基于多生态安全格局的生态保护红线划定方法研究

在“长江大保护”背景下,长江经济带诸多省市将生态保护战略摆在重要地位,其中生态保护红线作为整体生态保护格局的重要组成部分,在城市生态规划中发挥重要作用。以马鞍山市为研究对象,基于多生态安全格局理论与ABC资源模型,分别构建非生物、生物、文化类生态安全格局,叠加后获得综合生态安全格局并对其生态保护红线进行划定,通过分析生态冲突地区,确定城市生态保护红线划定标准,提出对应的生态规划措施。结果表明,马鞍山市生态保护红线可划分为三级区域,其中1级、2级、3级红线区域面积占总面积比例分别为:44.624%、18.418%、 28.111%。生态一建设冲突地区分布以长江东岸地区为主,生态一农田冲突区域主要分布于石臼湖周边。根据生态保护红线及冲突区分布进行相应的生态规划,有利于恢复区域生态安全格局,实现对马鞍山地区生态环境的有效保护。     

基于贝叶斯网络的城市生态红线划定方法

生态红线划定是保护生态安全,协调城市建设、基本农田保护和生态保护之间矛盾的重要方法。目前,有关生态红线的划定方法多基于生态适宜性评价,忽视对土地利用变化的探究,缺少与城市建设发展相互协调,导致生态用地经常被占用,生态红线保护效果不好。在综合分析生态用地历史变化过程和生态适宜性条件的基础上,提出了基于贝叶斯网络的城市生态红线划定方法,并以鄂州市为研究区验证了模型划定的效果。划定结果表明,该方法符合鄂州市城市发展的趋势和生态用地空间分布特性,既有利于稳定且生态服务价值高的区域划入红线,又保证了生态红线空间的落地实施。与传统生态评价方法相比,贝叶斯网络模型划定方法的实效性更强,可以为城市生态红线划定方法研究提供参考和借鉴。     

海岛生态保护红线划定技术方法

划定海岛生态保护红线是维护海岛生态安全,协调海岛开发与保护之间矛盾的重要方法。目前,海岛生态保护红线在概念内涵、划定内容、划定方法等方面尚未统一定性,且极易与海洋生态红线的概念混淆,不同类型和形态的海岛红线划定的方法及原则要求也有所区分,例如,单岛、列岛、群岛、有居民和无居民海岛等。论述了海岛生态保护红线概念、海岛生态保护红线与海洋生态红线的区别和联系;结合生态科学、地理科学和管理科学属性,基于发展观点和底线思维阐述了海岛生态保护红线划定原则;海岛生态保护红线类型主要包括:海岛重点生态功能区、海岛生态敏感区/脆弱区和海岛禁止开发区;筛选出海岛生态保护红线划定需要重点考量的指标,提出海岛生态保护红线划定的技术路线,同时针对海岛生态保护红线区划面临的若干问题进行探讨;最后对今后海岛生态保护红线划定研究进行了展望。     

基于GIS 的武汉市生态红线划定的技术方法研究

当前武汉市存在自然资源消耗过度, 生态环境污染严重等生态问题, 生态红线划定工作对于改善武汉市生态环境、保护武汉市生态格局具有重要意义。因此以武汉市为例, 通过对研究区域的水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性和洪水调蓄功能进行生态功能重要性评价, 对水土流失、土地沙化、石漠化敏感性进行生态敏感性评价, 分别划定出七类生态保护红线。在此基础上分析提取出重要生态功能红线区和生态敏感红线区, 叠加分析后最终得到武汉市生态红线区面积为2342.21 km2, 占武汉市总面积的27.67%。研究结果对于探索生态红线划定具有一定指导意义。     

基于生态红线划定的祁连山生态保护性开发研究

运用祁连山地区的自然环境数据和社会经济数据,基于GIS平台、加权求和多指标运算模型,选取了30个指标,从生态弹性力、生态敏感性和社会经济影响力3个方面,构建了生态红线评价指标体系,对祁连山生态保护性开发进行研究分析。结果表明:生态红、黄、绿线区,分别占研究区面积的32%、40%、28%。生态红线区主要分布于祁连山的西南段、托来山以南、青海湖区及区内所有冰川分布地区,应实行最严格的管控;生态黄线区是祁连山分布面积最广的区域,主要集中在祁连山中、西段,湟水谷地的中游及乌鞘岭南部,应以修复生态环境和提供部分农产品为主;生态绿线区主要分布在疏勒南山以东地区,应保护优先,以提供生态产品为主,分区开展各具民族特色的生态旅游。     

