稻瘟病拮抗菌株的分离、筛选及鉴定

从水稻病健叶、茎和根组织以及稻田土壤中共分离得到细菌菌株321株。经发酵法初筛,对稻瘟病菌丝生长有抑制作用的有57株,再通过平板对峙法复筛,具有强烈拮抗作用的菌株有5株,其抑菌距离达16mm以上。分别对5个菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化指标进行鉴定,结果有1株(No.156)为Bacillus subtilis,2株(No.171和No.177)为Bacillus pumillus,2株(No.192和No.279)为Bacillus ploymyxa。     

一株高产Monacolin K紫红曲霉菌株筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为从天然发酵红曲米中分离的30株红曲霉菌株中筛选高产MonacolinK的菌株,并对其产MonacolinK的发酵条件进行优化。实验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)筛选到9株具有产MonacolinK能力的红曲霉菌株,其中以编号ZX26的菌株产MonacolinK能力最高,发酵液中Monacolin K产量达到107.6mg/L,并且产MonacolinK能力具有良好的稳定性。微生物形态学结合ITS基因同源性分析结果表明,编号ZX26菌株为紫红曲霉。进一步采用单因素试验和正交试验法优化紫红曲霉ZX26产MonacolinK的发酵条件,结果表明在培养基组分为葡萄糖70g/L,牛肉膏15g/L,NaNO32g/L,MgSO4·7H2O0.5g/L,KH2PO41.5g/L时,其最优发酵条件为:发酵初始pH4.0,接种量为7%,培养温度30℃,发酵10天,在此条件下,紫红曲霉ZX26发酵液中MonacolinK产量达到271.36mg/L,相对于培养条件优化前MonacolinK产量提高152.19%,经验证此培养条件下MonacolinK产量最佳。     

产帕曲星菌株的选育、抗菌物质纯化及结构鉴定

链霉菌SIPI—A．2020是本实验室分离保藏的一株可能产生帕曲星的放线菌,本文对此菌株培养与发酵、抗菌活性物质的分离纯化及其结构验证进行了研究。经过菌种选育与发酵条件优化,与出发菌株相比,主要发酵产物X的发酵效价提高89．3％;通过对发酵液的分离纯化,得到了HPLC纯度分别为96．3％和95．6％的两个组分,经进一步UV、MS、NMR等分析,验证其为帕曲星B和帕曲星A。     

1株高产多糖红曲霉菌株的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

从市售红曲米和红腐乳中分离纯化得到56株红曲霉菌株,通过摇瓶发酵试验筛选出1株胞外多糖产量为4.73 g/L的红曲霉菌株M-6;依据形态特征、生理生化特征和ITS序列将菌株M-6鉴定为红色红曲霉（Monascus rubber）。并对其部分生物学特性进行了研究。     

S-苯乙醇高产菌株的筛选及鉴定

以苯乙酮为底物,从成都某化工厂污水池及其附近土壤中分离到224株可将苯乙酮不对称还原成S-苯乙醇的菌株。经过多次复筛,最终获得了1株具有较高催化活性的酵母菌bs5-1。在以该菌株的静息细胞为催化剂不对称苯乙酮合成S-苯乙醇的反应中,当底物浓度为80 mmol/L、静息细胞量为0.1 g/mL、添加的辅助底物葡萄糖浓度为2%、转化体系初始pH值为6.8、转化温度为30℃的条件下,转化48 h获得的底物转化率为43.02%,产物S-苯乙醇的e.e.值为96.84%。通过对其形态学、生理生化特征及其26S rDNA D1/D2区域的分析表明,bs5-1为胶红酵母。     

高产γ-PGA菌株的分离筛选与菌种初步鉴定

从高温处理过的腐乳和豆豉中分离到一系列单菌落,通过不同的培养基初筛、复筛,得到一株高产-γPGA的菌株N6,根据《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》和《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》第九版,对N6进行了形态和生理生化特征的分析,以及对产物进行了红外光谱法测定,初步鉴定该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。     

高产壳聚糖酶菌株的筛选及分类鉴定

目的：筛选一株高产壳聚糖酶的菌株。方法：通过形态学、生理生化及16S rDNA序列测定,对菌株进行分类鉴定。在培养基中以壳聚糖为唯一碳源,对长白山天池边的土样进行筛选。结果：获得一株产壳聚糖酶活力较高的菌株,最大酶活力达0．325U／ml。结论：经16S rDNA序列比对,该菌株与Beta proteobacterium的同源性高达99％。结合《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》（第九版）,将该菌株鉴定为Beta proteobacterium属的一个种,定名为Beta proteobacterium sp．T1。     

