Notes On Strand Plants. II. Cakile Maritima,Scop

Summary

Buxbaumia aphylla is a rare and enigmatic moss in Britain where it is found regularly and in sizeable populations only on colliery debris (‘bings’) in central Scotland. Its habitat preferences and ecology are described from a range of sites. It has persisted in quantity in several localities for over 20 years, but in other apparently suitable sites it is absent. Destruction and landscaping of bings are seen as the major threat to the species in Scotland.     

The importance of the oil-shale Bings of West Lothian,Scotland, to local and national biodiversity

Summary

The oil-shale bings of West Lothian, Scotland, are a group of post-industrial waste sites, unique in Britain and Western Europe. The industrial exploitation of oil-bearing rocks has created a habitat with its own distinctive flora and fauna. The floral diversity of individual sites has been documented as species lists in several studies. A comprehensive list of more than 350 plant species, with supplementary information on animal species, was compiled from an extensive literature review of these studies. From these data it was possible to determine the extent of species variation within and between bings, identify locally and nationally rare species, and thus to determine the importance of the oil-shale bing habitat at a local and national scale. The results will go some way to allay concerns about the loss of local biodiversity, generally throughout the country side, due to changes in agricultural practices and increased urbanisation. Findings from the bings and evidence from other types of derelict land suggest that species are not lost, they have moved to new habitats.     

Studies on the Later Stage of the Biosynthesis of Pleuromutilin

Mutilin (4) and deoxy analogues 2 and 3 are biosynthetic precursors of pleuromutilin (1) in the later stage of biosynthesis. Precursors 2 and 3 are required for studies on the oxygenation steps in biosynthesis, and were synthesized from readily available 1 via 4 by deoxygenation of the hydroxy groups. Feeding experiments with the ²H-labeled precursors confirmed their microbial conversion into 1.     

Theoretical mechanistic study of the reaction of the methylidyne radical with methylacetylene

A detailed doublet potential energy surface for the reaction of CH with CH₃CCH is investigated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and G3B3 (single-point) levels. Various possible reaction pathways are probed. It is shown that the reaction is initiated by the addition of CH to the terminal C atom of CH₃CCH, forming CH₃CCHCH 1 (1a,1b). Starting from 1 (1a,1b), the most feasible pathway is the ring closure of 1a to CH₃–cCCHCH 2 followed by dissociation to P ₃ (CH₃–cCCCH+H), or a 2,3 H shift in 1a to form CH₃CHCCH 3 followed by C–H bond cleavage to form P ₅ (CH₂CHCCH+H), or a 1,2 H-shift in 1 (1a, 1b) to form CH₃CCCH₂ 4 followed by C–H bond fission to form P ₆ (CH₂CCCH₂+H). Much less competitively, 1 (1a,1b) can undergo 3,4 H shift to form CH₂CHCHCH 5. Subsequently, 5 can undergo either C–H bond cleavage to form P ₅ (CH₂CHCCH+H) or C–C bond cleavage to generate P ₇ (C₂H₂+C₂H₃). Our calculated results may represent the first mechanistic study of the CH + CH₃CCH reaction, and may thus lead to a deeper understanding of the title reaction.     

New triterpene oligoglycosides from the Caribbean sponge Erylus formosus

Seven new triterpene glycosides, erylosides R₁ (1), T₁ (3), T₂ (4), T₃ (5), T₄ (6), T₅ (7), and T₆ (8) along with the known formoside (2) were isolated from the sponge Erylus formosus collected along the Caribbean coast of Mexico. Glycoside 1 was determined as a trisaccharide, glycoside 2 as a tetrasaccharide while glycosides 3–8 were hexasaccharide. Their carbohydrate chains were unprecedented and have never been found in oligosaccharides from other biological sources, except Erylus spp. Three carbohydrate chains in the glycosides 3 and 6, 4 and 7, 5 and 8 correspondingly are new. The glycosides 1–5 have penasterol as aglycone while glycosides 6–8 proved to be glycoconjugates of 24-methylene-14-carboxy-lanost-8(9)-en-3β-ol.     

