SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FISH LIFE IN A SEASONAL SAND RIVER

Summary

Five fish species were collected in a seasonal sand river that had migrated upstream more than 150 km from the permanent Limpopo River. The population structure indicated that mainly juveniles had taken part in this colonisation. No fish were collected in the winter when the river was dry. Information was obtained of fish surviving underground in the dry river bed.     

六种鼠苹果酸脱氢酶,血浆蛋白质和血红蛋白的变异分析

本文分析了家鼠属（Ｒａｔｔｕｓ）４种鼠和姬鼠属（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓ）２种鼠的苹果酸脱氢酶、血浆中β１区和β２区蛋白质、血浆清蛋白、前清蛋白以及红细胞中血红蛋白的变异。结果表明,ＭＤＨ在进化上是比较保守的,其中ＭＤＨｍ和ＭＤＨｓ２带在各鼠间位于同一泳动线上,仅ＭＤＨｓ１带的泳动速度出现属间和种间的微小差异;血浆中β１区和β２区的蛋白质带、清蛋白带以及前清蛋白带各鼠间出现明显的变异,表现为黑线姬鼠和社鼠在β１区出现２种多态型区带,褐家鼠在β２区也有２种多态型带;各鼠间的血红蛋白变异比较明显,主要表现在区带数和主成分的泳动度显著不同,而且社鼠的Ｈｂ出现３种多态型,黄毛鼠出现２种多态型,其余各鼠的Ｈｂ皆为单态性。上述１６项生化特性按相似和相异进行配对比较,初步表明黄毛鼠与褐家鼠亲缘上比较相近,白腹巨鼠要比其他３种鼠亲缘上更接近于黑线姬鼠,而社鼠与白腹巨鼠之间进化分歧相对地较大。     

二甲亚砜对几种淡水鱼精子渗透压及成活率影响的研究

本文研究了淡水鱼类精子在低温冷冻保存时,其渗透压在抗冻ＤＭＳＯ作用下的变化规律,冷冻前精子的渗透压在ＤＭＳＯ作用下最高可达１５３８ｍＯｓｍ／Ｌ与４．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液相等渗,是自然条件下的５倍,解冻后最高仍保持在１３６７ｍＯｓｍ／Ｌ与４．０％ＮａＣｌ溶液相等渗,是自然条件下的４．５倍,渗透压变化（Ｙ）与二甲亚砜浓度（Ｘ）的关系式为Ｙ＝０．１４８Ｘ＋１．２４５,ｒ＝０．８９８（冻前）和Ｙ＝０．１３６Ｘ     

几种淡水蚌外套膜蛋白质氨基酸组成及部分元素分析

测定了三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背视丽蚌外套膜的粗蛋白含量 ,分析了外套膜干粉的氨基酸组成 ,并采用原子吸收光谱法和等离子吸收光谱法测定三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌外套膜的 12种元素含量。结果表明 :干燥外套膜蛋白质含量为 :三角帆蚌 4 1 34% ,圆背角无齿蚌2 2 0 3% ,褶纹冠蚌 32 14 % ,背视丽蚌 7 78%。这四种淡水蚌外套膜均含有 17种氨基酸。被测的 12种元素中 ,Cu元素含量最高 ,其次是Fe ,Mn ,Mg ,Ca ,Zn ,Cr,而Ni,Co ,Pb ,Hg等元素含量较低。这四种淡水蚌外套膜是一类优质的动物蛋白质资源。     

兰州百合精细胞特异蛋白的研究

通过低渗冲击及Percoll密度梯度离心的方法,成功地分离并纯化了兰州百合(Lilium davidiiDuch.)生活的生殖细胞及精细胞。从精细胞、生殖细胞及叶片中提取了全蛋白,并通过双向电泳技术对它们进行了比较。在双向电泳图谱上精细胞比生殖细胞显示更多的蛋白斑点,特别是在碱性端。通过混合酶解及离心,分离了生活的叶肉原生质体。用生物素的琥珀酰胺酯衍生物(NHS-biotin)对精细胞、生殖细胞及完整的叶肉原生质体质膜蛋白进行标记,然后进行Western blot分析,用辣根过氧化物酶酶标链霉抗生物素蛋白及其底物4-氯-1-萘酚反应显色,比较了3种质膜蛋白。发现分子量为46kD及50kD的两种蛋白是精细胞质膜特异的。在双向电泳图谱上也可找到与这两种蛋白相对应的斑点,它们很可能与受精过程中精卵的识别有关。     

