非小细胞肺癌患者EML4-ALK融合基因的检测及其临床病理特征分析

目的:检测EML4-ALK融合基因在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)人群中的突变率,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。方法:采用逆转录定量PCR检测66例NSCLC患者组织标本中EML4-ALK融合基因的突变率;采用DNA扩增后直接测序的方法检测EML4-ALK阳性患者的组织标本中EGFR基因(18~21号外显子)及K-Ras基因(2号外显子)的突变情况。结果:66例NSCLC患者的组织标本中,有5例(7.6%)存在EML4-ALK融合基因阳性,这5例组织标本的EGFR(18~21号外显子)及K-Ras(2号外显子)均为野生型。5例阳性患者中,4例年龄小于总体患者的平均年龄(59±11)岁,占80%(4/5);女性患者4例,占80%(4/5);不吸烟患者3例,占60%(3/5)。EML4-ALK融合基因阳性NSCLC患者均为腺癌,1例NSCLC组织为腺泡样结构,3例组织为印戒细胞样结构,4例伴有胞内或胞外黏液。结论:EML4-ALK融合基因阳性NSCLC多见于年轻女性腺癌患者,多为伴有黏液产生的印戒细胞样结构,不同时合并EGFR和KRas突变。     

EML4-ALK突变阳性的肺癌患者EGFR突变检测及其临床特征

目的:检测表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)在间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)融合基因突变的原发性肺癌(primary lung cancer)人群中的突变率,并分析其与病人临床病理特征间的关系。方法:入选的106例病例均为中国西北五省人群,且经ALK融合基因检测为阳性。将106例患者的组织标本采用ARMS方法检测EGFR基因18-21外显子的突变情况,统计分析双突变患者的临床病理特征。结果:106例ALK融合基因突变阳性的原发性肺癌患者的组织标本,有7例(6.6%)同时存在EGFR突变,其中19外显子缺失突变(19-del)的3例(42.9%),L858R突变的2例(28.5%),L861Q和G719X突变的各1例(14.3%);7例ALK和EGFR双突变的患者中ALK融合基因的突变均为EML4-ALK突变亚型1(variant 1,V1)。7例双阳性的患者中,6例患者的年龄小于总体患者的中位年龄(53岁),占85.7%;男性患者4例,占57.1%;不吸烟患者7例,占100%;腺癌患者4例,占57.1%,其中女性3例;肉瘤样癌2例,占28.6%;粘液表皮样癌1例,占14.3%。结论:EML4-ALK融合基因和EGFR突变能够共存,在EML4-ALK阳性的肺癌患者中,EGFR的突变率为6.6%,双突变的患者大多年轻且均无吸烟史,且双突变的女性患者均为腺癌。     

EML4-ALK 融合基因在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

肺癌是发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,分子靶向治疗以其特异性高、副反应轻的特点正日益受到关注。近年来临床研究发现EML4-ALK融合基因是除EGFR突变及KRAS突变之外的另-个重要的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的作用靶点,该融合基因在年轻、不吸烟或少吸烟、腺癌、无EGFR和KRAS突变的非小细胞肺癌患者中发生率较高,且该融合基因阳性者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药,对于ALK抑制剂(如克唑替尼)则有良好的治疗反应,关于该药的临床试验表明:总有效率达57%(46例确定为部分缓解,1例确定为完全缓解),估计6个月无进展生存概率为72%,常见的副反应是1、2级胃肠道反应。该基因及该药的发现为非小细胞肺癌患者带来了希望。     

EML-ALK突变阳性的肺癌患者EGFR突变检测及其临床特征

目的：检测表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR）在间变性淋巴瘤激酶（anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK）融合基因突变的原发性肺癌（primary lung cancer）人群中的突变率,并分析其与病人临床病理特征间的关系。方法：入选的 106例病例均为中国西北五省人群,且经ALK 融合基因检测为阳性。将106 例患者的组织标本采用ARMS 方法检测EGFR基因 18-21 外显子的突变情况,统计分析双突变患者的临床病理特征。结果：106 例ALK 融合基因突变阳性的原发性肺癌患者的组织 标本,有7 例（6.6 %）同时存在EGFR突变,其中19 外显子缺失突变（19-del）的3 例（42.9 %）,L858R突变的2 例（28.5 %）,L861Q 和G719X 突变的各1 例（14.3 %）;7 例ALK 和双突变的患者中ALK 融合基因的突变均为EML4-ALK突变亚型1 （variant 1, V1）。7 例双阳性的患者中,6 例患者的年龄小于总体患者的中位年龄（53 岁),占85.7 %;男性患者4 例,占57.1 %;不吸 烟患者7 例,占100 %;腺癌患者4 例,占57.1 %,其中女性3例;肉瘤样癌2例,占28.6 %;粘液表皮样癌1例,占14.3 %。结论： EML4-ALK融合基因和EGFR突变能够共存,在EML4-ALK阳性的肺癌患者中,EGFR的突变率为6.6 %,双突变的患者大多年 轻且均无吸烟史,且双突变的女性患者均为腺癌。     