JL-DRGs在综合医院管理中的应用探讨

目的 探讨JL-DRGs在综合医院管理中的应用。方法 对2012年和2013年运行JL-DRGs管理前后的全部出院病例进行统计分析。结果 2013年开始全面运行JL-DRGs后平均住院日下降17.74%,均次费用下降13.49%,医保超支年度累计减少1 866万元,平均每月医保超支额度下降39.23%,医疗质量、效率均显著提升。结论 JL-DRGs在大型综合医院管理中应用效果好,可以积极促进医院提质升效并降低运营成本。     

Synthesis of the Fluoromethyl Derivatives of Carbocyclic Oxetanocin A

Abstract

Treatment of the 2,3-di-O-benzoate 1 with sodium boronhydride mainly afforded the 3-O-benzoate 2 accompanied with isomers 3a,b and fully deprotected product 4. Compound 2 was converted to 5, from which 8 was obtained. The 1-cyclobutanols 8 and 5 were successfully condensed with 6-chloropurine by Mitsunobu reaction to give 9 and 11, respectively. After partial deprotection, the cyclobutyl nucleosides 10 and 15 were subjected to fluorination using DAST to afford the fluoromethyl analogs 12 and 16 from which target compounds 14 and 17 were obtained in good yields, respectively.

     

Host-Guest Interactions as a Model for the Solvent Influence on the Conformational Populations in [2.2.2.2]Paracyclophane

The interaction of a number of small organic molecules with the two lowest energy minimum conformations of [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane (4°-PCP), 1 and 2, are studied by MMP2(87) force field calculations. Formations of nesting as well as inclusion complexes were identified on the potential energy surface. With CH₂Cl₂ and CHCl₃ used as guests, the nesting complexes are lower in energy than the inclusion ones with both conformations 1 and 2. Furthermore, the nesting complexes with 2 are found to be more stable than the nesting ones with 1. Formation of the double nesting complexes of CH₂Cl₂ and CHCl₃ with 1 and 2 raise the difference in complexation energy in favour of 2. The preference of 4°-PCP for the form 2 in solution is explained based on the above analysis, although 2 is calculated to be 0.2 kcal·mol^–1 higher in steric energy than 1 in the gas phase.Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0089490050218     

Creativity and the Handicapped

Abstract

Revisiting Music Education Research

Richard Colwell and Carol Richardson, eds. The New Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning New York: Oxford University Press 1222 pp. $175.00

A Thing of Beauty Is a Joy Forever?

David Kenneth Holt The Search for Aesthetic Meaning in the Visual Arts: The Need for the Aesthetic Tradition in Contemporary Art Theory and Education Bergin &; Garvey Publishers 148 pp. $62.50     

Items from the Literature

LIPP, WALTHER. Histochemische Methoden. Twenty-four pages per issue; 3 issues (No. 12, 13 and 14) during 1957. R. Oldenbourg, Miinchen 1, Germany. DM 30-for 6 issues; DM 6—per single copy. (In German)

STACH, E. Auflicht-Mikroslcopie mit Immersions-Kappen. Mikroskopie, 12, 232-42. 1957.

JOHNSON, C. Time savers in the paraffin technique. Turtox News, 36, 126-7. 1958.

JONSSON, N., and LAGERSTEDT, S. Losses of nucleic acid derivatives from fixed tissues during flattening of paraffin sections on water. Experientia, 14, 157-9. 1958.

SCHAUMKELL, K. W., STANGE, H. H., and DÖRFFLER, P. Methodische Untersuchungen über die pH-abhängige Aufname saurer und basischer Hellfeld-Diachrome in der Nebennierenrinde. Mikroskopie, 12, 227-32. 1957.

SCHEFTHALER, MARIA, and MAYET, A. Eine Modification der Bielschowsky Methode für periphere Nervenfasern. Mikroskopie, 12, 298-801. 1958.

LANGENBUCH, R. Beitrag zur Färbung von Einschluszkörpern (Polyedern) in Blut- und Gewebeausstrichen viruskranker Insecten. Mikroskopie, 12, 267-8. 1957.

SHUGAR, D., and BARANOWSKA, J. Quantitative Gram staining with labelled iodine. Nature, 181, 357-8. 1958.

ARVY, L., and GABE, M. Comparison des activitiés aliestérasique mises en évidence par les techniques au tween et a l'acétate de naphthyle. Ann. d'Histochimie, 2, 141-8. 1957.

VERNE, J., and WEGMANN, R. Problèmes actuels de la cytochimie des estérases (carboxyl estérases and cholinestérases). Ann. d'Histochimie, 2, 75-107. 1957.

WEGMANN, R. Les carbonyles lipidiques. III. Les facteurs associés au prétraitement. Ann. d'Histochimie, 2, 197-214. 1957.     

一株海洋真菌Aspergillus jensenii LW128的次级代谢产物及其抗菌活性研究

【目的】研究一株西北太平洋深海沉积物来源真菌Aspergillus jensenii LW128的次级代谢产物及其抗菌活性。【方法】利用硅胶柱色谱(silica gel column chromatography)、凝胶柱色谱(Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography)和反相高效液相色谱(reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC)等方法对菌株的发酵粗提物进行分离纯化得到单体化合物;将核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)、质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)数据与相关文献报道数据进行比对后确定化合物结构;采用肉汤微量稀释法测定化合物的抗菌活性。【结果】从海洋真菌Aspergillus jensenii LW128中分离并鉴定了10个已知化合物,分别为diorcinol D(1)、diorcinol K(2)、diorcinol I(3)、(+)-(7S)-7-O-methylsydonic acid (4)、(+)-s...     