INFLUENCE OF FRESHWATER FLOW REGIME ON FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE GREAT FISH RIVER AND ESTUARY

Summary

Two and a half years of data were collected from the lower Great Fish River, head region and estuary to determine the fish species composition within these areas. Gilchristella aestuaria, Liza dumerilii, Rhabdosargus holubi and Pomadasys commersonnii were the four most abundant species captured, with riverine flow rate having an important effect on both species composition and numbers of fishes in the different regions. Most marine species displayed a strong inverse relationship between catch per unit effort and elevated freshwater inputs. Euryhaline marine species dominated the catches at all sampling sites during low flows but were less common during high flow periods when catadromous species were most abundant. Based on the available evidence it is suggested that for most marine species in the river this decline in abundance is related to low conductivity levels following floods rather than avoidance of elevated flows. The impact of elevated suspensoid concentrations and lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations on freshwater and estuarine fish populations during major river flooding is also discussed.     

黄瓜器官特异蛋白的研究

利用 SDS单向电泳对黄瓜 ( Cucumissativus L .)的根、茎、叶、花萼、花冠、雄蕊、花柱和子房的可溶性蛋白进行了分析和比较。检测到花冠中的 2 3.5 k D和 33.0 k D,雄蕊中的 1 8.8k D、2 8.5 k D、31 .0 k D、37.0 k D和 39.0 k D,花柱中的 4 5 .0 k D及子房中的 32 .5 k D蛋白 ,分别为各自器官中的器官特异蛋白质。对花冠、雄蕊、花柱和子房的可溶性蛋白的 IEF- SDS双向电泳分析也确定了相应于 SDS单向电泳上特异蛋白带的蛋白质斑点。而且相应于 SDS单向电泳上的一条带 ,在 IEF- SDS双向电泳上可能是一个以上的分子量相同而等电点不同的几个蛋白质斑点。各种器官的蛋白质含量以雄蕊为最高、花萼为最低。     

妊娠过程中血清蛋白的动态变化

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAG)电泳分离技术对266份不同孕期的正常孕妇和妊娠高血压综合征病人的血清蛋白电泳图谱进行了分析。在266份图谱中发现41个染色深度有变化的组分,代表血清蛋白含量的变化。在正常中期妊娠电泳图谱中少数呈1个或2个“V”形异常成分位于P区或O段、M段,其意义尚难肯定。在妊娠高血压综合征病例中没有发现特异性异常蛋白,但血清前白蛋白、白蛋白减少与T-77组分增多和同期正常孕妇相比有显著差异(p<0.05)。     

淡水育珠蚌外套膜表皮细胞分泌方式的研究

用光学显微镜、相差显微镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜对３种淡水育珠蚌外套膜表皮细胞的分泌方式进行了观察研究。几种显微镜观察对比研究的结果表明,外套膜细胞的分泌方式主要有小泡式的局部分泌;液流式、缺口式的顶浆分泌和巨浆分泌;分泌物排出时连同整个细胞一起排出和形成复层表皮后外层脱落的全浆分泌。内表皮细胞以小泡式和缺口式分泌为主;外表皮细胞多为液流式分泌和全浆分泌。内表皮分泌活动表现为持续性和连续性的特点,观察相邻细胞同时可见到各种不同的分泌时相;外表皮分泌活动呈节律性和区段性的特点,分泌活动旺盛的细胞区段和无分泌活动的区段相间出现。以上结果表明内、外表皮细胞在分泌方式及分泌物性质上均有显著差异,这种差异反映了内、外表皮功能上的不同。     

