FRESHWATER FISH OF THE ADDO ELEPHANT NATIONAL PARK

Summary

This study aimed to determine the distribution and relative abundance of freshwater fish in the Addo Elephant National Park. A total of 1578 fish specimens of 12 species were collected during surveys carried out in the Sundays River and four tributaries during 1996 and 1997. The redfin minnow Pseudobarbus afer comprised 81.6% of the total catch. Length frequency analysis of P. afer populations indicated recent successful recruitment in several rivers. Differences between rivers in the concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids and pH are possible reasons for different species complements. These surveys show the distribution of P. afer and Barbus aeneus in the Eastern Cape Province to be wider than previously reported. Management action is required to minimise opportunities for further establishment and spread of alien and translocated fish species and to conserve indigenous fish assemblages within the Park.     

广东沿岸海域鱼类群落排序

根据广东沿岸海域春秋两季底拖网鱼类采样数据,运用多维尺度转换分别对两季的鱼类样品进行排序。排序揭示出的鱼类群落格局及其季度差异与环境变异性密切相关。同处混合水区域的站位鱼类组成较为相似;分布在珠江冲淡水和外海高盐水区域的站位,鱼类组成则与多数沿岸站位有明显差异。春季沿岸海域鱼类组成有一东北－西南向的变化趋势,这一群落格局是由于该海域东北部受低温东海沿岸流影响所致;秋季珠江河口区受冲淡水的影响,而调     

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FISH LIFE IN A SEASONAL SAND RIVER

Summary

Five fish species were collected in a seasonal sand river that had migrated upstream more than 150 km from the permanent Limpopo River. The population structure indicated that mainly juveniles had taken part in this colonisation. No fish were collected in the winter when the river was dry. Information was obtained of fish surviving underground in the dry river bed.     

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF FRESHWATER FISH IN HONG KONG, CHINA

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,has an area of1095km2and is located at the edge of thenorthern tropical zone.The landscape is dominated byhills and ravines withflat landrestrictedtothe lowflood-plains and coastal regions.Inthis hilly domain,the smallrocky streams are typically fast flowing at their uplandsources,and graduallyreduceinspeed asthey wind alonghill cuttings to reach the lowlands.While streams arecommonlyfound,rivers are very limited in number.Thefewlong and meanderi…     

六种鼠苹果酸脱氢酶,血浆蛋白质和血红蛋白的变异分析

本文分析了家鼠属（Ｒａｔｔｕｓ）４种鼠和姬鼠属（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓ）２种鼠的苹果酸脱氢酶、血浆中β１区和β２区蛋白质、血浆清蛋白、前清蛋白以及红细胞中血红蛋白的变异。结果表明,ＭＤＨ在进化上是比较保守的,其中ＭＤＨｍ和ＭＤＨｓ２带在各鼠间位于同一泳动线上,仅ＭＤＨｓ１带的泳动速度出现属间和种间的微小差异;血浆中β１区和β２区的蛋白质带、清蛋白带以及前清蛋白带各鼠间出现明显的变异,表现为黑线姬鼠和社鼠在β１区出现２种多态型区带,褐家鼠在β２区也有２种多态型带;各鼠间的血红蛋白变异比较明显,主要表现在区带数和主成分的泳动度显著不同,而且社鼠的Ｈｂ出现３种多态型,黄毛鼠出现２种多态型,其余各鼠的Ｈｂ皆为单态性。上述１６项生化特性按相似和相异进行配对比较,初步表明黄毛鼠与褐家鼠亲缘上比较相近,白腹巨鼠要比其他３种鼠亲缘上更接近于黑线姬鼠,而社鼠与白腹巨鼠之间进化分歧相对地较大。     

