妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者的预后情况及其影响因素分析

目的:分析妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者的预后情况及其影响因素。方法:将2010年1月至2012年12月期间贵州省贵阳市妇幼保健院、贵州省医科大学和贵州省肿瘤医院收治的妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者60例作为研究组,选择同期收治的非妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者60例作为对照组,比较两组5年生存率和临床病理特征,并应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析患者预后的影响因素。结果:研究组5年生存率为61.67%(37/60),5年无病生存率为46.67%(28/60),均低于对照组的81.67%(49/60),73.33%(44/60)(P0.05)。研究组肿瘤最大直径、腋淋巴结转移率、TNM分期为III期的比例、雌激素受体阳性率、Ki67细胞阳性率≥20%的比例均高于对照组(P0.05),两组孕激素受体阳性率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。单因素分析显示妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者总生存期与肿瘤最大直径、TNM分期、Ki67细胞阳性率≥20%的比例、腋淋巴结转移率有关(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,TNM分期为III期、Ki67细胞阳性率≥20%、腋淋巴结转移是影响妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者预后的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌患者的预后较差,TNM分期为III期、Ki67细胞阳性率≥20%、腋淋巴结转移是影响患者预后的危险因素,对于临床防治具有重要的启示作用。     

人乳头状瘤病毒感染与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征和Ki-67、PCNA的关系

目的:研究人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征和Ki-67、细胞增殖抗原(PCNA)的相关性,从而为临床宫颈癌的诊治提供参考依据。方法:选取2016年3月～2018年6月于我院接受手术治疗的宫颈病变患者130例为研究对象。其中宫颈癌患者30例记为宫颈癌组,宫颈上皮内瘤变患者68例记为宫颈上皮内瘤变组,慢性宫颈炎患者32例记为对照组。采用免疫组织化学法检测各组宫颈组织中HPV感染、Ki-67以及PCNA阳性表达情况,并分析HPV与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征的关系及其与Ki-67、PCNA的相关性。结果:宫颈癌组、宫颈上皮内瘤变组患者HPV、Ki-67以及PCNA阳性率均高于对照组,宫颈癌组高于宫颈上皮内瘤变组(均P0.05)。临床分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期以及淋巴结转移宫颈癌患者HPV感染率均明显高于临床分期Ⅰ～Ⅱ期与无淋巴结转移患者(均P0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析可得:宫颈癌患者HPV感染与Ki-67、PCNA表达均呈正相关关系(均P0.05)。结论:宫颈癌患者存在明显的HPV感染,且HPV感染与宫颈癌患者临床分期、淋巴结转移、Ki-67、PCNA表达存在一定相关性,临床可通过对HPV、Ki-67、PCNA进行联合检测,从而有助于宫颈癌的早期诊断。     

肿瘤淋巴管入侵与无淋巴结转移膀胱癌复发及预后的相关性分析

目的:分析肿瘤淋巴管入侵与无淋巴结转移膀胱癌复发和预后之间的关系。方法:选取临床资料完整的膀胱癌病例72例,分为淋巴结转移组(32例)和无淋巴结转移组(40例)。采用Spearman相关分析探讨淋巴管入侵与膀胱癌复发和预后的相关性,应用Kaplan-Meier法描绘生存曲线,Cox比例危险度模型筛选影响膀胱癌患者预后的因素。结果:在72例膀胱癌组织中,淋巴管入侵的阳性率是48.6%(35/72),淋巴管入侵的阳性率随肿瘤分期和分级增加而显著升高(P0.05);淋巴结转移组的淋巴管入侵阳性率为68.8%(22/32),显著高于无淋巴结转移的32.5%(13/40)。淋巴管入侵与膀胱癌的临床分期、分级、淋巴结转移以及无淋巴结转移膀胱癌复发均显著相关(P0.05)。淋巴管入侵阴性的患者的五年总体生存率显著高于淋巴管入侵阳性者,淋巴管入侵是无淋巴结转移膀胱癌复发和预后不良的危险因素。结论:肿瘤淋巴管入侵与膀胱癌临床分期和淋巴结转移密切相关,并影响膀胱癌患者的总体生存率,可作为无淋巴结转移膀胱癌复发和预后的预测因素。     

宫颈癌患者外周血循环肿瘤细胞检测的意义

目的:通过分析宫颈癌患者的临床资料与循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)之间的关系,评估其在宫颈癌患者诊疗过程中的临床意义。方法:回顾性分析我院2017年3月至2018年6月行机器人辅助下宫颈癌根治术的病例共82例,术前术后分别行CTC检测,分析CTC阳性率及CTC水平与临床参数的相关性。结果:不同病理类型、分化程度、脉管侵犯、淋巴转移及临床分期宫颈癌患者术前及术后CTC阳性率及CTC水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。当宫颈癌浸润深度≥5 mm时,CTC的阳性率及CTC水平明显升高,CTC阳性率的差异仅在术前有统计学意义(P0.05);而CTC水平的差异在术前及术后均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CTC的阳性表达及水平与肿瘤的浸润深度密切相关。检测宫颈癌患者CTC水平可为宫颈癌的诊治及预后评估提供重要参考价值。     