Heritability: the link between development and the microevolution of molar tooth form

Abstract

The developmental gene expression, morphogenesis, and population variation in mammalian molar teeth has become increasingly well understood, providing a model system for synthesizing evolution and developmental genetics. In this study, we estimated additive genetic covariances in molar shape (G) using parent-offspring regression in Cryptotis parva, the Least Shrew. We found that crown shape had an overall h² value of 0.34 (±0.08), with higher heritabilities in molar cusps than notches. We compared the genetic covariances to phenotypic (P) and environmental (E) covariances, and to the covariances in crown features expected from the enamel knot developmental cascade (D). We found that G and D were not strongly correlated and that major axes of G (evolutionary lines of least resistance) are better predictors of evolutionary divergences in soricines than is D. We conclude that the enamel knot cascade does impose constraints on the evolution of molar shape, but that it is so permissive that the divergences among soricines (whose last common ancestor lived about 14 million years ago) do not fully explore its confines. Over tens of millions of years, G will be a better predictor of the major axes of evolution in molar shape than D.     

Formation Mechanism of the Free Radical Product and Its Precursor by the Reaction of Dehydro-L-ascorbic Acid with Amino Acid

During the formation of radical A (2) and its precursor (tris(2-deoxy-2-L-ascorbyl)amine, 1) by the reaction of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) with amino acid, ascorbic acid (AsA) and the reduced red pigment (3) were newly identified, in addition to scorbamic acid (SCA) and the red pigment (4), as intermediate products. The addition of AsA to the DHA-amino acid reaction, as well as to the DHA-SCA reaction, greatly increased the formation of 3 and 1. The reaction of AsA with 4 gave rapidly 3, followed by the gradual production of 1. From these results, a reaction pathway is proposed that 3 formed by the reduction of 4 with AsA is a key intermediate and its condensation with DHA followed by reduction with AsA might produce 2 and 1.     

非惩罚性报告系统在给药错误管理中的效果研究

?????? 目的 探讨非惩罚性报告系统在护士给药错误管理中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析某三级乙等综合性医院2006—2012年给药错误报告资料,对实施非惩罚性报告系统前后给药错误的报告和管理情况进行系统的总结和分析。结果 自2008年建立了非惩罚性报告系统以来,护士给药错误报告意识增强,漏报率下降,报告及时性提高,报告人群从护士长普及到临床一线护士,同类给药错误事件发生率下降。结论 建立非惩罚性报告系统,增强护士给药错误的报告意识,护理管理人员能够获得真实数据和信息。     

苦槛蓝叶中的黄酮类化合物

为了解苦槛蓝(Myoporum bontioides A.Gray)的化学成分,采用色谱分离技术从苦槛蓝叶片中分离得到11个黄酮类化合物。通过波谱分析,他们的结构分别鉴定为:桔皮素(1)、甜橙素(2)、5,4′-二羟基-6,7,8,3′-四甲氧基黄酮(3)、4′,5,7,8-四甲氧基黄酮(4)、去甲基川陈皮素(5)、5-羟基-6,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄酮(6)、3′,4′,5,6,7,8-六甲氧基黄酮(7)、二氢山柰酚(8)、木犀草素(9)、3′,4′,5,7-四羟基-3-甲氧基黄酮(10)和芹黄素(11)。除化合物9之外,其他化合物均为首次从苦槛蓝叶片中分离得到。孢子萌发法测定结果表明,化合物1,2,8和9对香蕉炭疽菌(Colletotrichum musae)具有较好的抑菌活性。这为苦槛蓝叶片中有效成分的利用提供了理论依据。     

Stimulation of the Biosynthesis of the Antibiotics Lambertellols by the Mycoparasitic Fungus Lambertella corni-maris under the Acidic Conditions Produced by Its Host Fungus in Vitro

The filamentous fungus, Lambertella corni-maris (L. corni-maris), a mycoparasite on Monilinia fructigena, produces the antibiotics, lambertellols A (1), B (2), and lambertellin (3), in a substantial amounts under acidic conditions, whereas these antibiotics were hardly detected when the fungus was cultured on a potato-sucrose (PS) medium without added acids. Our investigations also revealed that the host, M. fructigena, changed its surroundings into acidic conditions, suggesting that the acidic conditions acted as kairomones that stimulated the production of 1–3.     