二甲亚砜对几种淡水鱼精子渗透压及成活率影响的研究

本文研究了淡水鱼类精子在低温冷冻保存时,其渗透压在抗冻ＤＭＳＯ作用下的变化规律,冷冻前精子的渗透压在ＤＭＳＯ作用下最高可达１５３８ｍＯｓｍ／Ｌ与４．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液相等渗,是自然条件下的５倍,解冻后最高仍保持在１３６７ｍＯｓｍ／Ｌ与４．０％ＮａＣｌ溶液相等渗,是自然条件下的４．５倍,渗透压变化（Ｙ）与二甲亚砜浓度（Ｘ）的关系式为Ｙ＝０．１４８Ｘ＋１．２４５,ｒ＝０．８９８（冻前）和Ｙ＝０．１３６Ｘ     

几种淡水蚌外套膜蛋白质氨基酸组成及部分元素分析

测定了三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背视丽蚌外套膜的粗蛋白含量 ,分析了外套膜干粉的氨基酸组成 ,并采用原子吸收光谱法和等离子吸收光谱法测定三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌外套膜的 12种元素含量。结果表明 :干燥外套膜蛋白质含量为 :三角帆蚌 4 1 34% ,圆背角无齿蚌2 2 0 3% ,褶纹冠蚌 32 14 % ,背视丽蚌 7 78%。这四种淡水蚌外套膜均含有 17种氨基酸。被测的 12种元素中 ,Cu元素含量最高 ,其次是Fe ,Mn ,Mg ,Ca ,Zn ,Cr,而Ni,Co ,Pb ,Hg等元素含量较低。这四种淡水蚌外套膜是一类优质的动物蛋白质资源。     

PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF OVEREXPRESSED PLASMA PROTEINS IN RESPONSE TO COLD ACCLIMATION IN Ostrinia furnacalis

Many insects in temperate regions overwinter in diapause. In these insects, one of the metabolic adaptations to cold stress is the synthesis of responsive proteins. Using proteomic analysis, an investigation aimed to a better understanding of the molecular adaptation mechanisms to cold stress was carried out in Ostrinia furnacalis larva. Proteins were extracted from the larval hemolymph collected from both control and overwintering larva. By polyethylene glycol precipitation, approximately 560 protein spots were separated and visualized on two‐dimensional (2D) gels after silver staining. Eighteen protein spots were found to be upregulated in overwinter larval plasma in different patterns. As an initial work, 13 of these proteins were identified using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. The differentially overexpressed proteins include heat shock 70 kDa cognate protein, small heat shock protein (sHSP), putative aliphatic nitrilase, arginine kinase, phosphoglyceromutase, triosephosphateisomerase, and glutathione transferase. Alterations in the levels of these proteins were further confirmed by qPCR. This study is the first analysis of differentially expressed plasma proteins in O. furnacalis diapause larvae under extremely low temperature conditions and gives new insights into the acclimation mechanisms responsive to cold stress. Our results also support the idea that energy metabolism, alanine and proline metabolism, and antioxidative reaction act in the cold acclimation of O. furnacalis diapause larvae.     

兰州百合精细胞特异蛋白的研究

通过低渗冲击及Percoll密度梯度离心的方法,成功地分离并纯化了兰州百合(Lilium davidiiDuch.)生活的生殖细胞及精细胞。从精细胞、生殖细胞及叶片中提取了全蛋白,并通过双向电泳技术对它们进行了比较。在双向电泳图谱上精细胞比生殖细胞显示更多的蛋白斑点,特别是在碱性端。通过混合酶解及离心,分离了生活的叶肉原生质体。用生物素的琥珀酰胺酯衍生物(NHS-biotin)对精细胞、生殖细胞及完整的叶肉原生质体质膜蛋白进行标记,然后进行Western blot分析,用辣根过氧化物酶酶标链霉抗生物素蛋白及其底物4-氯-1-萘酚反应显色,比较了3种质膜蛋白。发现分子量为46kD及50kD的两种蛋白是精细胞质膜特异的。在双向电泳图谱上也可找到与这两种蛋白相对应的斑点,它们很可能与受精过程中精卵的识别有关。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸禾草种群的生长发育节律及环境适应性

