Orexin能神经元在依托咪脂麻醉中的促觉醒作用

目的:观察orexin能神经元在依托咪脂麻醉中的促觉醒作用。方法:选择雄性SD大鼠36只,体重230～250g。将18只SD大鼠随机分为脂肪乳剂组(60 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)),依托咪脂麻醉(50 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1))30 min组和60 min组(每组n=6),用放射免疫法检测3组大鼠血浆中orexin含量;3天后,将脂肪乳剂组大鼠颈椎脱臼处死后灌注取脑,另外两组在依托咪脂麻醉下灌注取脑,采用免疫荧光双标染色,分别观察3组大鼠orexin神经元活性。另取18只SD大鼠随机分为乳酸林格氏液组,orexin-A 30 pmol组和100pmol组(每组n=6),记录大鼠翻正反射消失时间为麻醉诱导时间及翻正反射恢复时间为觉醒时间。结果:与脂肪乳剂组相比,依托咪脂麻醉30 min和60 min后,血浆orexin-A含量下降(P0.05),有活性的orexin神经元数目减少(P0.01);与依托咪脂麻醉30 min组相比,60 min组有活性的orexin神经元数目减少(P0.05),但血浆orexin-A含量与30 min组无差异(P0.05);与乳酸林格氏溶液组相比,基底前脑区微注射orexin-A 30 pmol或100 pmol对麻醉诱导无影响,但能显著缩短依托咪脂麻醉觉醒时间(P0.05,P0.01);但orexin-A 30 pmol组和100 pmol组诱导和觉醒时间比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:依托咪脂麻醉抑制大鼠下丘脑orexin神经元的活性,orexin-A对依托咪脂麻醉具有促觉醒作用。     

蓝斑区去甲肾上腺素能神经元在Orexin促麻醉觉醒中的作用研究

目的：探讨蓝斑区（LC）去甲肾上腺素能神经元在orexin促麻醉觉醒中作用。方法：应用异氟烷对成年SD大鼠进行麻醉,15分钟后,将SD大鼠随机分为6组,分别注射orexin-A/B（100pmol/0.3μL）及其溶剂saline（0.3μL）;orexin I型受体拮抗剂SB334867/II型受体拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29（20μg/0.3μL及其溶剂DMSO（0.3μL）,通过观察大鼠翻正反射的消失和恢复时间,研究蓝斑区微注射orexin及其拮抗剂对异氟烷麻醉的诱导和觉醒的影响。结果：蓝斑区（LC）微注射四种试剂或其溶剂均对SD大鼠异氟烷麻醉的诱导时间无明显影响;蓝斑区（LC）微注射orexin-A能缩短SD大鼠异氟烷麻醉觉醒时间（P〈0.001）,而微注射orexinI型拮抗剂SB334867能延长觉醒时间（P〈0.001）;orexin-B、orexin II型受体拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29对大鼠异氟烷麻醉的觉醒无明显影响。结论：蓝斑区（LC）的去甲肾上腺素能神经元介导了orexin的促麻醉觉醒作用。     

蓝斑区去甲肾上腺素能神经元在Orexin 促麻醉觉醒中的作用研究

目的：探讨蓝斑区(LC)去甲肾上腺素能神经元在orexin 促麻醉觉醒中作用。方法：应用异氟烷对成年SD 大鼠进行麻醉,15 分钟后,将SD 大鼠随机分为6 组,分别注射orexin-A/B (100pmol/0.3 滋L) 及其溶剂saline (0.3 滋L);orexin I 型受体拮抗剂 SB334867/ II型受体拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29(20 滋g/0.3 滋L及其溶剂DMSO(0.3 滋L),通过观察大鼠翻正反射的消失和恢复时间,研究 蓝斑区微注射orexin 及其拮抗剂对异氟烷麻醉的诱导和觉醒的影响。结果：蓝斑区(LC)微注射四种试剂或其溶剂均对SD 大鼠异 氟烷麻醉的诱导时间无明显影响;蓝斑区(LC)微注射orexin-A 能缩短SD 大鼠异氟烷麻醉觉醒时间(P<0.001),而微注射orexinI 型拮抗剂SB334867 能延长觉醒时间(P<0.001);orexin-B、orexin II型受体拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29 对大鼠异氟烷麻醉的觉醒无明显影 响。结论：蓝斑区(LC)的去甲肾上腺素能神经元介导了orexin 的促麻醉觉醒作用。     