流域水生态功能分区以及区划方法的研究进展

持续而剧烈的人类活动已经对水生态系统的健康和安全造成了严重的影响。对流域的水生态功能进行甄别,合理划分其生态功能区,并按不同功能合理管理水资源,成为协调经济发展和水生态保护的关键因素之一。本文通过分析流域水生态功能分区的概念、内涵、特征以及区划方法的系统发展,提出了水生态功能分区的一般划分原则、划分指标和方法,为建立和完善我国流域水生态功能分区的理论和方法,提供了基础信息。     

长江中下游平原区生态保护红线的划定——以江苏省为例

科学划定生态保护红线（Ecological Protection Red Line,EPRL）并严格保护是中国政府建设生态文明的重要战略举措,对国土空间可持续发展具有重要意义。通过解析生态保护红线制度的内涵、目标与划定标准提出生态保护红线的4项基础性问题。针对长江中下游平原面临的生物多样性减少、生境斑块破碎化以及农业与生态空间冲突等问题,考虑生态保护红线的区域差异性,以江苏省为研究区,结合区域特征利用生境维持、气候调节、水源涵养、粮食供给、土壤保持5项生态系统服务功能,基于生态安全格局研究框架探讨了相应的生态保护红线划定方法。研究结果表明：①江苏省生态源地主要由区域内河流、湖泊、滩涂与林地构成,各项生态系统服务功能空间格局差异化显著,限于农田覆盖范围广泛与水系网络结构发达,源地斑块破碎化现象严重。②江苏生态保护红线主要由湿地、林草地、农用地等地类构成,红线核心区以湿地为主,廊道与节点则以农用地为主。生态保护红线可根据源地景观规模分为3级,其中I级EPRL占比达72.87%,可基本代表核心红线图斑。③生态廊道与生态节点的设置有助于提高生境图斑的连通性,江苏省生态廊道共47条,包括33条关键生态廊道与14条潜在生态廊道,总长度分别为1296.27km、1726.33km。研究结果可为长江中下游平原的生态保护红线划定创新思路,并希冀对生态保护红线制度约束下的国土空间管控与管制制度改革具有借鉴价值。     

城市生态保护红线划定与管理——以澳门特别行政区为例

我国澳门特别行政区是世界上人口密度最高的地区之一,人地关系紧张。随着城市和经济的发展,人类空间与生态空间失调,城市生态和人居环境问题不断加剧。在建设美丽湾区、美丽澳门和人们对美好人居环境需求的背景下,通过划定城市生态保护红线以控制和维持现有重要功能生态空间,保护和改善高敏感生态空间,维护区域生态安全显得尤为重要。基于对澳门陆域生态系统调查,结合城市和自然资源特征,从生态系统服务功能、生态系统敏感性、生物多样性分布以及现有生态保护区四个方面构建了城市生态保护红线划定方法框架,选取并评估水源涵养、雨洪调节、热岛调节、土壤保持、海岸带防护五类调节服务和生态系统服务中的休闲游憩的空间格局,水土流失敏感性和海岸带风暴潮敏感性两种生态敏感性的分布,并综合澳门具有保育价值生物的栖息地分布和现有保护区范围进行了城市生态保护红线的划定。研究结果显示,澳门城市生态保护红线区域总面积6.71km²,占研究区面积的19.79%,覆盖了44%的生态空间、12.4%的海岸线、所有的重要物种栖息地及三分之一的古树名木。依照此生态保护红线研究进一步提出针对各类红线地块的保护和管理措施。研究提出的城市生态保护红线划定思路,可以为其他城市的重要生态空间保护、修复与管理提供参考。     