本文以矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸中草质优良,并在畜牧业生产中有重要作用的7种禾草为对象,研究了它们的生长发育节律、干重季节变化以及与环境因子之间的相互关系。其结果表明：7种禾草在矮嵩草草甸中的分布格局属非随机性的集中分布(Aggregated dispersal)。它们的生长发育节律和干重季节变化具明显的差异。单株分蘖数自返青开始随降水量、日照和≥3℃积温的增加而增加,到孕穗初期为最大。禾草种群生长发育的低温临界值为3℃。地上部分干重的积累与生长发育节律、≥5℃、≥10℃的积温,降水量和土壤含水量密切相关,生殖枝株高与≥10℃的积温密切相关。相关分析表明,温度是影响矮嵩草草甸禾草种群生长发育的主导因子(P<0.01),其次是降水量和土壤含水量(P<0.01) 。     

玉米精细胞质膜特异蛋白的纯化

在获得6个品种的玉米(Zea mays L.)花粉精细胞后,采用N-hydroxysuccinimido-biotin(NHS-biotin)标记其外膜蛋白,并通过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting对比了其中主要标记蛋白,发现其主要蛋白带差异并不显著,主要标记蛋白分子量均集中于91、60、43、30和17kD。采用免疫亲和层析技术进一步纯化已获得的混杂少量其它细胞器成分的精细胞质膜制剂,即利用制备的体细胞主要细胞器:线粒体、内质网、高尔基体及质膜的膜蛋白,分别免疫豚鼠,从其抗血清中纯化获得IgG,并进一步制成各种膜蛋白的免疫亲和吸附制剂。利用此技术进一步纯化经NHS-biotin标记的精细胞质膜蛋白,获得精细胞质膜特异的蛋白质,其中最为显著的蛋白质分子量约为65、22kD。     

淡水养殖鱼类暴发性传染病致病细菌的研究

于1990—1991年的5—10月间,从湖北、湖南、河南和广东4省的9种淡水养殖鱼类的发病鱼睥、肝、肾中分离的93株细菌为材料,经100多个表型特征和细菌DNA中G+Cmol％遗传型特性测定等研究结果,可归属为产气单胞菌属中的运动性嗜中温产气单胞菌和弧菌属中的河弧菌。按照国际细菌命名法规优先律应为点状产气单胞菌[Aeromonas punctata(Zimmermann)nom.rev];而河弧菌与以前所描述的生物变种Ⅰ、Ⅱ型不同:在43℃能生长;发酵水杨苷产酸;利用D-葡糖酸钙、腐胺;不能利用戊二酸,D-葡糖醛酸;从D-葡萄糖产气;DNA中的G+Cmol％为47(Tm),鉴定为河弧菌生物变种Ⅲ(新生物变种Vibrio fluvialis Biovar Ⅲ.Biovar nov.)。     

小眼虫的着丝粒蛋白检查

为了从起源与进化的角度考察丝粒蛋白,我们从比酵母更低等的原生生物着手,检查它们的着丝粒蛋白,另文我们已报道了对四膜虫研究的结果,本文报道的是对小眼虫（Ｅｎｇｌｅｎａｇｒａｃｉｌｌｓ）的检查。我们的结果表明：眼虫细胞核里存在的ＡＣＡ抗原的分子量,包括了用ＡＣＡ血清在高等生物中检出来的ＣＥＮＰ－Ａ,ＣＥＮＰ－Ｂ,ＣＥＮＰ－Ｃ和ＣＥＮＰ－Ｄ这几类基本的着丝粒蛋白组分,作免疫荧光染色后,细胞核呈很强的阳性     

鱼类病原菌外膜蛋白及其免疫原性研究进展

细菌性疾病是水产养殖病害中最常见且危害甚为严重的一类疾病1。长期以来,一直用于鱼类细菌性疾病防治的西药类药物,由于会导致病原菌产生耐药性,在鱼体内产生药物残留危害人类健康等副作用而被限制使用2。因此,为了选择更加安全有效的防治方法,疫苗免疫逐步得到了人们的重视。       

淡水贝类贝壳多层构造形成研究

对几种淡水贝（包括蚌、螺）进行形态及组织学观察，并通过实验方法重现贝壳三种物质，即：角质、棱柱质、珍珠质的生成过程，结果表明：外套膜外表皮细胞是由相同类型细胞组成，这些相同细胞在不同的作用条件下形成贝壳多层构造。     