Orexin-A介导histamine能神经系统促进氯胺酮麻醉觉醒

目的:探索氯胺酮麻醉下,Orexin神经信号是否激活结节乳头体核(Tuberomammillary Nucleus,TMN)促进大鼠氯胺酮麻醉觉醒。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠(体重230-280 g),在10%水合氯醛麻醉下(1 ml/kg,i.p.)进行以下实验:1TMN核团埋置微注射外套管,回笼单独饲养7天后,大鼠随机分为三组,分别为对照组(NS)、orexin-A组与orexin-B组。TMN核团分别双侧微注射NS(0.3μL)、orexin-A(100 pmol/0.3μL)及orexin-B(100 pmol/0.3μL)观察氯胺酮麻醉下(100 mg/kg,腹腔注射)大鼠诱导时间与觉醒时间;2上述实验7天后,大鼠随机分为三组,分别为溶剂DMSO组、SB334867组与TCS-OX2-29组,TMN核团分别双侧微注射DMSO(0.3μL)、orexin 1型受体(the orexin type 1 receptor,OX1R)的拮抗剂SB334867(20μg/0.3μL)和orexin 2型受体(the orexin type 2 receptor,OX2R)的拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29(20μg/0.3μL)观察氯胺酮麻醉下大鼠诱导时间与觉醒时间。结果:1各组大鼠的诱导时间无统计学差异。2在TMN核团微注射orexin-A与对照组相比明显缩短了大鼠的觉醒时间(43.17±6.31 min vs51.17±4.45 min,P0.05),而微注射orexin-B与对照组相比并没有明显影响大鼠的觉醒时间(50.33±3.50 min vs 51.17±4.45min,P0.05)。3TMN核团微注射OX1R拮抗剂SB334867较溶剂DMSO组延长了麻醉觉醒时间(60.83±8.84 min vs 49.00±5.73 min,P0.05),OX2R拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29与溶剂DMSO组相比并没有明显影响大鼠的觉醒时间(50.83±4.79 min vs 49.00±5.73 min,P0.05)。结论:本研究实验证据证实在氯胺酮麻醉下,orexin神经信号可能通过激活TMN区组胺能神经系统促进麻醉向觉醒的转换。     

Orexin 受体拮抗剂：治疗失眠的新途径

Orexin 受体有2 种亚型,即orexin-1 受体和oerxin-2 受体,为下丘脑外侧神经元中的2 个G 蛋白偶联受体,其内源性配体分别为orexin-A 和-B。研究发现,动物或人的orexin 神经元损伤后会引起嗜睡症,且orexin 受体在调节睡眠- 觉醒周期方面发挥重要作用。因此,开发orexin 受体拮抗剂,成为改善睡眠和治疗失眠的一条新途径。简介orexin 及其受体,综述orexin 信号通路对睡眠- 觉醒的调控作用与机制以及orexin 受体拮抗剂的研究与开发。     

蓝斑核Orexin-A对肥胖抵抗大鼠自发活动的影响及机制研究

目的:探讨蓝斑核(LC)orexin-A对肥胖抵抗(OR)大鼠自发活动的影响及机制并进一步探究LC的orexin调控是否与肥胖抵抗相关。方法:雄性SD大鼠和选择性培育的OR大鼠,一侧蓝斑核置管,缓慢均匀注射0.5μL药物(orexin-A或人工合成脑脊液),用大鼠自发活动检测装置SPA箱红外线活动传感器测定测大鼠自发活动(SPA),间接测热法测定其能量消耗,定量磁共振身体组成分析器检测大鼠脂体重和瘦体重。大鼠肥胖程度用体脂百分比表示。结果:与SD大鼠相比,OR大鼠的总体重,脂体重和去脂体重显著降低(P0.05)。OR大鼠肥胖程度明显小于SD大鼠(P0.05)。OR大鼠在3月龄是主要表现为水平活动,6月龄时垂直活动增加,故OR大鼠随年龄增长活动量显著增多(P0.05)。OR大鼠注射orexin A增加SPA的作用比SD大鼠更强,其主要原因是OR大鼠水平活动时间明显高于垂直活动时间。与SD大鼠相比,OR大鼠SPA水平高、体重轻,日间能量消耗和SD大鼠无明显差异,夜间活动消耗更多能量。在OR大鼠的LC注射orexin-A后,两组高剂量orexin-A可显著增加SPA(P0.05),并呈现剂量依赖性。对于SD大鼠,只有最高剂量的OXA才能引起SPA显著高于对照组(P0.05)。最高剂量的两组orexin-A注射后,OR大鼠SPA改变比SD大鼠更显著(250 pmol:P0.05;500 pmol:P0.05)。结论:蓝斑核(LC)orexin-A对肥胖大鼠自发活动有重要影响,其orexin调控与肥胖抵抗相关。     