基于CRISPR/Cas13a的EML4-ALK融合基因检测方法的建立

[目的]构建基于CRISPR/Cas13a蛋白的SHERLOCK技术平台，并将其应用于肺癌EML4-ALK融合基因的检测。[方法]构建EML4-ALK融合基因的质粒标准品；利用RPA和PCR技术分别扩增目的基因后进行SHERLOCK检测并比对结果，比较基于RPA和PCR扩增的SHERLOCK检测EML4-ALK融合基因的灵敏度，评估SHERLOCK检测目的基因及多种非目标基因的特异性。[结果]成功构建EML4-ALK融合基因表达质粒标准品；基于RPA和PCR扩增的SHERLOCK检测EML4-ALK融合基因的相对荧光值无显著差异，最低检测下限为10 copies/μL,且在5 min内荧光达到平台期；SHERLOCK技术仅对EML4-ALK融合基因有阳性检测信号，对EML4、ALK、EGFR T790M和EGFR L858R基因无阳性检测信号。[结论]基于SHERLOCK技术的EML4-ALK融合基因检测方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高、检测时间短等优势，有望为肺癌EML4-ALK融合基因的早期诊断提供重要依据。     

表皮生长因子受体基因突变对非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者生存期的影响

为了探究表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因的突变对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)脑转移患者生存期的影响,我们以2012年1月至2014年12月期间我院收治的123例非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者为回顾性研究对象,按治疗方案的差异分为放射治疗组(36例),化疗组(52例),放射治疗+化疗组(24例)、放化疗+靶向治疗组(13例),观察EGFR基因突变对不同治疗方案的非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者无进展生存期(progression-free-survival,PSF)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)的影响。我们发现,EGFR突变对非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者生存期具有显著影响,EGFR突变型患者生存期明显长于EGFR野生型患者,而基于EGFR突变的靶向治疗患者生存期明显长于辅助治疗患者,因此基于EGFR突变的靶向治疗可有效提升患者生存期。我们的研究为非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者的临床治疗提供了一定的理论依据。     

非小细胞肺癌患者中EGFR突变、ALK和ROS1融合基因表达变化及其临床病理学意义

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者中表皮生长因子受体(epidermic growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变、间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)和ROS1融合基因的表达情况及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法应用ARMS法检测379例非小细胞肺癌患者中EGFR突变、ALK和ROS1融合基因的表达情况,并分析其与患者临床病理特征的关系。结果 379例非小细胞肺癌患者组织中,EGFR突变率为36.15%(137/379),19del和L858R突变为其主要突变类型,同时检出L858R和T790双突变4例,L858R和19del双突变2例;EGFR突变人群主要是女性、腺癌、非吸烟患者(P<0.05)。ALK融合基因阳性率为3.43%(13/379),其中ALK-M1融合基因型4例,ALK-M2融合基因型3例,ALK-M3融合基因型3例,ALK-M4融合基因型1例,ALK-M6融合基因型2例。ROS1融合基因阳性率为3.17%(12/379),主要为ROS1-M8融合基因型(8例),存在1例ROS1-M3和ROS1-M8融合基因型双融合。不同性别、年龄、组织学和吸烟状况的NSCLC患者ALK和ROS1基因突变率无统计学差异。结论 EGFR基因在NSCLC患者中存在较高的突变率,而ALK、ROS1融合基因在NSCLC患者中突变率较低,但代表了非小细胞肺癌的特点分子亚型,为指导临床靶向治疗提供依据。     

