5种光周期对锦鲤生长、能量收支及生物钟基因表达的影响

研究不同光照周期(长光照18L﹕6D、短光照8L﹕16D、连续光照24L﹕0D、连续黑暗0L﹕24D和对照组12L﹕12D)条件对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)生长、能量收支及生物钟基因相对表达量的影响, 实验周期为90d。结果表明, 在整个试验周期, 各光周期处理组成活率无显著变化(P＞0.05), 24L组和18L﹕6D组饲料系数显著低于12L﹕12D组、8L﹕16D组和24D组(P＜0.05)。终末体重、特定生长率在实验前30d内受光照影响不大(P＞0.05), 而实验30d后出现显著变化, 延长光周期尤其是连续光照会显著增加终末体重和特定生长率(P＜0.05); 对比连续黑暗0L﹕24D组, 其他光周期处理组锦鲤摄食能分配在代谢和生长的比例显著增加(P＜0.05); 4个生物钟相关Clock、Per2、Cry1和Bmal1基因相对表达水平无明显规律。综上所述, 延长光照时间, 尤其是连续光照有利于锦鲤幼鱼的生长和发育。     

光照周期和光照强度对循环水系统中墨瑞鳕的生长、肌肉营养成分及养殖收益的影响

分别探究了4种光照周期(12L﹕12D、15L﹕9D、18L﹕6D和21L﹕3D)和4种光照强度(1200 lx、1500 lx、1800 lx和自然光)对循环水养殖系统中墨瑞鳕的生长、肌肉营养成分及养殖收益的影响.结果表明:(1)15L﹕9D组墨瑞鳕的终重、日增重及特定生长率均显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),饵料系...     

光周期对许氏平鲉性腺分化过程中形态学、性激素水平及相关基因表达的影响

研究以35日龄(dpb)许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)仔稚鱼为对象, 研究不同光周期(短光照组L﹕D=8﹕16、长光照组L﹕D=16﹕8和对照组L﹕D=12﹕12)对性别分化、相关激素水平及基因表达水平的影响。结果显示非自然的光周期尤其是较短的光照, 会不同程度地影响性腺分化时期性腺发育程度, 并且短光照会导致部分性腺雄性化; 雌激素(E₂)在短光照组中更早出现峰值, 而雄激素(T)在3个处理组中均在实验第9天时达到峰值; 4个卵巢分化相关基因cyp19a1a、ERα、ERβ2和foxl2中, ERα、ERβ2和foxl2受短光照影响显著, 实验中后期出现明显的抑制(P<0.05); 4个精巢发育相关基因sox3、sox9、amh和dmrt1相对表达水平未见明显规律, 可能与精巢分化时间较晚有关。综合而言, 较短的光照会影响性腺的发育以及性腺的分化, 抑制卵巢分化基因的表达, 诱导原始性腺雄性化。     

光周期变化对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

【目的】毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)可为害葱莲Zephyranthes candida等石蒜科绿化植物,前期研究表明不同光周期对其交配和产卵节律行为及交配率和产卵量均有显著影响。本实验期望探明间歇光照等复杂光照条件对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响。【方法】在光照培养箱条件下(光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx),观察了间歇光照长度(20,10,5,1和0 min)、暗期位点(D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00)和非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)3种光照条件下毛键夜蛾成虫交配及产卵行为。【结果】间歇光照长度为20,10,5,1和0 min时,成虫交配数分别为0,3,10,14和11对,配对数分别为25,29,31,39和26对;间歇光照长度为20和10 min时,交配数与对照组差异显著;10,5,1和0 min时已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为354.67,322.30,339.57和310.45粒)。暗期位点为D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00时,成虫交配数分别为13,18,15和12对,配对数分别为16,19,17和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为516.15,527.28,495.53和458.50粒);交配起始时间、交配高峰时间和产卵起始时间、产卵高峰因暗期位点不同而异。非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)条件下成虫交配数分别为16,15,14和14对,配对数分别为18,16,14和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异显著(分别为590.56,559.67,497.21和419.29粒)。【结论】这些结果显示毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为主要发生在暗期,暗期短于40 min时不能发生交配行为,暗期位点和长度对交配和产卵行为有影响。     