Orexin在隔核对大鼠胃传入信息的调控

目的:研究orexin在隔核对大鼠胃传入信息的调控作用。方法:选取健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠138只(体质量250-300 g),记录神经元放电活动,鉴定隔核胃牵张(GD)敏感性神经元;隔核微量注射orexin-A或orexin-A受体拮抗剂SB334867,观察隔核GD敏感性神经元放电活动变化;隔核微量注射不同浓度的orexin-A,观察大鼠胃运动的变化。结果:隔核微量注射orexin-A的大鼠胃运动幅度和频率显著增加,并呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05-0.01),微量注射SB-334867可完全阻断orexin-A对胃运动的影响。隔核微量注射orexin-A后,有36个GD-E神经元兴奋(P0.01),16个GD-I神经元抑制。Orexin-A受体拮抗剂SB334867可完全阻断orexin-A对GD敏感神经元的作用。结论:隔核注射orexin能促进大鼠胃运动,并影响胃牵张敏感神经元的放电活动。     

禁食不同时段下丘脑穹窿周区orexin-A的表达

目的探讨禁食不同时段大鼠下丘脑穹窿周区orexin—A的表达及是否与摄食有关。方法观察禁食前后大鼠体重变化,采用免疫组织化学染色法观察禁食不同时段下丘脑穹窿周区orexin-A的表达变化,灰度值测量观察各组orexin—A的染色强度。结果大鼠体重随禁食时间的延长而逐渐降低,各组大鼠禁食前后体重变化有统计学差异（P〈O．01）;Orexin-A主要分布于下丘脑穹窿周区,禁食组orexin—A阳性神经元计数明显多于对照组（P〈O．05）,但不同禁食组间orexin-A阳性神经元计数比较没有统计学差异（P〉O．05）;禁食48h组染色强度最深,与对照组和禁食24h、72h组有明显统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论禁食可以促进orexin-A的表达,禁食48h应该是一种理想的促进orexin-A活化的刺激方式,orexin-A系统可能参与摄食及能量代谢的调节。     

第四脑室注射orexin-A及OX1R拮抗剂对大鼠摄食及自由活动的影响

本文旨在探讨第四脑室注射orexin-A及orexin 1型受体(orexin-1 receptor,OX1R)拮抗剂SB334867对肥胖和正常大鼠摄食和自由活动的影响。采用高脂饲料诱导建立肥胖大鼠模型,分别在肥胖和正常大鼠第四脑室注射不同剂量orexin-A或SB334867,观察光照和黑暗环境下两种大鼠0~4 h摄食量及活动量的变化。结果显示,第四脑室注射不同剂量orexin-A,光照条件下,正常和肥胖大鼠0~4 h摄食量和活动量均较生理盐水对照组明显增加,呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05~0.01);且肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量显著高于正常大鼠;黑暗条件下,不同剂量的orexin-A对正常和肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量均没有明显改变(P0.05)。第四脑室注射不同剂量SB334867,光照条件下,正常和肥胖大鼠0~2 h,2~4 h摄食量和活动量均较生理盐水对照组明显减少(P0.05);且肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量均显著高于正常大鼠;黑暗条件下,正常和肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量均没有明显改变(P0.05)。以上结果提示,第四脑室周核团可能是orexin-A及OX1R作用靶点之一;光照条件对orexin-A和OX1R生理功能的发挥可能具有重要影响。     

下丘脑弓状核微量注射Orexin-A对大鼠胃传入信息和胃运动的影响

目的:探讨ARC orexin-A对胃传入信息以及胃运动的调控及机制。方法:采用细胞外放电记录方法,鉴定ARC orexin胃牵张敏感神经元(Gastric distention sensitive neurons,GD),并探讨ARC内orexin-A对GD神经元放电活动的影响及机制;采用ARC微量注射orexin-A和及其受体阻断剂SB334867,观察大鼠胃收缩幅度和频率的改变。结果:大鼠ARC共记录到149个GD神经元,其中GD-E神经元91个,GD-I神经元58个。ARC微量注射orexin-A,62个(62/91,68.1%)GD-E神经元兴奋性显著增加,其放电频率由4.27±0.58 Hz增加到8.46±0.95 Hz(P0.01);39个(39/58,67.2%)GD-I神经元兴奋性也显著增强,其放电频率由4.02±0.53 Hz增加到5.43±0.57 Hz(P0.05)。然而,ARC给予大鼠orexin-A受体拮抗剂SB334867,再给予orexin-A,orexin-A兴奋效应完全被阻断(P0.05)。胃运动实验结果显示:在ARC注射不同浓度orexin-A,大约5 min后,大鼠胃收缩幅度和频率呈剂量依赖性增加(P0.05~0.01)。ARC注射SB334867,可完全消除orexin-A对大鼠胃运动的兴奋效应(P0.05)。结论:ARC orexin-A对大鼠GD神经元和胃运动有调控作用,该作用可能通过调控Orexin A受体活动实现的。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.