物群落食物网结构特征

为了解若尔盖高寒湿地夏季水生生物群落食物网结构及营养关系特征,应用稳定同位素技术分析了若尔盖湿地 3个不同区域(ZS1、ZS2和ZS3)水生生物群落碳、氮稳定同位素比值,并计算了13C-15N同位素生态位中的6个营养结构量化指标。结果显示:外源性营养源陆生植物13C、15N值分别为-28.23- -26.07,-1.20-5.98; 内源性营养源颗粒有机物 (POM:主要成分为藻类)和水生植物13C、15N值分别为-26.39- -21.17、-25.37- -24.15,3.68-6.61、3.50-4.01; 其中POM样品13C、15N组成存在明显的区域性差异(P0.05,P0.001)。食物网营养结构分析显示若尔盖湿地外源性碳源输入(优势陆生植物)对于维持该水域生态系统结构稳定有着十分重要的作用。若尔盖湿地水域食物网营养级介于2-3,暗示了其生态系统结构的相对脆弱性。同位素量化指标标记发现若尔盖湿地水生动物群落生态结构存在明显的空间异质性,可能与若尔盖湿地发达的畜牧产业相关。     

洞庭湖区三个湖泊水生植物多样性的比较研究

比较研究了洞庭湖区华容县东湖、益阳市大通湖和岳阳市郊南湖水生植物多样性的现状,讨论了30年来3个湖泊水生植物多样性丧失的情况及与其所受人为干扰的关系,探讨了野菱、密齿苦草和菹草对人为干扰的适应机制、大通湖和南湖水生植物多样性及其退化水生态系统恢复的途径。主要结论如下：（1）199－2000年东湖、大通湖与南湖各分布有水生植物61种、56种和32种,其分别隶属于29科43属、26科39属和20科27属;各有水生植物群丛8个、6个和4个;水生植被覆盖率分别为26．17％、10．60％和9．99％。（2）30年来三个湖泊分别有3种、9种和13种水生植物消失,2个、5个和5个水生植物群丛类型消失。（3）水生植物多样性的现状是：东湖＞大通湖＞南湖,多样性下降的程度与其所受干扰强度成正相关。     

DIATOM COMMUNITY STRUCTURE: TAXONOMIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF A MISSISSIPPI SALT MARSH1

Edaphic diatoms were collected on a seasonal basis from beneath five monospecific stands of spermatophytes on Graveline Bay Marsh (Mississippi) from 14 October 1976 through 21 June 1977. Of the 119 diatom taxa encountered. only seven were restricted to a single edaphic habitat, and five of these accounted for 17.2%of the individuals comprising the community associated with Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. The single most abundant diatom was Navicula tripunctata (Müll.) Bory, which accounted for 21.5%of all individuals counted during the study. Based on a 2-way ANOVA of species diversity (H’) and the number of taxa in a sample, edaphic diatom community diversity was highest beneath D. spicata and Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., lowest beneath Sp. alterniflora Loisel. and Juncus roemerianus Scheele, and somewhat intermediate for the Scirpus olneyi Gray habitat. Structural differences between selected community pairs were quantified using a similarity index (SIMI) and the values generated were exceedingly variable. A multiple regression analysis revealed that structural differences amongst edaphic diatom communities were related to differences in elevation, far red light energy, ammonia nitrogen, soil moisture, and tentatively, height of the spermatophyte canopy.     

西南山地源头溪流附石性水生昆虫群落特征及多样性——以重庆鱼肚河为例

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QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON AQUATIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES AND RECOLONIZATION WITHIN THE BLAST ZONE OF MT. ST. HELENS, 1980 AND 19811

Despite the destruction and total rearrangement of much of the area north of Mt St. Helens, many different species of algae became established in the aquatic systems located in the blast zone within 3–4 months after the eruption of May 18, 1980. Initial sites of intense algal activity were found in benthic regions associated with warm springs and in the littoral and phytoplanktonic communities of some small lakes. In the summers of 1980–81, overall phytoplankton numbers and activity were low in the large lakes closest to the crater (e.g. Spirit Lake). However, diatoms, blue-green and green algal isolates from these lakes were obtained in laboratory cultures on a reduced inorganic medium used to enumerate metal and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Species of Nodularia, Pseudanabaena, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Nitzschia, Tribonema, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and microflagellates (predominantly cryptomonads) were among the more common forms found in preserved samples or isolated in cultures.     

罗氏沼虾育苗期浮游细菌群落演替模式、驱动因素及其生物标志物

为了探究罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)育苗期浮游细菌群落的时间动态和组装机制,对3个苗种厂的全育苗周期进行持续追踪,利用16S rRNA扩增子测序评估了罗氏沼虾幼苗发育过程中浮游细菌群落的动态演替、环境驱动因素、微生物标志物和共现网络。细菌群落的α-多样性在育苗期呈U型分布规律,群落相似性遵循时间衰减模式,群落周转率为0.011。随着虾苗的发育,微杆菌科(Microbacteriaceae)(放线菌门:Actinobacteria)和冷形菌科(Cryomorphaceae)(拟杆菌门:Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),而拟杆菌门中的黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)和藏红花黄色线菌科(Crocinitomicaceae)的比重下降。pH是影响浮游细菌群落多样性和组成的最主要的环境驱动因素。利用随机森林分析,鉴定了12个幼苗发育相关的微生物标志物,其中伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae)和圆杆菌科(Cyclobacteriaceae)分别是育苗早期(1—2d)和中期(8—10d)的指示性类群,而腐螺...     