饲料中添加丝兰提取物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和生理及水环境的影响

用丝兰提取物添加量为0.00% (D0)、0.05% (D1)、0.10% (D2)、0.20% (D3)和0.40% (D4)的实验饲料投喂大菱鲆幼鱼(42.200.06) g 60d, 研究其对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血清免疫代谢指标及养殖水质指标的影响。结果显示, 在饲料中添加丝兰提取物对大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)、肥满度(CF)均无显著影响(P 0.05)。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量变化无显著性差异(P 0.05)。D3组幼鱼血清溶菌酶显著高于其他各组(P 0.05), 而D4组各免疫指标明显低于对照组(P 0.05); D3和D4组幼鱼血清的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著低于对照组。除A1-6h组外各实验组水体氨氮含量均显著低于对照组(P 0.05), 各实验组亚硝酸盐含量均显著高于对照组(P 0.05), 各实验组总氮、总磷、磷酸盐含量均与对照组无显著性差异(P 0.05)。研究证明, 在饲料中适量添加丝兰提取物能够显著增强大菱鲆幼鱼非特异性免疫能力, 并显著降低养殖水体氨氮含量, 对大菱鲆生长及体组成无显著影响。以非特异性免疫及水体氨氮含量为综合评定指标, 大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中丝兰提取物的适宜添加量为0.20%。       

草鱼nrf1基因的克隆与表达及其应激响应研究

为研究跨膜转录因子核因子E2相关因子1 (Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 1, nrf1)在动物机体抗氧化应激过程中的作用,通过同源克隆获得草鱼nrf1基因序列,其开放阅读框为1560 bp,编码519个氨基酸;系统进化树分析表明草鱼nrf1与团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)进化关系较近。对nrf1进行组织表达分析,结果显示nrf1在肝脏中表达水平最高,其次是心脏和肠道(P<0.05)。昼夜节律分析显示,在9:00时nrf1表达水平最高且显著高于3:00、12:00、18:00、21:00和24:00(P<0.05)。经急性氨氮胁迫处理24h和48h时,发现草鱼nrf1基因在低氨氮(5 mg/L)组和高氨氮(20 mg/L)组中表达量相对于对照组均显著升高(P<0.05);且低氨氮组nrf1表达量在24h时显著低于高氨氮组(P<0.05),而在48h时显著高于高氨氮组(P<0.05)。此外,研究使用3种不同蛋白源(鱼粉、菜粕和豆粕)饲料对草鱼进行生长实验,发现在养殖后14d、28...     

镉对大型溞摄食能力和相关生理指标的影响

为了探究镉处理对大型溞(Daphnia magna)摄食能力的影响及其机制, 实验设置了3个镉浓度组(0.01、0.05和0.09 mg/L)、1个空白对照和2个处理时间(24h、48h), 研究镉处理对大型溞摄食率与滤水率、体内镉的蓄积量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和脂质过氧化水平(MDA含量)以及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响。结果显示, 摄食率和滤水率均随着镉处理浓度的增加而逐渐降低, 当镉浓度为0.09 mg/L, 处理48h时, 摄食率和滤水率均显著或极显著低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01), 且摄食率与对照组相比降低了43.89%; 镉在大型溞体内的积累量随镉处理浓度的增加而逐渐升高; T-AOC和MDA含量随着镉浓度的增加而增高, 镉浓度0.09 mg/L时, T-AOC和MDA含量与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05), 且T-AOC与摄食率之间呈负相关性, 相关系数R2分别为0.9521、0.9389; AChE活性随着镉浓度的增加而降低, 镉浓度为0.05、0.09 mg/L时AChE活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。这表明镉在体内的蓄积不仅造成了大型溞的氧化损伤, 而且引起了神经系统传导功能的异常, 导致了大型溞摄食能力受到抑制。     

