Some Neutral Components of Cigarette Smoke (I)

The neutral fraction of cigarette smoke Components, produced in constant-volume continuous smoking by an artificial smoking device, was sub-fractionated into alcohols, acid-, alcohol- and phenol-components of esters, unsaponifiable matters and hydrocarbons. From these sub-fractions ethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, β-phenylethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate were first isolated as their crystalline derivatives and then identified by their melting points, infrared spectra and elementary analyses. It is worth to note that the presence of these compounds in tobacco smoke has not yet been reported in the literature.     

Formation of Phosphatidyl 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2,3,5-Trialkyl Pyridinium on Heating Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine with n-Alkanal

From the reaction products of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and n-alkanais such as pro-pionaldehyde or n-heptaldehyde at 60°C for 2 hr, a series of phosphatidyl l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,3,5-trialkyl pyridiniums were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and were identified by the elementary analysis, UV, IR and NMR spectral analysis of alkali and acid hydrolyzates of the compounds. The course of formation reaction of pyridinium ring was discussed.     

Studies on dl-Alanine Formation by Thermophilic Bacteria

During the course of the screening of thermophilic microorganisms, several strains were found to accumulate amino-acids. Of those strains that were isolated from feces source with Bennett medium, one strain was found to produce a large amount of an amino acid. This amino acid was isolated in crystalline form and identified as dl-alanine by IR absorption spectrum, specific rotatory power and elementary analysis. The taxonomic studies were carried out and this strain was identified as Bacillus coagulans. The strain B. coagulans B₉-17 produced dl-alanine as much as 1000 mg/l after 24 hours at 50°C in shake culture.

The yield of dl-alanine was increased up to 16.5 g/l with some improvements.     

Isolation of N-acetylglutamine, pyroglutamic acid and the butyl ester of pyroglutamic acid from human brain

N-acetyl-l -glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, and the butyl ester of pyroglutamic acid were isolated in pure form from an aqueous extract of human brain. These compounds were isolated by combination of paper and ion exchange chromatography. The isolated substance identified as N-acetyl-l -glutamine did not react with the ninhydrin reagent but yielded glutamic acid and ammonia upon acid hydrolysis. An acetyl hydrazide was identified by paper chromatography from hydrazinolysates of the isolated substance. The glutamic acid liberated by hydrolysis had the l -configuration. The results of elementary analysis of the isolated compound were in full accord with the analysis calculated for synthetic N-acetyl-l -glutamine. A large amount of pyroglutamic acid and a substance identical with the butyl ester of pyroglutamic acid were isolated in pure form. The results of our studies suggest that pyroglutamic and the butyl ester derivative were artifacts formed during the isolation and purification procedures.     

Genetic structure of silver Prussian carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius</Emphasis> (Superspecies <Emphasis Type="Italic">auratus</Emphasis>) (Linnaeus, 1758) colonies from the Middle Dnieper Basin

Population genetic structure of silver Prussian carp from the Middle Dnieper basin was established by means of biochemical gene marking and cytometric analysis. In addition to diploid goldfish Carassius auratus, which was the basic species of bisexual colonies, a number of biotypes of triploid silver Prussian carp C. gibelio were identified. These biotypes either formed isolated unisexual populations, or were an admixture to the bisexual colonies. In addition, in bisexual colonies, triploid females of non-clonal origin were identified. Despite the fact that all forms of C. gibelio reproduced by means of gynogenesis, some of them (C. gibelio-1) formed isolated unisexual populations, while the others (C. gibelio-2, -3, and -4) usually coexisted with C. auratus.     

OCCURRENCE OF N-ACETYLALANINE IN THE HUMAN BRAIN1

A substance identical with N-acetyl-l -alanine was isolated from an aqueous extract of human brain by a combination of paper and ion-exchange Chromatography. The isolated substance did not react with ninhydrin reagent but yielded alanine upon acid hydrolysis. An acetyl hydrazide was identified by paper chromatography of hydrazinolysates of the isolated substance and N-acetyl-l -alanine. The unknown alanine had the l -configuration. The results of elementary analysis of the isolated compound were in full accord with the analysis calculated for synthetic N-acetyl-l -alanine.     

The Isolation and Identification of Alkaloids from Alangium salviifolium (Linn. F) Wangerin

Four alkaloids have been isolated from branches of Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wanger. and identified as venoterpine, ankorine, cephaeline and psychotrine by m.p., elementary analysis and spectroscopic data. Among them, the monoterpenoid alkaloid venoterpine is not isolated so far from Alangiaceae.     