从划定历程与属性特征正确认识生态保护红线内涵

生态保护红线是国家生态安全的底线, 也是我国生态文明改革的重大举措。生态保护红线划定实施以来, 因其创新了生态保护模式与制度, 得到了国内和国际社会的广泛关注。然而, 当前对生态保护红线的理解仍不够深入, 一定程度影响了红线的落地应用及其成效发挥。为此, 本文梳理了生态保护红线从理论起源到实践落地的演变历程, 阐述了生态保护红线的科学内涵与时代释义, 分析了生态保护红线的管控要求, 明确提出生态保护红线既要严格管控, 又要适度利用。生态保护红线不是无人区, 而是生态安全的底线、国土空间格局优化的基线, 实现人与自然和谐共生、区域可持续发展是划定生态保护红线的最终目的。未来生态保护红线可考虑从拓展生态保护红线内涵、优化生态廊道识别技术、完善优质生态产品价值实现机制、生态保护成效的可持续性、加强国际推广等方面进一步加以完善。     

国外生态保护地体系对我国生态保护红线划定与管理的启示

中国共产党第十八届三中全会和《环境保护法》明确提出依法划定生态保护红线, 实施最为严格的源头保护制度。世界上大多数国家都实行了将天然或近天然的区域划作保护地、建立生态空间体系对物种及其生境进行保护。在国际上虽未有“生态保护红线”这一提法, 但是划定生态保护区域的做法是相似的。作者基于相关文献, 对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)保护地系统, 以及美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、日本等地区和国家的生态保护地(区)体系的保护地面积和管理实践进行了系统梳理和总结。大多数国家的生态保护地(区)的面积在5-40%之间, 并建立了专门的保护管理职能部门或成立了多部门分工负责的管理体制, 根据人类活动强度的不同制定差异化的管控措施。对比我国现有保护地体系的空缺分析以及保护地分类管理中存在的问题, 本文提出了整合与优化我国现有各类保护区域, 通过重要性、敏感性评价对在生态系统服务功能、生物多样性和生境保护方面作用最为重要的土地优先划入生态保护红线内, 面积比例以占到陆地国土总面积的30%以上为宜。为严守生态保护红线, 根据我国现有部门职能分工, 建议强化环境保护部门对生态保护红线区域的统一监督管理职能, 制定生态保护红线管理办法, 在生态保护红线区域内实行分级分类管理。     

Cyberinfrastructure for the analysis of ecological acoustic sensor data: a use case study in grid deployment

The LTER Grid Pilot Study was conducted by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, the University of New Mexico, and Michigan State University, to design and build a prototype grid for the ecological community. The featured grid application, the Biophony Grid Portal, manages acoustic data from field sensors and allows researchers to conduct real-time digital signal processing analysis on high-performance systems via a web-based portal. Important characteristics addressed during the study include the management, access, and analysis of a large set of field collected acoustic observations from microphone sensors, single signon, and data provenance. During the development phase of this project, new features were added to standard grid middleware software and have already been successfully leveraged by other, unrelated grid projects. This paper provides an overview of the Biophony Grid Portal application and requirements, discusses considerations regarding grid architecture and design, details the technical implementation, and summarizes key experiences and lessons learned that are generally applicable to all developers and administrators in a grid environment.     

Quantifying the ecological stability of a phytoplankton community: The Lake Kinneret case study

The widely used term “stability” has multiple meanings and is rarely quantified in limnological studies. The main objective of this study was to develop an approach for quantifying the stability of a phytoplankton community using Lake Kinneret as a case study. It is a first attempt of calculating an index of stability for each of the five main taxonomic groups of the Kinneret phytoplankton (Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Cyanophyta and Dinophyta), and for the entire community. A simple statistical approach to calculate the stability index was devised, using phytoplankton wet-weight biomass as the parameter being manipulated. The period 1970–1979 was selected as a reference period. The following stability indices were established and applied (each at three time scales): (1) a stability index for each of five main taxonomic groups; (2) a combined index of the stability, aggregating the stabilities of the individual taxonomic groups and (3) a stability index of entire community based on total phytoplankton biomass. The dynamics of these indices during 1969–2011 were examined. Destabilization of the community structure was triggered by an increase in the variability of Bacillariophyta biomass shortly after the reference period, in 1981–1983. Only 10 years later, the community destabilization become associated with progressively increasing biomass of Cyanobacteria. Dinophyta were the last to destabilize in the mid 1990s. Despite notable changes in the community structure, the total phytoplankton biomass remained relatively stable. Therefore, in 1969–2011 the stability index based on total phytoplankton biomass was higher than the combined index based on the stabilities of the individual taxonomic groups. Only weak relationships were found between the stability index values and potential driving forces (lake water level fluctuations and nutrient loads). While this approach was applied to Lake Kinneret, the concept presented is not lake specific and could be applied to other lakes.     