不同形式蛋氨酸对黄鳝生长、血清生化、血清游离氨基酸含量及肌肉品质的影响

以初始体重(30.00±0.45) g的黄鳝(Monopterus albus)为研究对象, 以低鱼粉饲料为对照组, 在低鱼粉饲料中分别添加蛋氨酸有效含量为2 g/kg的晶体蛋氨酸(C-Met)、包膜蛋氨酸(E-Met)、蛋氨酸羟基类似物钙盐(MHA-Ca)、蛋氨酸羟基类似物(MHA), 研究其在低鱼粉黄鳝饲料中的利用效果, 共5个处理组, 养殖试验持续10周。结果表明: (1)在低鱼粉饲料中添加蛋氨酸均有提高黄鳝增重率和蛋白质效率比、降低饲料系数的趋势, 其中MHA-Ca和MHA组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)在低鱼粉饲料中添加蛋氨酸均显著提高了肠道胰蛋白酶活力、血清胆汁酸、总胆固醇、总蛋白、尿素氮和血氨含量、肌肉黏附性与胶黏性(P<0.05); 添加MHA-Ca和MHA显著提高了肠道淀粉酶活力、血清葡萄糖和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、肝脏谷草转氨酶活力、全鱼粗蛋白含量、肌肉硬度、弹性和咀嚼性(P<0.05), 显著降低了黄鳝肝体比与血清谷草转氨酶活力(P<0.05)。(3)对照组在摄食6h出现蛋氨酸吸收峰值, C-Met与MHA-Ca组均在摄食后9h出现蛋氨酸吸收峰值, E-Met组在摄食后12h出现蛋氨酸吸收峰值, MHA组分别在摄食后3h和9h出现蛋氨酸峰值。结果表明, 在低鱼粉饲料中添加蛋氨酸均能提高黄鳝生长和氨基酸代谢, 且MHA-Ca与MHA效果较佳。     

不同投喂频率下复合非粮蛋白源替代鱼粉饲料对大口黑鲈生长性能和健康的影响

为探究投喂频率对不同水平的复合非粮蛋白源替代饲料鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能、血浆生化、肠道形态和抗氧化的影响,设计了棉籽浓缩蛋白、乙醇梭菌蛋白、黄粉虫粉和小球藻4种非粮蛋白源混合(8:5:3:4)后替代0、30%、60%和90%的鱼粉的四种等氮等脂饲料(D1、D2、D3和D4),设置3个投喂频率(1、2和4次/d)。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复50尾体重为(14.23±0.07) g的大口黑鲈幼鱼,进行为期8周的室外养殖实验。结果显示,在不同投喂频率条件下,摄食D4饲料组大口黑鲈的特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质沉积率(PRE)显著低于D1—D3组,饲料系数(FCR)显著升高(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂1次/d组的特定生长率显著低于2和4次/d投喂组(P<0.05)。在不同投喂频率条件下,摄食D4饲料组大口黑鲈血浆胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著低于D1组,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂1次/d大口黑鲈血浆葡萄糖(Glu)含量,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷草转...     

饲料中添加磷虾水解物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及相关酶活性的影响

选取初始体重为(9.46±0.01) g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)为研究对象, 以30%鱼粉组为对照, 分别添加5%磷虾水解物(LKH)和10%磷虾水解物(HKH)以替代鱼粉蛋白, 配制3组等氮等脂的饲料, 在室内流水养殖系统进行为期10周的养殖实验, 旨在探究饲料中添加磷虾水解物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及相关酶活性的影响。结果显示, HKH组大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)、蛋白质效率比(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 但摄食率(FI)显著低于对照组(P<0.05); LKH、HKH组大菱鲆幼鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05); LKH、HKH组肝脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而血清GOT活性与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05); HKH组肝脏谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著高于对照组和LKH组(P<0.05), 但血清GPT活性显著低于LKH组和对照组(P<0.05); HKH组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 同时随着磷虾水解物添加量的升高, 肠道及幽门盲囊胰蛋白酶活性先降低后升高, 且在HKH组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上结果表明, 在饲料中添加10%磷虾水解物能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能, 促进其氨基酸代谢和消化吸收。     

饲料中复方中草药对大菱鲆生长、饲料利用及非特异性免疫的影响

研究探讨了不同剂量的复方中草药[党参(Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.)、白术(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.)、茯苓(Poria cocos Wolf.)、熟地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza urale...     