高产壳聚糖酶菌株的筛选及分类鉴定

目的在于筛选一株高产壳聚糖酶的菌株,通过形态学、生理生化及16SrDNA序列测定,对菌株进行分类鉴定。对长白山天池边的土样进行筛选,获得一株产壳聚糖酶活力较高的菌株,最大酶活力达0．325U／mL。经16SrDNA序列比对,该菌株与Beta proteobacterium的同源性高达99％。结合《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》（第9版）,将该菌株鉴定为Beta proteobacterium属的一个种,定名为Betaproteobac-tenure sp．T1。     

饲料乳酸菌的分离鉴定及优良菌株筛选

对从饲料玉米、高粱、麦秆及棉花中筛选出的乳酸菌进行分类鉴定和综合性分析。用MRS+CaCO3固体培养基从棉花中分离出乳酸菌18株、高粱中30株、饲料玉米中18株、麦秆中18株。经形态学、生理生化试验进行初步鉴定并按产酸试验,耐盐及耐酸试验挑选出32株产酸率强的乳酸菌对其进行16S rDNA分子鉴定。结果显示,32株菌都具有良好的耐盐、耐酸能力;经生理生化和16S rDNA基因序列鉴定可知32株乳酸菌分属于两个属,即乳杆菌属、肠球菌属,4个种,即干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacilluscasei)、肠道球菌(Entercoccus faecium)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、海氏肠球菌(Entercoccus hirae)。4种饲料原料中肠道球菌普遍存在。除了这种乳酸菌以外,棉花有干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、海氏肠球菌,玉米和麦秆内有植物乳杆菌。从饲料中筛选出4株具有较强产酸能力的乳酸菌,可进一步研发成青贮饲料添加剂。     

高产木聚糖酶菌株筛选、鉴定及产酶条件的研究

以半纤维素、桦木木聚糖为唯一碳源,两步透明圈法从10种混合土壤样品中,分离到一株木聚糖酶高产菌株HJ-04,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定为短小芽胞杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）;通过因素轮换试验和正交试验结果得出最佳培养基及发酵条件为：麸皮5%,玉米芯2%,KH2PO41%,MgSO4.7H2O0.5%,尿素0.2%,NH4NO30.1%,Tween-800.2%,起始pH为9,培养温度38℃,180r/min振荡培养60h,酶活力可达358.8IU/mL。在最适反应体系及反应条件下,酶活力高达942.4IU/mL。HJ-04所产木聚糖酶的最适作用温度为60℃,最适作用pH为6.5。对该酶酶学性质的研究结果表明,其将有望应用于食品及饲料工业。     

Cholestin inhibits cholesterol synthesis and secretion in hepatic cells (HepG2)

Hyperlipidemia is a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis and statins are widely used to treat patients with elevated levels of lipids in their plasma. Notwithstanding the proven benefits of statin drugs on both primary and secondary prevention of heart disease, the high cost of statin treatment, in addition to possible side effects such as liver function abnormalities, may limit their widespread use. We conducted a study on a natural product as an alternative to statin treatment. Cholestin, a dietary supplement, is prepared from rice fermented with red yeast (Monascus purpureus), which has been shown to significantly decrease total cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic subjects. Our objective was to determine the cellular effect of Cholestin on cholesterol synthesis in human hepatic cells (HepG2) and the mechanism by which it caused a change in lipid metabolism. Cholestin had a direct inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity (78–69% of control). Cholesterol levels in HepG2 cells treated with Cholestin (25–100 g/mL) were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner (81–45% of control, respectively). This reduction was associated with decreased synthesis and secretion of both unesterified cholesterol (54–31 and 33–14% of control, respectively) and cholesteryl ester (18–6 and 37–19% of control, respectively). These results indicate that one of the anti-hyperlipidemic actions of Cholestin is a consequence of an inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatic cells and provide the first documentation of a biomolecular action of red yeast rice.     

Isolation and Characterization of Strains Defective in Vacuolar Ornithine Permease inNeurospora crassa

Vacuolar uptake of ornithine and lysine was characterized inNeurospora crassausing a cupric ion permeabilization system. Michaelis constants were measured as 1.4 mM for lysine and 11.0 mM for ornithine, and maximal velocities were determined. Vacuolar lysine uptake was shown to be inhibited competitively byl-arginine and histidine while ornithine uptake was inhibited by a variety of amino acids. Strains defective in the vacuolar ornithine permease were isolated using a filtration enrichment method. Two isolates—RSC-39 and RSC-63—had a reduced ability to accumulate ornithine. Vacuolar uptake of amino acids was measured using cupric ion-permeabilized mycelia; both strains had reduced ornithine uptake while lysine uptake and arginine uptake were normal. For both isolates, both the Michaelis constant and the maximal velocity for ornithine uptake were reduced compared to those of wild type. These results suggest that both strains are defective in the gene which encodes the vacuolar ornithine permease.     