血清AFP、CEA与肝癌患者临床病理分期和预后的关系及其诊断价值分析

目的:探讨血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)与肝癌患者临床病理分期和预后的关系及其诊断价值。方法:选取2010年3月至2014年4月期间我院就诊的90例肝癌患者作为肝癌组,并选择同期在我院进行体检的90例健康体检者作为健康组。统计两组的血清AFP、CEA水平及阳性率,比较不同TNM分期肝癌患者的血清AFP和CEA水平。分析肝癌患者的5年无复发生存率以及血清AFP和CEA水平对肝癌的诊断价值。结果:与健康组相比,肝癌组血清AFP、CEA水平及阳性率明显升高(P0.05)。Ⅳ期血清AFP和CEA水平最高,其次Ⅲ期,Ⅱ期次之,Ⅰ期最低(P0.05)。血清AFP、CEA阳性患者5年无复发生存率明显低于血清AFP、CEA阴性患者(P0.05),血清AFP、CEA联合诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性。结论:肝癌患者的血清AFP和CEA水平升高,并随TNM分期增加而上调。血清AFP阳性以及CEA阳性患者的5年无复发生存率明显下降,血清AFP联合血清CEA检测在肝癌诊断中具有一定的临床价值。     

检测pT_(1-4a)N_(1-3)M_0期胃癌淋巴结微转移检测的临床意义

目的:探讨胃癌淋巴结微转移及临床病理因素对p T1-4aN1-3M0期胃癌患者术后5年无瘤生存率的影响。方法:选取我院2009年1月至12月期间胃肠外科单一手术组行D2胃癌根治术p T1-4aN1-3M0期患者63例1427枚HE染色阴性淋巴结,应用免疫组化法检测这些淋巴结中CK19表达,观察微转移的情况并分析发生微转移的胃癌患者临床病理特征及对患者5年无瘤生存率的影响。结果:临床病理分期p T1-4aN1-3M0胃癌患者中,经免疫组化染色,1427枚HE常规染色阴性淋巴结中CK19阳性表达率为15.49%(221/1427);63例胃癌患者中CK19表达阳性率39.68%(25/63);术后随访时间5.6~68.5月(平均时间43.88月),淋巴结中CK19阴性表达、阳性表达患者的总5年生存率分别为52.63%、28.00%;两者无瘤生存率差异有统计学意义(x2=8.677,P=0.003)。淋巴结CK19阳性表达与胃癌患者的肿瘤直径(P0.05)、浸润胃壁深度(P0.05)有关。COX生存回归分析显示淋巴结微转移为独立预后因素。25例患者发现淋巴结微转移并推荐再分期,再分期率39.68%(25/63)。结论:p T1-4aN1-3M0期胃癌病人,CK-19免疫组化法染色能检出常规HE染色阴性淋巴结中的微转移,有助于细化分期、判断预后及指导治疗。     

卵巢癌组织ERCC1、Vimentin表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系分析

目的:探讨卵巢癌组织切除修复交叉互补基因(ERCC1)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法:选取2015年3月～2016年2月期间首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院收治的卵巢癌患者83例为研究对象,收集每位患者的卵巢癌组织样本、癌旁正常组织样本,采用免疫组化SP法对各组织标本中的ERCC1、Vimentin的阳性表达率、表达水平进行检测,并分析ERCC1、Vimentin表达与卵巢癌临床病理特征间的关系,并对患者进行统一的手术治疗,分析ERCC1、Vimentin阳性表达组与阴性表达组患者的预后。结果:卵巢癌组织的ERCC1、Vimentin的阳性表达率分别为54.22%(45/83)、69.88%(58/83),高于癌旁正常组织的9.64%(8/83)、20.48%(17/83),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。卵巢癌组织的ERCC1、Vimentin的表达水平均高于癌旁正常组织(P0.05)。ERCC1、Vimentin的阳性表达率与卵巢癌患者的年龄、病灶直径、病理分型无关,而与卵巢癌肿瘤的临床分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移有关。ERCC1、Vimentin阳性表达组患者的无进展生存期(PFS)、总体生存期(OS)均短于ERCC1、Vimentin阴性表达组(P0.05)。结论:ERCC1、Vimentin的表达水平与卵巢癌的分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移有关,在卵巢癌的发生发展过程中起重要作用,ERCC1、Vimentin可能作为卵巢癌患者预后评估的参考指标。     