Occurrence of 2-Aminobutanoic Acid in the Incubation Medium of Mixed Rumen Ciliate Protozoa1

An unknown, ninhydrin-positive substance detected on paper chromatograms of the endogenous metabolites of mixed rumen ciliate protozoa was isolated and purified by column chromatography with ‘Dowex’ 50-X8 resin and identified as 2-aminobutanoic acid (α-amino-n-butyric acid) on the basis of elementary analysis, mass spectrometry, paper chromatography, infrared spectrometry, and melting point.     

THE ALKALOIDS OF RAUWOLFIA YUNNANENSIS TSIANG

Four alkaloids had been isolated from the roots of Rauwolfia yunnanensis Tsiang. Three of them are identified as reserpine, ajmaline and ajmalicine res-pectively by comparing their physical and chemical properties with those of the authentic samples. It seems that the other remained alkaloid is a new compound which has the formula C22H26O4N2 on the elementary analysis of base and it's hydrochloride salf, [α]D+l06' (CHCl3). It should be decomposed by heating without characteristic meltinq point. According to it's IR spectrum it has indole group, hydroxyI group and αβunsaturafed carboxylic metbyl ester and seems to be a serpentine derivative.     

α-Aminoisobutyric Acid as the Constituent Amino Acid of Protein

α-Aminoisobutyric acid is the only tertiary amino acid which is reported to occur in the proteins. Nevertheless, this amino acid has not been yet isolated from the proteins. Recently we succeeded in isolating this amino acid as white prismy crystalline substance from both acid and pepsin hydrolysate of horse hind leg muscle proteins, and this crystal was identified to be α-amino-isobutyric acid by elementary analysis, properties of this derivates, etc.     

Occurrence of δ-Aminovaleric Acid in the Culture Medium of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa

An unknown ninhydrin positive spot on the paper chromatogram of the endogenous metabolites of mixed rumen ciliates was isolated by using ‘Dowex’ 50–X8 column and silica gel column and identified as δ-aminovaleric acid by the data of elementary analysis, specific optical rotation, mass spectrum, paper chromatogram and infrared spectrum.     

脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开后并发肺部感染的病原菌分布及预防对策

目的:探讨脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开后并发肺部感染的病原菌分布及危险因素,并提出预防措施。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年2月我院收治的脑卒中昏迷患者96例,分析脑卒中昏迷患者肺部感染发生率及病原菌分布情况,同时采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析肺部感染的危险因素,从而提出相应的预防措施。结果:96例脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开术后肺部感染的发生率为48.96%(47/96);共分离培养病原菌104株,包括革兰阴性菌69株(66.35%)、革兰阳性菌20株(19.23%)和真菌15株(14.42%);单因素分析结果显示,脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开术后肺部感染与年龄、基础疾病、气管切开时间、卧床时间、使用广谱抗菌药物、吸烟史、人工气道、吸痰次数及雾化吸入次数密切相关(P0.05),而与患者性别、体重、脑卒中类型无关(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄45岁、合并患有基础疾病、气管切开时间5 d、使用广谱抗菌药物、吸烟史及建立人工气道均为脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开术后肺部感染的危险因素(P0.05),ROC分析结果为:气管切开时间的临界点(阈值C)是4.3天,其灵敏度和特异度将分别为0.851和0.918。结论:脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开后并发肺部感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,年龄45岁、合并患有基础疾病、气管切开时间5 d、使用广谱抗菌药物、吸烟史及建立人工气道能够导致脑卒中昏迷患者气管切开术后发生肺部感染,并且气管切开时间超过4.3天,脑卒中昏迷患者肺部感染的风险将大大增加,应根据病原学特征及其危险因素,采取针对性措施,降低肺部感染的发病风险。     

E-2(S)-amino-3-methyl-3-pentenoic acid from coniogramme intermedia

A new amino acid, E-2(S)-amino-3-methyl-3-pentenoic acid was isolated from Coniogramme intermedia. The structure was elucidated by elementary analysis, optical rotation, catalytic hydrogenation, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra.     

Volatile Components of Roasted Almonds: Basic Fraction

Roasted almond volatiles were isolated by vacuum carbon dioxide distillation of acetone extracts and separated into basic and non-basic fractions. The basic fraction was analyzed by combination gas chromatography-mass spectrometry utilizing open tubular column. Seventeen pyrazines and 2-formyl pyrrole were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with reference spectra. Besides them, five compounds were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry.     