喀斯特石漠化区生态保护红线划定——以贵州省威宁县为例

科学划定喀斯特石漠化区生态保护红线,对于维护区域生态安全,促进经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。选择水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性维护3种生态系统服务功能以及水土流失、石漠化2种生态环境敏感性指标,构建喀斯特石漠化区生态保护红线划定方法。以贵州省威宁县为例,结合第二次全国土地调查数据和相关规划等数据,划定生态保护红线,并从生态用地、植被覆盖度与人类扰动指数三个方面评价划定效果。结果表明：（1）威宁县生态系统综合服务功能以极重要为主,占研究区总面积的40.57%。生态环境综合敏感性以敏感为主,占总面积的67.86%。优化调整后生态保护红线面积1496.13 km²,占全县面积的23.75%,红线内生态用地面积占比高于非生态用地面积占比20%以上。（2）近些年贵州省退耕还林、岩溶地区石漠化综合治理和草海自然保护区生态修复等工程的实施,威宁县植被覆盖显著增加,红线内NDVI基本不变区、轻微改善区和明显改善区面积占比达到88.42%,红线范围内植被覆盖呈增加趋势。（3）红线内人类扰动指数低于红线外人类扰动指数,雪山镇、麻乍镇需控制红线范围内人类扰动,确保生态用地性质不改变,加强生态保护和监管。威宁县生态保护红线划定研究可为其他石漠化地区红线划定及划定效果评价提供参考。     

基于GIS的关键性生态空间辨识——以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例

生态空间承担着维持区域生态平衡的使命,并为社会提供持续不断的生态空间服务,是区域土地生态能持续地提供自然空间服务的基本保障。以自然生态环境脆弱的鄱阳湖生态经济区为研究区,结合国内外学者的相关实践经验和研究成果,基于RS和GIS等相关空间信息技术,通过生态系统服务功能重要性评价和生态系统敏感性评价方法,因地制宜地选取了相应评价指标,以栅格为单元辨识了鄱阳湖生态经济区关键性生态空间。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖生态经济区关键性生态空间面积为27751.25 km~2,占研究区总面积的52.55%,其中底线型生态空间面积为17125.31 km~2,占研究区总面积三分之一,危机型生态空间面积为4431.19 km~2,占研究区总面积的8.39%,缓冲型生态空间面积为6194.75 km~2,占研究区总面积的11.73%。在现状土地利用生态安全冲突分析中,有14.29%的耕地、9.31%的建设用地处于关键性生态区内。     

旅游型乡村生态空间演化与重构——以茶陵县卧龙村为例

旅游型乡村生态空间系统重构是乡村可持续发展的关键。以典型旅游型乡村茶陵县卧龙村为例,结合PRA方法（Participatory Rural Appraisl,又称参与性乡村评估）反演生态空间不同发展阶段并分析其演变特征,运用生态敏感性评价及最小阻力模型等定量方法系统分析生态空间构成要素,探索生态空间重构方法。研究表明：卧龙村生态空间由6个生态源地、15条生态廊道和22个生态节点构成,各类要素存在空间分布不均衡,空间结构不合理,生态功能不强等问题。按生态空间发展的四个阶段分析,其演变特征呈现出明显的规模递减性、时空差异性和功能复合性。可采取新增源地、调整廊道、提升节点等措施,构建以7个生态源地、14条生态廊道和19个生态节点为主的生态空间重构路径,对空间要素采取分类管控、生态空间结构优化及生态规划引导等措施。生态空间重构研究可为乡村生态保护和乡村振兴战略实施提供理论参考与案例借鉴。     

Expanding ecological appropriation approach: Solar space method and a case study in Yangzhou city,East China