非小细胞肺癌Survivin，Skp2和XIAP mRNA的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)生存素(Survivin)、S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)和X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)mRNA的表达及其临床意义。方法:收集2014年4月到2017年5月期间我院182例NSCLC患者在手术中切除的病理组织作为研究组,另收集每例患者癌变组织旁5cm以外的癌旁组织作为对照组。比较两组的Survivin、Skp2和XIAP mRNA阳性率,并分析Survivin、Skp2和XIAP mRNA表达与临床病理特征的关系。结果:研究组的Survivin、Skp2和XIAP mRNA阳性率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Survivin m RNA的阳性表达与年龄、性别、组织类型、分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移、吸烟史无关(P0.05)。Skp2 mRNA的阳性表达与年龄、性别、组织类型、分化程度、淋巴结转移、吸烟史无关(P0.05),与临床分期相关(P0.05)。XIAP mRNA的阳性表达与年龄、性别、组织类型、分化程度、吸烟史无关(P0.05),与临床分期、淋巴结转移相关(P0.05)。结论:Survivin、Skp2和XIAP m RNA在NSCLC患者的病理组织中呈高表达,Skp2 m RNA的阳性表达与临床分期有关,XIAP mRNA的阳性表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移有关。     

EGFR在晚期声门上型喉鳞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究表皮生长因子受体(epidermalgrowth factorreceptor,EGFR)在晚期声门上型喉鳞癌组织中的表达情况及其与临床各相关因素的关系,探讨EGFR能否作为判断晚期声门上喉鳞癌患者预后的预测性指标。方法:收集我院2004年1月~2008年4月共52例晚期(Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期)声门上型喉鳞癌患者手术后切除的肿瘤组织,应用免疫组化技术检测EGFR表达情况,运用统计学方法,结合临床资料分析其与肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移、病理分化程度、生存率及术后放疗对预后的影响等临床病理特征的关系。结果:EGFR在晚期声门上型喉鳞癌组织中存在阳性表达,阳性表达物质呈棕黄色,表达率为76.92%(40/52),其中过表达率为44.23%。EGFR的表达与晚期声门上型喉鳞癌患者的年龄、性别、吸烟无关,与浸润程度(P=0.005),淋巴结转移数目(P=0.018),TNM分期(P=0.003),病理分化程度(P=0.011)有关。单因素分析得出EGFR表达程度、T、N分期以及病理分化程度是影响无复发生存时间的危险因素(P0.05),T、N分期、病理分化程度是影响总生存时间的危险因素(P0.05)。多因素分析显示只有肿瘤浸润程度(T分期)和淋巴结转移(N分期)是影响无复发生存时间和总生存时间的独立预后因素。EGFR的阴性表达组与阳性表达组的3年、5年生存率不具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:EGFR在晚期声门上型喉鳞癌组织中存在过表达,证实了EGFR的过度表达与肿瘤的侵袭、转移相关,检测其表达水平对晚期喉癌的个体化治疗、靶向治疗有重要参考价值。但EGFR尚不能作为晚期声门上型喉鳞癌行手术及术后辅助放疗患者对无复发生存时间和总生存时间的预测指标。     

CAGE 基因mRNA水平表达与直肠癌关系的初步研究

目的:探讨直肠癌组织中癌相关基因(cancer-associated gene,CAGE)mRNA水平表达与直肠癌发生及临床分期、淋巴结转移的关系。方法:对我院2014年2月-2014年10月间肠镜室检查的标本,按病理检查结果分为3组:直肠癌组(80例;为直肠癌患者标本),大肠腺瘤组(38例;为大肠腺瘤患者标本),对照组(40例;为距肿瘤边缘10 cm以上标本)。采用RT-PCR法检测并比较各组CAGE在mRNA水平表达情况。甲基化特性PCR法(methylation-specific PCR,MSP)检测CAGE基因启动子的甲基化情况。将直肠癌患者分为CAGE基因甲基化患者组和CAGE基因去甲基化患者组,比较两组临床分期和淋巴结转移率。结果:与对照组相比,直肠癌组和大肠腺瘤组的CAGE mRNA水平表达明显升高(P0.01);直肠癌组高于大肠腺瘤组(P0.01)。3组间的基因启动子区的去甲基化阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。在直肠癌组中,CAGE去甲基化阳性患者的淋巴结转移率为73.8%(48/65),CAGE去甲基化阴性患者的淋巴结转移率为33.3%(5/15),两者相比差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。临床分期为I-Ⅱ期的CAGE基因启动子区的去甲基化直肠癌患者占24.6%(16/65),临床分期为Ⅲ-Ⅳ期的占75.4%(49/65);而甲基化的直肠癌患者中,临床分期为I-Ⅱ期的占66.7%(10/15),Ⅲ-Ⅳ期的占33.3%(5/15),两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:直肠癌组织和大肠腺瘤组织中,CAGE mRNA水平呈高表达。直肠癌的CAGE基因mRNA水平表达高于正常粘膜组织和大肠癌腺瘤组织。CAGE基因启动子区的去甲基化与淋巴结转移及临床分期密切相关。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.