双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合肠内营养在机械通气患者中的应用

目的观察双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合肠内营养(EN)对机械通气患者营养状况及免疫调节的影响。方法选择我院98例行机械通气的患者为研究对象,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组49例。对照组给予EN治疗,治疗组在EN治疗基础上加用双歧杆菌四联活菌片治疗,1.5 g/次,3次/d。比较两组患者治疗前后血红白蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PAB)、外周血T淋巴细胞数、免疫球蛋白水平及机械通气时间、ICU住院时间。结果治疗后,两组患者Hb、Alb、PAB、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、IgG、IgA、IgM水平均有所上升。与对照组相比,治疗组患者Hb、Alb、TP、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、IgG、IgA、IgM水平均显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗组患者机械通气时间[(4.6±1.2)d]、ICU住院时间[(11.3±4.8)d]均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论双歧杆菌四联活菌片能够改善机械通气患者的营养状况,同时改善患者免疫功能,缩短患者机械通气时间及ICU住院时间。     

氯雷他定对急性支气管炎患儿免疫功能及炎症反应的影响

目的:分析氯雷他定对急性支气管炎患儿免疫功能及炎症反应的影响。方法:收集我院收治的急性支气管炎患儿100例,将其随机分为对照组与观察组,每组50例。对照组患儿给予常规治疗;观察组患儿给予常规治疗联合氯雷他定治疗。比较两组患儿治疗前后动脉氧分压(PaO_2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白介素-6(IL-6)水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组患儿PaO_2水平明显高于对照组,PaCO_2水平明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组患儿细胞免疫及体液免疫水平较治疗前比较均显著升高(P0.05),且观察组患儿CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、IgA、IgG及IgM水平明显高于对照组患儿(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿血清中PCT、CRP及IL-6水平均较治疗前显著降低,且观察组患儿上述炎症因子水平明显低于对照组患儿(P0.05)。结论:氯雷他定治疗小儿急性支气管炎可显著提高患儿的免疫功能,抑制炎症因子释放,缓解炎症反应,临床效果显著。     

重组人促红细胞生成素对血液透析患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响

目的:研究重组人促红细胞生成素对血液透析患者营养状态和免疫功能的影响。方法:选取2015年8月至2016年4月在我院进行维持性血液透析的患者共139名,随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组患者接受常规铁剂、叶酸等辅助治疗;观察组患者在常规治疗的基础上加用重组人促红细胞生成素。比较两组患者治疗前后血红蛋白、红细胞压积、营养状况(前白蛋白和转铁蛋白)以及免疫功能(CD4~+细胞、CD8~+细胞、CD4~+/CD8~+细胞和免疫球蛋白)等指标。结果:两组患者治疗前血红蛋白、红细胞压积、营养状况指标和免疫功能指标比较均没有统计学差异(P0.05)。治疗12周后,两组患者治疗后的血红蛋白、红细胞压积、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白均较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),且观察组患者以上指标较对照组升高更为明显(P0.05)。对照组患者治疗后的CD4~+细胞比例较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),但CD8~+细胞和CD4~+/CD8~+细胞比例没有显著变化(P0.05),而观察组治疗后这三类细胞的比例均较治疗前明显升高(P0.05)。观察组治疗后IgA、IgM和IgG浓度均较治疗前显著提升(P0.05),而对照组只有IgA和IgM浓度在治疗后有明显提高(P0.05),但仍显著低于观察组(P0.05)。结论:重组人促红细胞生成素能有效纠正血液透析患者的贫血情况,改善其营养状况并提高其免疫功能。     