INFLUENCE OF FRESHWATER FLOW REGIME ON FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE GREAT FISH RIVER AND ESTUARY

Summary

Two and a half years of data were collected from the lower Great Fish River, head region and estuary to determine the fish species composition within these areas. Gilchristella aestuaria, Liza dumerilii, Rhabdosargus holubi and Pomadasys commersonnii were the four most abundant species captured, with riverine flow rate having an important effect on both species composition and numbers of fishes in the different regions. Most marine species displayed a strong inverse relationship between catch per unit effort and elevated freshwater inputs. Euryhaline marine species dominated the catches at all sampling sites during low flows but were less common during high flow periods when catadromous species were most abundant. Based on the available evidence it is suggested that for most marine species in the river this decline in abundance is related to low conductivity levels following floods rather than avoidance of elevated flows. The impact of elevated suspensoid concentrations and lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations on freshwater and estuarine fish populations during major river flooding is also discussed.     

生物大分子在血浆发光中的作用

血浆超滤后,其大分子浓缩部分的自发发光强度以及碱诱导发光强度都增高,而透过膜部分的自发发光强度以及碱诱导发光强度则降低。用１０％ＺｎＳＯ４沉淀除去部分蛋白质后的血浆制液,其发光强度下降。说明大分子,尤其是蛋白质在血浆超微弱发光中起着重要作用,结合蛋白质本身可能就是发光反应的底物。     

30种新疆沙生植物的结构及其对沙漠环境的适应

新疆３０种沙生植物营养器官的解剖学研究表明,它们的形态结构为适应沙漠环境发生相应变化。叶片表面积／体积比普遍小于中生植物;表皮细胞外壁具厚的角质膜,并覆盖毛状体,气孔下陷,具有孔下室;按叶肉结构的差别,３０种沙生植物的叶片可归为正常型、全栅型、环栅型、不规则型、禾草型、退化型等６类。轴器官中普遍具有发达的机械组织,一些植物形成异常结构;根的周皮发达;茎中基本组织／半径比率较大;部分植物形成同化枝,有的茎、叶中存在粘液细胞或结晶。按其适应沙生环境的形态结构特点,可以分为薄叶植物、多浆植物、肉茎植物以及卷叶植物等４类。沙生植物以不同的旱生结构特征和不同的方式适应沙漠环境。     

黄瓜器官特异蛋白的研究

利用 SDS单向电泳对黄瓜 ( Cucumissativus L .)的根、茎、叶、花萼、花冠、雄蕊、花柱和子房的可溶性蛋白进行了分析和比较。检测到花冠中的 2 3.5 k D和 33.0 k D,雄蕊中的 1 8.8k D、2 8.5 k D、31 .0 k D、37.0 k D和 39.0 k D,花柱中的 4 5 .0 k D及子房中的 32 .5 k D蛋白 ,分别为各自器官中的器官特异蛋白质。对花冠、雄蕊、花柱和子房的可溶性蛋白的 IEF- SDS双向电泳分析也确定了相应于 SDS单向电泳上特异蛋白带的蛋白质斑点。而且相应于 SDS单向电泳上的一条带 ,在 IEF- SDS双向电泳上可能是一个以上的分子量相同而等电点不同的几个蛋白质斑点。各种器官的蛋白质含量以雄蕊为最高、花萼为最低。     

妊娠过程中血清蛋白的动态变化

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAG)电泳分离技术对266份不同孕期的正常孕妇和妊娠高血压综合征病人的血清蛋白电泳图谱进行了分析。在266份图谱中发现41个染色深度有变化的组分,代表血清蛋白含量的变化。在正常中期妊娠电泳图谱中少数呈1个或2个“V”形异常成分位于P区或O段、M段,其意义尚难肯定。在妊娠高血压综合征病例中没有发现特异性异常蛋白,但血清前白蛋白、白蛋白减少与T-77组分增多和同期正常孕妇相比有显著差异(p<0.05)。