Impact of fasting time on hepatic lipid metabolism in nutritional animal studies

Many animal studies on improvement of lipid metabolism, using dietary components, fast the animals on the final day of the feeding. Although fasting has a significant impact on lipid metabolism, its time-dependent influence is not fully understood. We examined the effects of several fasting times on lipid metabolism. Rats fed with a semisynthetic diet for 2 wk were killed after 0 (9:00?am), 6 (7:00?am–1:00?pm), 9 (0:00?am–9:00?am), and 13?h (8:00?pm–9:00?am) of fasting. Compared to the 0?h group, marked reduction of liver weight and hepatic triacylglycerol content was observed in the 9 and 13?h groups. Activities of hepatic enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis gradually decreased during fasting. In contrast, drastic time-dependent reduction of gene expression, of the enzymes, was observed. Expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase mRNA was higher in the fasting groups than in the 0?h group. Our study showed that fasting has a significant impact on several parameters related to lipid metabolism in rat liver.     

Lack of exposure to natural light in the workspace is associated with physiological,sleep and depressive symptoms

The diurnal light cycle has a crucial influence on all life on earth. Unfortunately, modern society has modified this life-governing cycle by stressing maximum production and by giving insufficient attention to the ecological balance and homeostasis of the human metabolism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of exposure or lack of exposure to natural light in a rest/activity rhythm on cortisol and melatonin levels, as well as on psychological variables in humans under natural conditions. This is a cross-sectional study. The subjects were allocated split into two groups according to their workspace (10 employees in the “with window” group and 10 in the “without window” group). All participants were women and wore anactigraph (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics), which measures activity and ambient light exposure, for seven days. Concentrations of melatonin and cortisol were measured from the saliva samples. Participants were instructed to collect saliva during the last day of use of the actigraph at 08:00 am, 4:00 pm and 10:00 pm. The subjects answered the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) to measure the presence of minor psychiatric disorders; the Montgomery-Asberg (MA) scale was used to measure depression symptoms, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI) was used to evaluate the quality of sleep. The Rayleigh analysis indicates that the two groups, “with window” an d “without window”, exhibited similar activities and light acrophases. In relation to light exposure, the mesor was significantly higher (t?=??2.651, p?=?0.023) in t he “with window” group (191.04?±?133.36) than in the “without window” group (73.8?±?42.05). Additionally, the “with window” group presented the highest amplitude of light exposure (298.07?±?222.97). Cortisol levels were significantly different between the groups at 10:00 pm (t?=?3.009, p?=?0.008; “without window” (4.01?±?0.91) “with window” (3.10?±?0.30)). In terms of the melatonin levels, the groups differed at two different times of day: 08:00 am (t?=?2.593, p?=?0.018) and 10:00 pm (t?=??2.939, p?=?0.009). The “with window” group had a lower melatonin level at 08:00 am (3.54?±?0.60) but a higher level at 10:00 pm (24.74?±?4.22) than the “without window” group. Higher cortisol levels were positively correlated with minor psychiatric disorders and depressive symptoms (MA) at 10:00 pm. Lower melatonin levels at 10:00 pm were correlated with depressive symptoms and poor quality of sleep (PSQI). Our study demonstrated that not only may light pollution affect human physiology but also lack of exposure to natural light is related to high levels of cortisol and lower levels of melatonin at night, and these, in turn, are related to depressive symptoms and poor quality of sleep.     

牛磺酸及相关氨基酸对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能及TauT mRNA表达的影响

以初始体重为（7.90±0.07）g的大菱鲆为实验对象,鱼粉、豆粕、玉米蛋白粉和谷朊粉为主要蛋白质来源,鱼油为主要脂肪源,在此基础配方中分别添加0、1%、2%牛磺酸,0.5%蛋氨酸及0.5%半胱氨酸（分别命名为T-0、T-1、T-2、M-0.5和C-0.5）,配制5种等氮等脂的配合饲料,在室内流水养殖系统进行为期10周的养殖实验,目的是研究饲料中含有高比例植物蛋白时牛磺酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及牛磺酸转运载体（TauT）mRNA表达的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,T-1、T-2组大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率（SGR）和饲料效率（FE）提高（P < 0.05）,内脏指数（VSI）降低（P < 0.05）;M-0.5组大菱鲆幼鱼SGR和FE较对照组提高（P>0.05）,VSI低于对照组（P < 0.05）,肥满度（CF）高于对照组（P < 0.05）;C-0.5组SGR较对照组降低（P < 0.05）,但FE、VSI和CF与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;T-1、T-2组大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏、脑和眼中TauT mRNA相对表达量低于对照组（P < 0.05）,且随着饲料中牛磺酸含量的增加大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏、脑和眼中TauT mRNA相对表达量降低（P < 0.05）;M-0.5组大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏、脑和眼中TauT mRNA相对表达量高于T-0、T-1、T-2组（P < 0.05）;C-0.5组大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏、脑和眼中TauT mRNA相对表达量高于T-0、T-1、T-2组（P < 0.05）,但与M-0.5组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。综合分析表明,在实验条件下,饲料中牛磺酸含量为0.48%、1.06%时能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能;大菱鲆幼鱼体内TauT mRNA表达可能受饲料中牛磺酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸等含硫氨基酸的影响。     