陕西省南部地区非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因突变分析

目的:探讨陕西南部非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体基因的突变状况。方法:采用测序方法检测陕西省南部地区233例非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLCs)患者表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因第18、19、20和21号外显子突变情况,并分析其基因突变与肺癌人口学分布及组织类型的关系。结果:233例非小细胞肺癌患者中,共检出82例含有EGFR基因突变,其中第18、19、21号外显子突变率分别为1.3%、16.3%和18.0%,第20号外显子无突变;男性EGFR基因突变率(31.2%,39/125)低于女性(39.8%,43/108);腺癌EGFR基因突变率(39.1%,75/192)高于鳞癌(22%,9/41)。结论:陕西南部NSCLC的EGFR基因突变率较高,以第19、21号外显子突变为主。EGFR基因变率与NSCLC患者性别和病理类型均无关。     

基因突变检测技术在非小细胞肺癌EGFR与临床病理特征的关系研究中的作用

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变情况及其与临床病理的关系。方法选取我院2010年1月至2014年1月收集的159份非小细胞肺癌手术切除标本为研究对象,利用基因测序方法检测标本中的EGFR基因突变情况,并分析其与临床病理的关系。结果 159例样本中,EGFR基因突变检出率为12.6%(20/159),突变主要集中在19号外显子的缺失和21号外显子的点突变。女性患者基因突变检出率明显高于男性患者(P﹤0.01)。腺癌及细支气管肺泡癌患者基因突变检出率明显高于其他组织学分型(P﹤0.01)。高分化患者基因突变检出率高于中-低分化检出率(P0.05)。EGFR基因突变与年龄及淋巴结转移与否无关(P0.05)。结论非小细胞肺癌患者EGFR基因突变与性别、组织学分型及分化程度密切相关。     

EGFR基因在非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌中突变的研究

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因酪氨酸激酶域体细胞突变与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂吉非替尼敏感性密切相关。文章分析和检测本院75例非小细胞肺癌、10例乳腺癌患者石蜡包埋标本EGFR基因突变状况。采用PCR技术进行EGFR基因19和21外显子突变分析。结果显示:75例NSCLC患者中有13例(13/75,17.33%)酪氨酸激酶域存在体细胞突变。其中7例(7/75,9.33%)为19外显子缺失突变,6例(6/75,8%)为21外显子替代突变(2573T>G,L858R)。病理分型显示,腺癌突变率高于其他几种类型NSCLC。乳腺癌患者均为免疫组化HER-2阳性女性,EGFR基因的19、21外显子中未见突变发生。中国非小细胞肺癌患者总突变率高于高加索人种,女性患者较男性患者突变率高,提示肺腺癌的患者突变率高可能在吉非替尼的治疗中获益。     

Clinicopathologic Features of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring the EML4-ALK Fusion Gene: A Meta-Analysis

Background

The frequencies of EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with different clinicopathologic features described by previous studies are inconsistent. The key demographic and pathologic features associated with EML4-ALK fusion gene have not been definitively established. This meta-analysis was conducted to compare the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in patients with different clinicopathologic features and to identify an enriched population of patients with NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK fusion gene.

Methods

The Pubmed and Embase databases for all studies on EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC patients were searched up to July 2014. A criteria list and exclusion criteria were established to screen the studies. The frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene and the clinicopathologic features, including smoking status, pathologic type, gender, and EGFR status were abstracted.

Results

Seventeen articles consisting of 4511 NSCLC cases were included in this meta-analysis. A significant lower EML4-ALK fusion gene positive rate was associated with smokers (pooled OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.30–0.54, P<0.00001). A significantly higher EML4-ALK fusion gene positivity rate was associated with adenocarcinomas (pooled OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.66–3.86, P<0.0001) and female (pooled OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.41–0.90, P = 0.01). We found that a significantly lower EML4-ALK fusion gene positivity rate was associated with EGFR mutation (pooled OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.03–0.19, P<0.00001). No publication bias was observed in any meta-analysis (all P value of Egger''s test >0.05); however, because of the small sample size, no results were in the meta-analysis regarding EGFR gene status.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis revealed that the EML4-ALK fusion gene is highly correlated with a never/light smoking history, female and the pathologic type of adenocarcinoma, and is largely mutually exclusive of EGFR.     