三种鱼的磷排泄及其在微型生态系统磷再循环中的作用

在考查罗非鱼或鲢、鳙下行影响的微型生态系统实验后期 ,对三种鱼的特定正磷酸盐 (PO4 P)排泄率进行了测定 ,并且估算了系统中实验鱼的PO4 P排泄率。结果表明 ,在个体大小相同的情况下 ,罗非鱼的特定PO4 P排泄率明显地高于链、鳙 ,似乎同它们的食物含磷量无关而由其体组织含磷量所决定 ;放养罗非鱼的系统中鱼的PO4 P排泄率比放养链、鳙的系统平均高 2倍多 ,其磷排泄对浮游植物的PO4 P供给率分别为 10 0 %— 15 8%和 6 1%—7 5 %。根据有鱼系统中PO4 P的供求关系和实验结束时磷分布的观测结果推断 ,沉积物的磷释放是系统中磷再生的主要途径 ,而实验鱼调节系统磷再循环的主要机制是排粪。     

THE STRUCTURE OF FISH GILLS IN RELATION TO THEIR RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

1. The general structure of the gills of different fishes is compared and it is concluded that, though essentially the same, there are certain differences by which they can be recognized. Possible ways in which they may have evolved from one another are considered. 2. A detailed account is given of the structure of the secondary lamellae, where gaseous exchange takes place, and it is shown that two epithelial sheets are separated by a vascular axis mainly composed of pillar cells overlain by a basement membrane on each side. Blood pathways through the gills are discussed in relation to their respiratory function. 3. The embryonic development of gills is described and evidence regarding homo-logies of different structures, particularly the pillar cells, is reviewed. 4. The gills of fish having different modes of life show variations in (a) the number of arches, (b) the number and length of the gill filaments, and (c) the size and frequency of the secondary lamellae. Ways in which measurements of gill area may be carried out and some of the complications involved are reviewed and a summary given of measurements made for a wide variety of species. Measurements of the thickness of the water-blood barrier are also discussed; the more active fish generally have thinner water-blood barriers and larger gill areas. 5. The different mechanisms of gill ventilation are summarized and characteristics of gill resistance in elasmobranchs and teleosts are compared. Gas exchange is discussed in relation to available techniques and the current terminology and symbols, and to indicate the value of analogies between gill exchangers and systems studied by engineers. 6. It is outlined how studies of the functioning of gills during coughing, parasitic infection, and in polluted waters add to knowledge of their role in respiration.     

麦蚜及其天敌生态位的初步研究

本研究分析了麦蚜及其天敌生态位的概貌．结果表明两种麦蚜以黍缢管蚜生态位宽度较广（B=0．7284）;麦长管蚜生态位宽度较窄(B=0．6264);麦长管蚜与黍缢管蚜存在生态位重叠（L=0．6497）．在天敌群落中生态位宽度依次为食蚜蝇>飘虫>蚜茧蜂>蜘蛛>食虫蝽。天敌之间亦存在生态位重叠．五类天敌与麦长管蚜的生态位重叠均值高于与黍缢管蚜的均值．即天敌对麦长管蚜的空间跟随,控制作用越大．     

STUDIES IN THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF THE PROTEINS : I. THE SOLUBILITY OF CERTAIN PROTEINS AT THEIR ISOELECTRIC POINTS.

1. Two proteins of the globulin type, serum globulin and tuberin, and the protein of milk, casein, have been purified (a) of the other proteins and (b) of the inorganic electrolytes with which they exist in nature. The methods that were employed are described. 2. All three proteins were found to be only very slightly soluble in water in the pure uncombined state. The solubility of each was accurately measured at 25.0° ± 0.1°C. The most probable solubility of the pseudoglobulin of serum was found to be 0.07 gm. in 1 liter; of tuberin 0.1 gm. and of casein 0.11 gm. The methods that were employed in their determination are described. 3. Each protein investigated dissolved in water to a constant and characteristic extent when the amount of protein precipitate with which the solution was in heterogeneous equilibrium was varied within wide limits. The solubility of a pure protein is therefore proposed as a fundamental physicochemical constant, which may be used in identifying and in classifying proteins. 4. The concentration of protein dissolved must be the sum of the concentration of the undissociated protein molecule which is in heterogeneous equilibrium with the protein precipitate, and of the concentration of the dissociated protein ions. 5. The dissociated ions of the dissolved protein give a hydrogen ion concentration to water that is also a characteristic of each protein.     