麻疯树柄细蛾形态和生物学特性观察

麻疯树柄细蛾Stomphastis thraustica Meyrick是在我国新发现的麻疯树Jatropha curcas L.潜叶蛾类重要害虫。通过室内饲养与野外调查相结合对该虫形态、发育习性及生活史进行了研究。本文对麻疯树柄细蛾成虫、卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的形态及大小进行了详细描述。95.54%(n=426)的老熟幼虫在10点至18点结茧。89.19%（n=111）在夜间20点至次日凌晨6点羽化。交配在清晨进行, 持续30~210 min不等。87.53%（n=441）的卵在夜间20点以后至次日6点以前产出。卵多产于叶脉边缘与叶片形成的凹陷处。66.77%（n=8 266）的卵产于叶片背面, 其余产于叶片正面。每雌产卵平均60.03粒(n=32)。麻疯树柄细蛾在攀枝花全年均可发育。以成虫在每年2月至5月越冬。一年发生10代以上, 世代重叠明显。以6月室外平均气温25.15℃条件下, 全世代发育需18~20 d。卵期3~4 d, 1龄幼虫期1 d, 2龄幼虫期1~2 d, 3龄幼虫期1~2 d, 4龄幼虫期1~2 d, 5龄幼虫期2~3 d, 预蛹期1 d, 蛹期4~6 d, 成虫产卵前期1 d。     

Performance evaluation of indigenous and exotic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) races in Assir region,southwestern Saudi Arabia

This study was conducted in the Assir region of southwestern Saudi Arabia to compare the activities of honeybee colonies of indigenous Apis mellifera jemenitica (AMJ) and imported Apis mellifera carnica (AMC) during the late summer and autumn of 2009 and 2010. The results showed that the workers of the two races exhibited relatively similar forage timings throughout the period of study (August–November). The highest numbers of foraged workers were recorded at 6:00 am, 10:00 am and 6:00 pm, while the lowest numbers were recorded at 8:00 am, 12:00 pm and 4:00 pm. Although foraging activity was negatively affected by decreased temperature, AMJ was more resistant to cold than AMC. In the first season, the smallest amount of worker brood rearing was recorded in August, and the highest amount of rearing occurred in November in both races. In the second season, the smallest amount of brood was observed in October, and the largest amount of brood was observed in November. Brood rearing and pollen collecting was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in AMJ compared with AMC, while AMC stored significantly (P < 0.05) more honey than AMJ during the tested periods. In AMJ colonies, a positive significant correlation was observed between the area of the sealed worker brood and stored pollen, while a negative but nonsignificant correlation was observed between the area of the sealed worker brood and surplus honey. In the AMC colonies, a positive significant correlation was observed between the area of the sealed brood and the stored pollen and surplus honey.     

中国大鲵的活动节律及繁殖行为描记

采用定时定点观察法,对仿生态条件下养殖的中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)活动节律及繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明,大鲵活动具有明显的昼夜节律变化,白天隐藏在洞穴中不活动,每天20:30时部分大鲵开始出洞活动,21:00时至次日凌晨1:00时为活动高峰期,1:00时后部分大鲵开始陆续回到洞穴,3:00时后又全部隐藏在洞穴中;大鲵的夜间活动随季节的变化而发生周期性变化,8～9月出洞活动的大鲵数量达到一年之中的最大值。大鲵尤其是雄鲵在繁殖季节表现出明显多样的繁殖行为:①推沙行为;②求偶行为,包括聚集、露头、巡视、追随、尾阴探究、亲吻、邀请和爬跨8种行为型;③冲凉行为;④护卵行为;⑤婚配行为。