Comparing Methods for Identifying Bacillus Strains Capable of Producing the Antifungal Lipopeptide Iturin A

Lipopeptides represent a unique class of bioactive microbial secondary metabolites, and iturin A shows attractive antibiotic properties among them. This study compares three methods, such as yeast/fungal growth inhibition assay, quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identifying a number of Bacillus species that produce iturin A. We examined the feasibility of screening iturin A-producing Bacillus strains by PCR using specific primers for ituD and lpa-14 amplification. Twenty standard strains and 120 field-collected Bacillus spp. isolates were tested in this study. Four B. subtilis and one B. circulan strains from ATCC, and B. amyloliquefaciens B128, a known iturin A producer, exhibited positive results. Of the 120 field-collected isolates, 42 strains were positive. The potential of producing iturin A by these PCR-positive strains were then confirmed by conventional methods such as fungal growth inhibition assay and HPLC analysis. The consistency between results of PCR, HPLC, and fungal growth inhibition assay suggests that the PCR method could be used as an alternative tool for fast screening of iturin A-producing Bacillus strains from the environment. This is the first report of detecting iturin A production from B. circulans.     

东亚飞蝗肠道内高产纤维素酶菌株筛选及鉴定

为微生物制剂生产筛选菌种资源。运用昆虫解剖技术取出东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)肠道,采用稀释涂板法对肠道内的菌种进行分离,并利用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)改良培养基初筛产纤维素酶菌株。结果表明,从东亚飞蝗肠道内共分离得到12株产纤维素酶菌株,均为细菌,并对纤维素酶活较高的菌株K005进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,通过菌落及菌体形态特征、生理生化特性、16S r DNA序列测定结果,将该菌株鉴定为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

Acht neue Arten der GattungAnthemis (Compositae) aus Persien

The following species are described as new:Anthemis mazandaranica in N. and NW. Iran is allied toA. coelopoda; A. moghanica in NW. Iran is close toA. candidissima andA. sintenisii; A. atropatana also in NW. Iran is similar toA. hyalina; A. gracilis in W. Iran is close toA. plebeia; A. bushehrica in SW. Iran is similar toA. susiana; andA. rhodocentra in S. and E. Iran and in Pakistan is akin toA. austro-iranica, A. gayana, andA. kandaharica.

Anschrift des Herausgebers: Hofrat Univ.-Prof. Dr.Karl Heinz Rechinger, Beckgasse 22, A-1130 Wien, Österreich.     

Variation in wild populations of annual beet (Beta,Chenopodiaceae)

Among the morphological variation in wild annual populations of sect.Beta only tepal characters show a geographic pattern, and hence can be used to distinguish different taxa. Two morphological types correspond with taxa already described:B. macrocarpa (incl.B. bourgaei) has a Macaronesian and W. to E. Mediterranean andB. adanensis an E. Mediterranean distribution area. A third type in the Aegean region is not well known yet and possibly has to be included inB. macrocarpa. Both diploid and tetraploid (x = 9) cytotypes are found withinB. macrocarpa, the latter exclusively on the Canary Islands.     

Isolation,Biological Properties,and Spatial Structure of Antibiotic Loloatin A

A peptide antibiotic with cyanolytic activity was isolated from the IGM52 strain of the Brevibacillus laterosporus Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria. By ¹H NMR spectroscopy, this antibiotic was identified as loloatin A, a cyclic decapeptide cyclo(-Asn-Asp-Tyr-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Tyr-Pro-Phe-D-Phe-). The spatial structure of loloatin A in solution was determined.     

Screening of yeasts for cell-free production of (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol

105 yeast strains from 10 genera and 40 species were evaluated for cell-free production of (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC), the chiral precursor in the manufacture of the pharmaceuticals ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Carboligase activity of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), forming PAC from benzaldehyde and pyruvate, was found in extracts of 98 strains. PAC was not formed from benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, an activity of bacterial PDCs from Zymomonas mobilis and Zymobacter palmae. Two interesting groups of candidates were identified in the yeast screening: carboligase activities of Schizosaccharomyces pombe PDCs were very low but showed best resistance to pre-incubation with acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde; and highest carboligase activities combined with medium resistance were found in strains of Candida utilis, C. tropicalis and C. albicans.     

Nomenclatural consequences of some recent studies on Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera,Brachionidae)

Recent studies on morphology, karyotype, genetics including allozyme constitution and reproductive behaviour of S- and L-type B. plicatilis showed that these types are best treated as different species. A reexamination of existing available names revealed B. plicatilis O. F. Müller, 1786 and B. rotundiformis Tschugunoff, 1921 as the correct names for the L- and S-type, respectively.