涝渍害对稻飞虱及其节肢类天敌生态位关系的影响

尝试将生态位理论应用到分析环境条件变异和人类干扰活动对天敌和猎物关系的影响，通过与非涝渍稻田对比分析，发现涝渍害综合作用对稻飞虱及其节肢类天敌的时间生态位，空间生态位以及时间一空间生态位均产生深刻的影响，涝渍害的作用使节肢类天敌和稻飞虱空间生态位宽度普遍缩小，使涝渍地各物种间空间生态位重叠亦普遍减小；使除稻红瓢虫和球腹蛛外的天敌时间生态位宽度扩大；各天敌和中性昆虫与飞虱的空间一时间生态位重叠亦普遍缩小，还讨论了这种影响的机制及改良的生态对策。     

天然产物中的糖含量测定方法正确性的研究

通过蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法,采用不同的标准单糖以及不同的单糖组成比来测定天然产物中的糖含量,得到一种比较准确性高的方法,即按多糖中单糖组成比为标准来测定。     

黄鳝性别的自然反转现象与血清蛋白关系的初步研究

实验采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对49条黄鳝的血清蛋白进行了分析,实验结果表明雌、雄黄鳝随着性腺的发育,血清蛋白组分有所增加,雌鱼性腺Ⅲ—Ⅳ期为10—11条区带。雄鱼性腺Ⅰ到Ⅳ期为11—14条区带。性别反转的黄鳝血清蛋白的区带数明显增加,分析结果为20条区带,经CS-910薄层色谱扫描具有较多的吸收峰,极为有趣的是性别反转的黄鳝血清蛋白在凝胶负极一端的大分子脂蛋白和中等分子的球蛋白组分发生了很大的变化。而正极分子较小的白蛋白组分仍保持着雌鱼血清蛋白的吸收峰,因此作者认为黄鳝性别反转作用可能与血清蛋白中较大分子组分的增加有关。     

寄生于重庆地区鲢、鳙及草鱼五种外寄生车轮虫的描述

对采自重庆地区寄生于鲢、鳙及草鱼鳃上的5种外寄生车轮虫进行了形态学及分类学研究,其分别隶属于：车轮虫属、小车轮虫属及三分虫属,其中包含1新种和中国2新纪录。即钝圆车轮虫Trichodina obtusiformis sp．nov．,急尖车轮虫T．acuta Lom,1961,显著车轮虫T．nobilis Chen,1963,周丛小车轮虫Trichodinella epizootica（Rabbe,1950）Sramek-Husek,1953和大型三分虫Tripartiella macrosoma Basson ＆ Van As,1987。文中对新种进行了详细的描述并提供了新种及已知种的附着盘银染标本之显微照片及齿体线条图。     

THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSC SHELLS IN RELATION TO PHYLOGENY AND ENVIRONMENT

Quantitative thin layer chromatography of structural amino acidswas standardized for the study of shell proteins of 13 speciesof freshwater mollusc. There was slight intraspecific variationbetween individuals, particularly for tyrosine concentrations.No external periostracum was chemically identifiable in theshell of Lymnaea peregra (Müller) and this species showedsome amino acid heterogeneity in different parts of the shell.Despite these intraspecific variations, analysis of variancesuggested interspecific variation in concentrations for almostall the amino acids tudied. Cluster and principal componentsanalysis indicated that the amino acid composition did reflectphylogenetic affinity but that environmental factors were probablymore-important. (Received 5 August 1982; revised 5 August 1982;