老年支气管哮喘患者血清25-羟维生素D3浓度与免疫功能及肺功能的相关性研究

目的:研究老年支气管哮喘患者血清25-羟维生素D3[25-(OH)D3]浓度与免疫功能及肺功能的关系。方法:选取2016年1月至2017年12月我院收治的老年支气管哮喘患者96例作为研究组,根据肺功能检查结果分为轻度哮喘组(n=30)、中度哮喘组(n=38)和重度哮喘组(n=28),另选取同期在我院进行体检的健康老年人40例作为对照组。比较各组血清25-(OH)D3浓度、第一秒最大呼气量占用力肺活量百分比(FEV1/FVC)、FEV1占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+以及血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平,并分析血清25-(OH)D3与免疫功能指标及肺功能指标的相关性。结果:研究组血清25-(OH)D3浓度、FEV1%pred水平均低于对照组(P0.05),两组FEV1/FVC水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、血清IgA、IgM、IgG水平均低于对照组,CD8~+水平高于对照组(P0.05)。重度哮喘组血清25-(OH)D3、IgA、IgM、IgG水平、FEV1%pred、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均低于中度哮喘组和轻度哮喘组,中度哮喘组又低于轻度哮喘组(P0.05),重度哮喘组CD8~+水平高于中度哮喘组和轻度哮喘组,中度哮喘组又高于轻度哮喘组(P0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析可得:老年支气管哮喘患者血清25-(OH)D3与FEV1%pred、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、IgA、IgM、IgG均呈正相关(P0.05),与CD8~+呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:老年支气管哮喘患者的血清25-(OH)D3浓度显著降低,且与肺功能和免疫功能相关,25-(OH)D3浓度的检测可用于评估患者病情严重程度。     

小剂量糖皮质激素能有效调节急性胰腺炎患者的免疫功能

为了探讨小剂量糖皮质激素对急性胰腺炎患者免疫功能及血清炎性因子的影响,本研究选择了在我院接受治疗的70例急性胰腺炎患者作为研究对象,将其随机分为常规治疗组和小剂量甲基强的松治疗组,比较两组患者治疗前后免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞亚群因子以及血清炎性因子变化情况。治疗后两组患者CD3~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均明显高于治疗前,CD8~+明显低于治疗前(p0.05),IgA明显高于治疗前,IgG和IgM明显低于治疗前(p0.05);治疗后,小剂量组CD3~+、CD4~+/CD8~+明显高于常规治疗组(p0.05),CD8~+明显低于常规治疗组(p0.05),IgA、IgG和IgM与常规治疗组比较无明显差异(p0.05)。治疗后两组患者血浆炎性介质(IL-6,TNF-α,CRP)均明显降低,且小剂量组患者明显低于常规治疗组(p0.05)。在急性胰腺炎治疗早期应用小剂量的糖皮质激素治疗可有效调节患者的免疫功能,降低血浆中炎性介质的浓度,减轻全身炎症反应,值得临床推广应用。     

早期肠内营养对重症脑出血患者免疫功能和预后的影响

目的:研究早期肠内营养(EEN)对重症脑出血患者免疫功能和预后的影响。方法:选取2013年1月至2015年3月间我院收治的重症脑出血患者161例,依据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=77)和观察组(n=84),观察组患者入院12h~24h内予以肠内营养乳剂支持,对照组患者予普通鼻饲流食。所有患者于治疗前及治疗后采用GCS评估患者意识情况,检测血Alb、TP、PA、IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4~+T细胞、CD8~+T细胞及CD4~+/CD8~+水平,并观察治疗后患者并发症的发生率。结果:治疗后观察组Alb、TP、PA水平均显著高于对照组(均P0.05);治疗后观察组IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4~+T细胞、CD4~+/CD8~+水平均显著高于同期对照组,CD8~+T细胞显著低于同期对照组(均P0.05);治疗后观察组GCS评分显著高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者肺部感染率,消化道症状发生率略低于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:重症脑出血患者予以EEN治疗可明显改善其营养状况,有助于神经系统功能和免疫功能的恢复,改善预后,值得临床推广应用。     

TKI治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌患者免疫功能的变化及意义

目的:通过观察晚期非小细胞肺癌患者TKI治疗前后外周血IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C-反应蛋白及CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+细胞的表达变化,探讨TKI治疗对晚期非小细胞肺癌患者免疫功能的影响及意义。方法:检测TKI组30例非小细胞肺癌患者TKI治疗前、治疗一个月后外周血IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C-反应蛋白及CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+细胞表达水平,分析表达变化及与疗效的关系。30例非小细胞肺癌患者作为对照组。结果:治疗前,TKI组与对照组IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C-反应蛋白水平基本正常,但CD4+细胞数量减低、CD4+/CD8+比值较低、CD8+细胞数量增高,两组相比IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C-反应蛋白、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);TKI治疗一个月后,TKI组与对照组IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C-反应蛋白水平无明显变化,而CD4+细胞数量增多、CD4+/CD8+较前增高,CD8+细胞数量较前减低,两组相比CD3+、IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C-反应蛋白差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、CD8+差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:TKI治疗后,晚期非小细胞肺癌患者细胞免疫功能得到改善,体现在CD4+、CD8+细胞数量的变化上,且TKI治疗的疗效可通过比较外周血CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、CD8+细胞表达变化体现。     