In this paper, the authors made an attempt to measure appropriation of ecosystems more reasonably and effectively based on examining the advantages and disadvantages of emergy analysis and ecological footprint. By combining emergy analysis with ecological footprint (EF) in terms of spatial equivalent of energy productivity, a new method of solar space (SS) and its calculating framework was proposed, and some necessary parameters for this method of analysis were calculated. A case study was followed under this calculating framework for Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province, Eastern China, using the data of the year 2000. The main results are as follows: (1) The ecological space in Yangzhou city includes earth surface space and solar space, and their demands were bigger than their supply. In the year of 2000, the earth surface space had an absolute deficit of 2.3063E?02 Ga-ha per capita (global hectares), and the solar space had an absolute deficit of 1.4944E?04 Sa-ha per capita (solar hectares). (2) There was a relative ecological deficit of 3.68% in earth surface space, and that of 154.86% in solar space. (3) Only freshwater areas and built-up areas were in a state of surplus, and there was a relative ecological surplus of 82.66% for freshwater areas, being greater than that for built-up areas. (4) The ranking of absolute ecological deficit in a descending order was as follows: solar space > arable land > pasture > forest > marine area > garden land, while the relative ecological deficit was the following: solar space > pasture land > forest land > arable land > garden land, except marine areas.A qualitative comparison of methodology was made between solar space method and ecological footprint according to their capability to describe the temporal-spatial characteristics of ecosystems appropriation. Moreover, a quantitative comparison was also conducted to show their differences in applicability to the assessment of ecosystems appropriation. It was shown that the calculating results from solar space method were bigger than that from ecological footprint because the former supplemented additional items of appropriation omitted by the later and included some new items of indirect appropriation that were excluded by the later. It is found that the new measure of solar space operates well as an indicator of the city's appropriation to ecosystems.     

The potential ecological costs and cobenefits of REDD: a critical review and case study from the Amazon region

The United Nations climate treaty may soon include a mechanism for compensating tropical nations that succeed in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, source of nearly one fifth of global carbon emissions. We review the potential for this mechanism [reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)] to provoke ecological damages and promote ecological cobenefits. Nations could potentially participate in REDD by slowing clear‐cutting of mature tropical forest, slowing or decreasing the impact of selective logging, promoting forest regeneration and restoration, and expanding tree plantations. REDD could also foster efforts to reduce the incidence of forest fire. Potential ecological costs include the accelerated loss (through displaced agricultural expansion) of low‐biomass, high‐conservation‐value ecosystems, and substitution of low‐biomass vegetation by monoculture tree plantations. These costs could be avoided through measures that protect low‐biomass native ecosystems. Substantial ecological cobenefits should be conferred under most circumstances, and include the maintenance or restoration of (1) watershed functions, (2) local and regional climate regimes, (3) soils and biogeochemical processes, (4) water quality and aquatic habitat, and (5) terrestrial habitat. Some tools already being developed to monitor, report and verify (MRV) carbon emissions performance can also be used to measure other elements of ecosystem function, making development of MRV systems for ecological cobenefits a concrete possibility. Analysis of possible REDD program interventions in a large‐scale Amazon landscape indicates that even modest flows of forest carbon funding can provide substantial cobenefits for aquatic ecosystems, but that the functional integrity of the landscape's myriad small watersheds would be best protected under a more even spatial distribution of forests. Because of its focus on an ecosystem service with global benefits, REDD could access a large pool of global stakeholders willing to pay to maintain carbon in forests, thereby providing a potential cascade of ecosystem services to local stakeholders who would otherwise be unable to afford them.     