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Who Harbor EML4-ALK Fusion Gene: A Meta-Analysis

BackgroundA novel fusion gene of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been recently identified in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene demonstrate unique clinicopathological and physiological characteristics. Here we present a meta-analysis of large-scale studies to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene.MethodsBoth English and Chinese databases were systematically used to search the materials of the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with NSCLC harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated with the fixed or random effect model. Publication bias and chi-square test were also calculated.Results27 retrospective studies were included in our meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 6950 patients. The incidence rate of EML4-ALK fusion in NSCLC patients was found to be 6.8% (472/6950). The correlation of the EML4-ALK fusion gene and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients demonstrated a significant difference in smoking status, histological types, stage, and ethnic characteristics. The positive rate of the EML4-ALK fusion gene expression in females were slightly higher than that in males, but not significantly (P = 0.52). In addition, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was mutually exclusive of the EGFR and KRAS mutation genes (P = 0.00).ConclusionOur pooled analysis revealed that the EML4-ALK fusion gene was observed predominantly in adenocarcinoma, non-smoking and NSCLC patients, especially those diagnosed in the advanced clinical stage of NSCLC. Additionally, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was exclusive of the EGFR and KRAS mutation genes. We surmise that IHC assay is a valuable tool for the prescreening of patients with ALK fusion gene in clinical practice, and FISH assay can be performed as a confirmation method. These insights might be helpful in guiding the appropriate molecular target therapy for NSCLC.     

肿瘤细胞外泌体中融合基因的检测

目的:探究肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体中是否可以检测到来源于源细胞的融合基因m RNA。方法:培养人非小细胞肺癌NCI-H3122细胞,采用外泌体试剂盒提取细胞上清中的外泌体,并用Western Blot实验验证外泌体是否提取成功。分别提取外泌体以及H3122细胞中的总RNA,将RNA反转录为c DNA,通过PCR反应扩增v1型EML4-ALK融合基因片段,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳确定目的条带后,将两种PCR产物送公司进行基因测序,最后对测序结果进行比对分析。结果:从H3122细胞上清中成功提取了外泌体,并且在外泌体中检测到来源于H3122细胞的m RNA;从H3122细胞外泌体中检测到EML4-ALK融合基因,并发现外泌体中的EML4-ALK融合基因的融合形式为V1,与在H3122细胞中检测到的EML4-ALK融合基因的融合形式完全相同。结论:肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体中可以检测到肿瘤细胞来源的m RNA,并且外泌体中的m RNA可以反映肿瘤细胞m RNA的基因融合情况等生物学特性。     

Clinical Features and Gene Mutations of Lung Cancer Patients 30 Years of Age or Younger

Purpose

Few studies examining the clinical features and gene mutations in lung cancer patients 30 years of age or younger have been published. A trend towards increasing morbidity has been noted in young patients; thus, an urgent need exists to explore this subgroup of patients.

Methods

Patients aged ≤30 years with pathologically diagnosed lung cancer were retrospectively evaluated. We reviewed the clinical features, gene mutations and prognosis of each patient.

Results

Forty-one patients were included in this study. The mean age was 26.4±3.5 years. Cough, tightness/dyspnea and chest pain were common symptoms, and 58.5% of patients presented with advanced stages of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma was the predominant histologic type noted in these young patients. Masses and nodules were the dominant imaging features observed upon lung computed tomography (CT). Thoracic lymphadenopathy occurred very frequently in these patients. Five of 6 patients with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions presented solid masses with no ground-glass opacity (GGO) and thoracic multifocal lymphadenopathy. Six of 22 (27.2%) cases contained EML4-ALK gene fusions. In addition, 5 of 22 (22.7%) patients harbored epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, and 2 of 17 patients exhibited KRAS and ROS1 gene mutations. The median survival times were 44.2 months for patients with early stage disease and 8 months for patients with advanced NSCLC disease. The one-year and 5-year survival rates were 56.6% and 38.6%, respectively.

Conclusions

Increased gene mutation frequencies are noted in these very young lung cancer patients. This finding indicates that the detection of gene mutations in these patients is important and will help to determine the appropriate targeted therapy.     