Production of 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyphthalate from phthalate by a mutant strain of Pseudomonas testosteroni M4-1

Summary Pseudomonas testosteroni M4-1, capable of using phthalate as the sole carbon and energy source, was isolated. Tn5 mutagenesis using pSUP2021 yielded mutant strains of M4-1 that are defective in phthalate metabolism and produce a dihydrodiol compound. The dihydrodiol compound produced by mutant strain M4-122 was isolated and identified as 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyphthalate (DDP) by elementary analysis, mass analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance. Various conditions to increase the yield of DDP from phthalate were examined for mutant strain M4-122. With resting cells 6 g DDP/1 were produced. The additional of ethanol to the resting-cell reaction mixture enhanced DDP production and 10 g DDP/1 was produced from 8.3 g/1 of phthalate. Offprint requests to: T. Omori     

Cystatin C in milk basic protein (MBP) and its inhibitory effect on bone resorption in vitro

A cystein protease inhibitor was identified in the basic fraction of bovine milk. We have reported in our previous study that the milk basic protein (MBP) fraction suppressed osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in vitro. Since osteoclasts secreted cystein protease to digest collagen in the bone matrix, we identified the cystein protease inhibitor in MBP. A 12-kDa inhibitor was purified from MBP by papain affinity gel chromatography and subsequent Hi-Load Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatography. The N-terminal sequence of the 18 amino acid residues of the inhibitor corresponded to bovine cystatin C. The 12-kDa cystein protease inhibitor in MBP therefore seemed to be cystatin C. Purified cystatin suppressed bone resorption with the use of isolated osteoclasts in vitro. Cystatin in MBP is suggested as one of the factors inhibiting bone resorption.     

Metabolism of cholestane-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol. II. Identification of two major neutral metabolites in the rat

Rats were given a single oral dose of cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol-4-(14)C, and their feces were collected. The two major neutral metabolites were separated and isolated by use of solvent fractionation and chromatographic methods. The metabolites were identified as cholestane-3beta,5alpha-diol-6-one and a mixture of long-chain fatty acid esters of cholestane-3beta,5alpha,-6beta-triol. Cholestane-3beta,5alpha-diol-6-one was identified using thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and the spectrum produced by reaction with 65% sulfuric acid. The mixed esters of cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol were subjected to basic hydrolysis, and the steroid moiety was identified using the same techniques employed for cholestane-3beta,5alpha-diol-6-one. The fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography of their methyl esters.     

A Reaction Product from Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Trimethylamine Oxide

The main reaction product obtained when butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tri-methylamine oxide (TMAO) were thermally treated in liquid paraffin under a nitrogen stream at 180 C for 1 hr, was investigated. The crystalline substance obtained by the silica gel chromatography was recrystallized from ethanol and identified as the BHA dimer of biphenyltype, i.e., 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxy-3,3′-di-tert-butyl biphenyl, by means of the elementary analysis and the spectroscopic studies.

The BHA dimer was found to be inferior to BHA in the antioxidative activity which was compared according to the weight gain method, in either case when lard (at 60°C) and methyl esters of linseed oil (at 30°C) were used as substrates. The dimer showed a synergism with TMAO.     

Anthracen-derivate in kalluskulturen aus Cassia angustifolia

Callus cultures from cotyledons of Cassia angustifolia were shown to contain dianthrones. Proof of their structures was obtained by co-chromatography (TLC), oxidative cleavage and UV analysis. The basic components chrysophanol, physcion, rheum emodin, aloe emodin and rhein have been isolated and identified by UV and IR analysis.     

Pitfalls, artefacts and open questions in chlorophyll thermoluminescence of leaves or algal cells

Thermoluminescence of intact photosynthetic organisms, leaves or algal cells, raises specific problems. The constitutive S_2/3Q _B ^? B bands constitute major probes of the state of photosystem II in vivo. The presence of a dark-stable acidic lumen causes a temperature downshift of B bands, specially the S₃ B band, providing a lumen pH indicator. This is accompanied by a broadening of the S₃ B band that becomes an envelope of elementary B bands. The occasional A_T, Q and C bands are briefly examined in an in vivo context. It is emphasized that freezing below the nucleation temperature is not necessary for physiological studies, but a source of artefacts, hence should be avoided. In intact photosynthetic structures, a dark-electron transfer from stroma reductants to the quinonic acceptors of photosystem II via the cyclic/chlororespiratory pathways, strongly stimulated by moderate warming, gives rise to the afterglow (AG) luminescence emission that reflects chloroplast energy status. The decomposition of complex TL signals into elementary bands is necessary to determine the maximum temperature T _m and the area of each of them. A comparison of TL signals after 1 flash and 2 flashes prevents from confusing the three main bands observed in vivo, i.e. the S₂ and S₃ B bands and the AG band. Finally, the thermoluminescence bands arising sometimes above 50 °C are mentioned. The basic principles of (thermo)luminescence established on isolated thylakoids should not be applied directly without a careful examination of in vivo conditions.