左乙拉西坦治疗癫痫患儿的临床疗效及对免疫功能的影响

目的:探究左乙拉西坦对癫痫患儿的临床疗效以及对其免疫功能的影响。方法:选择2014年10月-2015年11月我院收治的癫痫患儿133例为研究对象,随机给予66例患者左乙拉西坦治疗,给予67例患者托吡酯治疗,两组均持续治疗3个月。检测两组治疗前后淋巴细胞亚群水平(CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+)、血清免疫球蛋白水平(IgA、IgM、IgG),观察分析两组临床疗效及在治疗过程中出现的不良反应。结果:左乙拉西坦组总有效率为93.94%,托吡酯组为89.55%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后左两组血清IgA、IgG、CD8~+水平均较治疗前降低(P0.05),且左乙拉西坦组显著低于托吡酯组(P0.05),而两组CD3~+、CD4~+、D4~+/CD8~+水平均明显上升(P0.05),且左乙拉西坦组显著高于托吡酯组(P0.05)。左乙拉西坦组总不良反应发生率为10.61%,显著低于托吡酯组的17.91%(P0.05)。结论:左乙拉西坦能够有效控制癫痫患儿的临床症状,用药安全可靠,同时能够有效改善患儿的免疫功能,值得在临床上推广使用。     

中西医结合治疗对肠梗阻患者免疫功能与炎症反应的影响

目的:探讨柴芩承气汤加减联合西医治疗对肠梗阻(IO)患者临床疗效、免疫功能及急性炎症反应的影响。方法:将486例肠梗阻患者随机分配为西医治疗组(对照组,n=243)与中西医结合治疗组(治疗组,n=243),对照组患者进行西医常规治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上应用柴芩承气汤加减治疗。治疗前后检测并比较两组患者血清前蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(Alb)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)变化,比较患者T淋巴细胞亚群的比例、血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)、乳果糖/甘露醇比值(L/M)变化。结果:治疗组临床疗效与临床症状改善显著高于对照组(P0.05);治疗组治疗后PA、Alb指标显著提高(P0.05),IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、WBC、CRP指标显著降低(P0.05);治疗组血浆DAO与L/M指标显著降低(P0.05);与本组治疗前比较,治疗组患者血清CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+与Ig A、Ig G指标显著提高(P0.05);与对照组同期比较,治疗组血清CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+与IgA指标显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:柴芩承气汤加减联合西医治疗肠梗阻可以显著减轻患者炎症反应,改善免疫功能,修复胃肠道黏膜,疗效显著。     

糖皮质激素联合吗替麦考酚酯分散片对系统性红斑狼疮患者的疗效及对免疫功能的影响

目的:研究糖皮质激素联合吗替麦考酚酯分散片治疗系统性红斑狼疮患者的临床疗效及对免疫功能的影响。方法:选取2014年9月至2015年8月本院收治的84例系统性红斑狼疮患者,根据投硬币法分为观察组和对照组,42例每组。对照组使用单纯的糖皮质激素,观察组在此基础上使用吗替麦考酚酯分散片。比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白(IgG)、免疫球蛋白(IgM)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床总有效率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前,两组患免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白(IgG)、免疫球蛋白(IgM)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者IgA、IgG、IgM、CRP、ESR水平均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),与对照相比,观察组的IgA、IgG、IgM、CRP、ESR明显降低(P0.05)。两组组的不良反应率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:糖皮质激素联合吗替麦考酚酯分散片能有效改善系统性红斑狼疮患者的免疫功能,临床疗效良好,安全性高。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.