PHOTOPHYSIOLOGY OF A TURF ALGAL COMMUNITY: INTEGRATED RESPONSES TO AMBIENT LIGHT AND STANDING BIOMASS1

This study investigated the variation in the relationship between photosynthesis and ambient light (P‐E curves) for turf algal communities on a temperate reef off the coast of South Australia, analyzing the integrated effects of ambient light and standing biomass. The photophysiology of turfs was studied in situ on a seasonal basis, examining algal communities growing on artificial substrate (plates) at depths of 4 m and 10 m. P‐E curves and estimates for the photokinetic parameters (P_m, R_d, α, E_k, and E_c) were obtained through oxygen evolution methods, using an automated underwater respirometer. Photoacclimation responses to changes in ambient light were strongly affected by the biomass of the community. P_m showed an inverse relationship to standing biomass, irrespective of depth and season, which was considered to be a response to self‐shading and boundary layer effects. Biomass effects imposed a high variance on estimates for all photosynthetic parameters, overshadowing differences observed for season and depth. Biomass also affected photoinhibition on turf communities, where significant afternoon depression of photosynthesis was observed in sparse turf patches when compared to denser patches. High areal productivity rates were maintained across all seasons with a significant decrease only being observed during winter.     

豫西黄土高原农作区鼠类群落结构的研究：模糊聚类分析及三种相似指标的比较

运用模糊聚类方法,探讨豫西农作区鼠类群落分类及其与农田斑块生境的关系,比较百分率相似系数（ＰＳ）、相关系数（ｒ）和夹角余弦（Ｃｏｓ）３种相似指标。发现ｒ的聚类结果与农田斑块生境具显著的相依性（Ｐ＜０．０２５）。故将该地鼠类群落划分为棕色田鼠＋大仓鼠亚群落及大仓鼠＋棕色田鼠亚群落。同时,比较２个亚群落的物种数、多度和多样性Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数的差异．     

DISENTANGLING THE EFFECTS OF EVOLUTIONARY, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS: ATLANTIC HERRING AS A CASE STUDY

The spatial structuring of intraspecific genetic diversity is the result of random genetic drift, natural selection, migration, mutation, and their interaction with historical processes. The contribution of each has been typically difficult to estimate, but recent advances in statistical genetics have provided valuable new investigative tools to tackle such complexity. Using a combination of such methods, we examined the roles of environment (i.e., natural selection), random genetic processes (i.e., drift), and demography and life histories (e.g., feeding migrations) on population structure of a widely distributed and abundant marine pelagic fish of economic importance, Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ). Individuals were collected during peak spawning time from 19 spawning locations spanning the region from the western North Sea to the eastern Baltic Sea ( N = 1859, eight microsatellite loci). We carried out separate analyses of neutral and selected genetic variation, which allowed us to establish that the two most important factors affecting population structure were selection due to salinity at spawning sites and feeding migrations. The genetic signal left by the demographic history of herring, on the other hand, seems to have been largely eroded, which is not surprising given the large reproductive potential and presumed enormous local effective population sizes of pelagic fish that constrain the effect of stochastic processes. The approach we used can in principle be applied to any abundant and widely distributed aquatic or terrestrial species.     

POPULATION STRUCTURE ALONG A STEEP ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT: CONSEQUENCES OF FLOWERING TIME AND HABITAT VARIATION IN THE SNOW BUTTERCUP,RANUNCULUS ADONEUS

Few studies have determined how gene flow and selection interact to generate population genetic structure in heterogeneous environments. One way to identify the potential role played by natural selection is to compare patterns of spatial genetic structure between different life cycle stages and among microenvironments. We examined patterns of spatial structure in a population of the snow buttercup (Ranunculus adoneus), using both adult plants and newly emerged seedlings. The study population spans a steep environmental gradient caused by gradual melting of snow within a permanent snowbed. Early-melting sites are characterized by denser vegetation, more fertile soils, and a longer growing season than late-melting sites tens of meters away. The flowering time of R. adoneus is controlled entirely by time of snowmelt, so the contiguous population is phenologically substructured into a series of successively flowering cohorts, reducing the opportunity for direct pollen transfer between early- and late-melting sites. For four highly polymorphic enzyme loci in this tetraploid species, there was subtle, but statistically significant, genetic differentiation between early, middle, and late-melting cohorts; adults usually showed greater differentiation among snowmelt zones than did seedlings. At two loci in adults and one locus in seedlings, homozygotes were more common than predicted at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, even when assuming maximum levels of double reduction during meiosis. This pattern suggests the occurrence of self-fertilization and/or population substructure. To determine how spatial isolation and phenological separation each contribute to genetic substructure, we used bivariate regression models to predict the numbers of allele differences between randomly paired individuals as a function of meters separation in space and days separation in flowering time. For newly emerged seedlings, we found that spatial separation was positively associated with genetic difference, but that the additional contribution of phenological separation to genetic difference was not significant. This implies that seeds and/or pollen move effectively across the snowmelt gradient, despite differences in flowering time. As was true for seedlings, spatial separation between paired adults contributed to greater genetic difference, but for a given spatial separation, the genetic difference between adult plants was reduced by phenological separation. This result implies that postemergence selection is favoring at least some seeds that migrate across the snowmelt gradient. Directional gene flow across the snowmelt gradient probably results from a genetic source-sink interaction, that is, the colonization of ecologically marginal late-melting sites by high quality seeds produced by the larger subpopulation in early-melting sites. Effective gene flow from high to low quality microenvironments is likely to impede adaptation to late-melting locations.