Nucleosides and Nucleotides. 192. Toward the Total Synthesis of Cyclic ADP-Carbocyclic-Ribose. Formation of the Intramolecular Pyrophosphate Linkage by a Conformation-Restriction Strategy in a Syn-form Using a Halogen Substitution at the 8-Position of the Adenine Ring

Abstract

The synthesis of cyclic ADP-carbocyclic-ribose (2), as a stable mimic for cyclic ADP-ribose, was investigated. Construction of the 18-membered backbone structure was successfully achieved by condensation of the two phosphate groups of 19, possibly due to restriction of the conformation of the substrate in a syn-form using an 8-chloro substituent at the adenine moiety. SN2 reactions between an optically active carbocyclic unit 8, which was constructed by a previously developed method, and 8-bromo-N ⁶-trichloroacetyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine 9c gave N-1-carbocyclic derivative, which was deprotected to give 5′,5′-diol derivatives 18. When 18 was treated with POCl₃ in PO(OEt)₃, the bromo group at the 8-position was replaced to give N-1-carbocyclic-8-chloroadenosine 5′,5′-diphosphate derivative 19 in 43% yield. Treatment of 19 with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride gave the desired intramolecular condensation product 20 in 10% yield. This is the first chemical construction of the 18-membered backbone structure containing an intramolecular pyrophosphate linkage of a cADPR-related compound with an adenine base.     

Method for the Synthesis of Uric Acid Derivatives

Abstract

A general procedure to obtain tetra-substituted uric acid by stepwise N-alkylation is described. 2,6-Dichloropurine (1) was condensed with 1-propanol by Mitsunobu reaction to give 9-propyl congener (2). Treatment of 2 with ammonia gave adenine derivative (4a), which was converted to the 8-oxoadenine (5b) in 3 steps. Methylation of 5b proceeded site-specifically to give 6-amino-2-chloro-7,8-dihydro-7-methyl-9-propylpurin-8-one (6) as a sole product. Compound 6 was successively treated with NaNO₂ and iodomethane to give 2-chloro-1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,7-dimethyl-9-propylpurin-6,8-dione (9) accompanied by the O ⁶-methyl product (8) in 75% and 6.9%, respectively. After nucleophilic substitution of 9 with NaOAc, the product (11) was reacted with iodomethane to give the uric acid (12) and the 2-methoxy product (13) in 46% and 15.5%, respectively. However, the reaction of 11 with the benzylating agents gave only O-benzyl products (14a,b).     

A New Ichnospecies of Arthrophycus from the Upper Cambrian-Lower Tremadocian of Northwest Argentina: Implications for the Arthrophycid Lineage and Potential in Ichnostratigraphy

A new ichnospecies of Arthrophycus Hall 1852, A. minimus , is described from Upper Cambrian-Lower Tremadocian, shallow-marine strata of northwest Argentina. This new ichnospecies consists of small, long, regularly annulated hypichnial elements displaying subcircular to squarish cross-section and a ventral median groove. Side branches are occasionally present, but palmate, fan-like structures and scribbling patterns are absent. We adopt a relatively narrow diagnosis of Arthrophycus , suggesting that roughly annulated, cylindrical structures should not be included in this ichnogenus, unless other diagnostic features (i.e., squarish cross-section, median groove, zipper-like annulations) are also present. Arthrophycus is a common ichnotaxon in Ordovician-Silurian shallow-marine siliciclastic environments. Post-Paleozoic occurrences are removed from Arthrophycus . Arthrophycus has been proposed as a biostratigraphic index fossil in Ordovician-Silurian rocks. The presence of A. minimus in the Santa Rosita Formation of northwest Argentina indicates that Arthrophycus ranges at least from the Upper Cambrian-Lower Tremadocian with probable representatives in the Lower Cambrian and, therefore, its biostratigraphic utility is extended. Arthrophycus minimus represents the first Cambrian occurrence exhibiting not only fine, diagnostic morphologic features, but also the classical Arthrophycus behavioral pattern in dense monoichnospecific assemblages. The exploratory behavioral pattern displayed by A. minimus is simpler than that of the younger ichnospecies, particularly A. brogniartii, A. alleghaniensis, and A. lateralis . This is consistent with the basal position of A. minimus within the arthrophycid lineage.     

Penicillin acylase in the synthesis of aminothiazole cefalosporins

Summary Cefotiam (7) and cefotaxime (8) are obtained by penicillin acylase hydrolysis of (5) and (6), prepared, in turn, by chemical condensation of 7-DIMAT (3) and 7-ACA (4), respectively, with N-phenacetyl-2-aminothiazol-4-yl acetic acids (1) and (2).