Detecting ALK,ROS1 and RET Fusion Genes in Cell Block Samples

Whether Cell block (CB) samples are applicable to detect anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) and ret proto-oncogene (RET) fusion genes in lung adenocarcinoma is still unknown. In this study, 108 cytological samples that contained lung adenocarcinoma cells were collected, and made into CB. The CB samples all contained at least 30% lung adenocarcinoma cells. In these patients, 48 harbored EGFR mutation. Among the 50 EGFR wild type patients who detected fusion genes, 14 carried EML4-ALK fusion (28%), 2 had TPM3-ROS1 fusion (4%), and 3 harbored KIF5B-RET fusion (6%). No double fusions were found in one sample. Patients with fusion genes were younger than those without fusion genes (p = 0.032), but no significant difference was found in sex and smoking status (p > 0.05). In the thirty-five patients who received first-line chemotherapy, patients with fusion gene positive had disease control rate (DCR) (72.7% VS 50%, p > 0.05) and objective response rate (ORR) (9.1% VS 4.2%, p > 0.05) compared with those having fusion gene negative. The median progression free survival (mPFS) were 4.0 and 2.7 months in patients harbored fusion mutations and wild type, respectively (p > 0.05). We conclude that CB samples could be used to detect ALK, ROS1 and RET fusions in NSCLC. The frequency distribution of three fusion genes is higher in lung adenocarcinoma with wild-type EGFR, compared with unselected NSCLC patient population. Patients with fusion genes positive are younger than those with fusion gene negative, but they had no significantly different PFS in first-line chemotherapy.     

Virtual screening and further development of novel ALK inhibitors

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been in the spotlight in recent years as a promising new target for therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since the identification of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion gene in some NSCLC patients was reported in 2007, various research groups have been seeking ALK inhibitors. Above all, crizotinib (PF-02341066) has been under clinical trial, and its therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting ALK in NSCLC has been reported. Among anticancer drugs, drug resistance appears frequently necessitating various kinds of inhibitors. We identified novel ALK inhibitors by virtual screening from the public chemical library collected by the Chemical Biology Research Initiative (CBRI) at the University of Tokyo, and inhibitors that are more potent were developed.     

Enhanced self-renewal of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells mediated by the stem cell gene Sall4

We reviewed preclinical data and clinical development of MDM2 (murine double minute 2), ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) and PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibitors. MDM2 binds to p53, and promotes degradation of p53 through ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. JNJ-26854165 and RO5045337 are 2 small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2 in clinical development. ALK is a transmembrane protein and a member of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinases. EML4-ALK fusion gene is identified in approximately 3-13% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Early-phase clinical studies with Crizotinib, an ALK inhibitor, in NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK have demonstrated promising activity with high response rate and prolonged progression-free survival. PARPs are a family of nuclear enzymes that regulates the repair of DNA single-strand breaks through the base excision repair pathway. Randomized phase II study has shown adding PARP-1 inhibitor BSI-201 to cytotoxic chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Olaparib, another oral small-molecule PARP inhibitor, demonstrated encouraging single-agent activity in patients with advanced breast or ovarian cancer. There are 5 other PARP inhibitors currently under active clinical investigation.     

In Vitro Drug Sensitivity Tests to Predict Molecular Target Drug Responses in Surgically Resected Lung Cancer

BackgroundEpidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors have dramatically changed the strategy of medical treatment of lung cancer. Patients should be screened for the presence of the EGFR mutation or echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion gene prior to chemotherapy to predict their clinical response. The succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test and collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) are established in vitro drug sensitivity tests, which may predict the sensitivity of patients to cytotoxic anticancer drugs. We applied in vitro drug sensitivity tests for cyclopedic prediction of clinical responses to different molecular targeting drugs.MethodsThe growth inhibitory effects of erlotinib and crizotinib were confirmed for lung cancer cell lines using SDI and CD-DST. The sensitivity of 35 cases of surgically resected lung cancer to erlotinib was examined using SDI or CD-DST, and compared with EGFR mutation status.ResultsHCC827 (Exon19: E746-A750 del) and H3122 (EML4-ALK) cells were inhibited by lower concentrations of erlotinib and crizotinib, respectively than A549, H460, and H1975 (L858R+T790M) cells were. The viability of the surgically resected lung cancer was 60.0 ± 9.8 and 86.8 ± 13.9% in EGFR-mutants vs. wild types in the SDI (p = 0.0003). The cell viability was 33.5 ± 21.2 and 79.0 ± 18.6% in EGFR mutants vs. wild-type cases (p = 0.026) in CD-DST.ConclusionsIn vitro drug sensitivity evaluated by either SDI or CD-DST correlated with EGFR gene status. Therefore, SDI and CD-DST may be useful predictors of potential clinical responses to the molecular anticancer drugs, cyclopedically.