An integrated data envelopment analysis and emergy-based ecological footprint methodology in evaluating sustainable development,a case study of Jiangsu Province,China

Many cities are experiencing rapid urbanization and ecological degradation, which has resulted in unsustainable development. It is essential to conduct a scientifically rigorous method to assess the regional sustainability. Among many indicators, eco-efficiency could be an effective instrument to promote a transformation towards sustainability. This study applied the emergy ecological footprint analysis and data envelopment analysis to evaluate the eco-efficiency using data collected from 1993 to 2012 for Jiangsu Province, China. The results showed that Jiangsu’s emergy ecological footprint and ecological deficit experienced an ascending trend in general during the period 1993–2012, indicating that the regional development of Jiangsu has been moving away from sustainability for a long time. In six types of biologically productive areas, fossil land and arable were the major parts of emergy ecological footprint. Furthermore, the growth of green gross domestic product was only about 52% of the conventional gross domestic product, and the pollutants emission, energy and resources consumption increased yearly as the gross domestic product increased. Finally, the result of the data envelopment analysis model showed that the effective years only accounted for 20% during the 20 years. In the inefficient years, biological resources, energy resources, pollutant emission (wastewater, gas and solid) and labor were overmuch, and the efficiency of fund usage achieved the optimal in Jiangsu Province. Therefore, improving the level of agricultural modernization, increasing the proportion of non-fossil energy, developing renewable energy and reducing pollutant emission are recommended to promote the regional sustainability.     

快速城市化地区生态网络构建与优化——以北京市大兴区为例

快速城市化直接导致生境日益破碎化,景观连通性和生态系统稳定性降低,环境不断恶化。构建完善的生态网络能够有效缓解快速城市化带来的系列生态环境问题,是城市生态系统修复、生物多样性保护的重要途径。以北京市大兴区为例,基于2019年6-8月高分辨率遥感影像分类解译提取的土地覆盖数据,应用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)和景观连通性评价方法识别提取了生态源地,通过构建生态阻力面和运用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)识别了潜在生态廊道并应用重力模型对廊道系统进行了重要性分级,最后采用网络指数对研究区生态网络进行评价和优化,提出了有针对性的生态网络优化对策。结果表明:研究区核心区面积为349.42km²,占研究区总面积的33.73%;生态源地16块,总面积85.15km²,占总面积的8.2%;潜在生态廊道120条、生态节点49个,其中一级生态廊道39条、二级生态廊道81条。在生态网络优化方面,新增4块生态源地、70条规划生态廊道和17个生态节点,规划建设20处"踏脚石",识别修复72个主要生态断裂点。实施这些优化措施后,网络闭合(α)指数、点线率(β)指数、网络连接度(γ)指数均有所提高,表明生态网络连接度得到有效优化。研究区虽具备较丰富的绿地资源,但在快速城市化过程中出现了生态斑块破碎化、分布不均衡、连通性较差等生态问题,生态源地和廊道主要分布在西部、南部永定河流域绿地以及东南部平原造林区,应重点加强研究区中北部的生态建设与修复。生态网络的构建与优化对于该区域生态系统修复、生物多样性保护具有重要意义,也可为其他快速城市化地区生态建设与优化修复、生态空间可持续发展提供参考借鉴。     

城市生态空间演变规律及调控机制——以南京市为例

长三角地区自20世纪90年代后期以来,大城市向外扩张及郊区城市化作用共同推动城市空间的加速扩展,在政府干预下,生产、生活性用地与生态性用地间表现出复杂的双向流动特征. 鉴于生态性用地在城市生态系统中的服务功能,以及人文因素在解释城市土地利用/土地覆盖变化中的重要意义,有必要针对人类干预下的城市生态性用地时空和质量演化过程进行系统研究.利用1986、1996、2002年TM影像解译的南京市土地利用数据,研究南京市城生态空间数量增减和质量变化,从经济发展阶段、宏观政策环境和城市扩展规律等方面分析变化的驱动力,揭示政府干预下生态空间的结构和功能演变规律,并提出生态空间保护对策.结果表明:(1)研究期内生态空间面积总体保持平衡,其中绿色空间有所增长,蓝色空间有所下降;(2)生态空间的服务功能下降,景观格局上总体呈现破碎化、人工化趋势;(3)空间分布上,城市扩展前缘的主城区生态空间数量和质量下降严重,而属于城乡交错地区的都市发展区在退耕还林和农业经济结构变化等影响下生态空间数量有所上升,水面及洲滩湿地等高生态服务价值生态空间消失或蚕食,造成生态服务功能下降.研究发现,简单的面积指数难以控制生态空间的服务功能下降,生态空间保护必须依靠政府的多方面干预和调控行为.研究可为政府决策提供科学依据,丰富城市生态安全的空间策略研究内容.