莫西沙星治疗耐药肺结核的临床疗效及机制研究

目的:探讨莫西沙星治疗耐药肺结核的临床疗效及可能机制。方法:选择2013年2月-2015年2月于我院门诊诊治的108例耐药肺结核,参照抽签法分为对照组和观察组,均54例,对照组采用左氧氟沙星治疗,观察组采用莫西沙星治疗,比较两组临床疗效、血清白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、TOS、TAS、OSI和副反应的发生情况。结果:观察组治疗有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,观察组血清IL-1,IL-6,TNF-α,TOS及OSI水平显著低于对照组,CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、TAS水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组副反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:莫西沙星治疗耐药肺结核的临床疗效高,可能与减轻机体炎症反应和氧化应激水平及改善免疫功能有关。     

宁泌泰胶囊联合盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎患者的临床疗效及对血清TNF-α、IL-1β、M-CSF的影响

目的:探讨宁泌泰胶囊联合盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎患者的临床疗效及对血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白介素(IL)-1β、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)水平的影响。方法:选择2014年8月至2016年8月我院接诊的110例慢性前列腺炎患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组(n=55)和对照组(n=55)。对照组采用盐酸莫西沙星治疗,观察组联合宁泌泰胶囊治疗,均连续治疗2周。比较两组治疗前后慢性前列腺炎症状评分(NIH-CPSI)、前列腺液白细胞计数、血清TNF-α、IL-1β、M-CSF水平的变化及临床疗效。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组NIH-CPSI评分、白细胞计数、血清TNF-α、IL-1β、M-CSF均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),观察组以上指标均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:宁泌泰胶囊联合盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎的临床效果显著,可有效缓解临床症状,安全性高,其机制可能和降低血清TNF-α、IL-1β、M-CSF水平相关。     

阿夫唑嗪联合盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎的疗效及对血清TNF-α、IL-1β、PSP、M-CSF水平的影响

目的:探讨阿夫唑嗪联合盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎的疗效及对血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、胰石蛋白(PSP)、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)水平的影响。方法:选择2014年12月~2016年12月于我院就诊的98例慢性前列腺炎患者,按不同治疗方式分为对组与研究组,每组49例。对照组接受盐酸莫西沙星治疗,研究组基于对照组加以阿夫唑嗪治疗。观察并比较两组的临床疗效,治疗前后血清TNF-α、IL-1β、PSP、M-CSF水平、慢性前列腺炎症状指数评分(NIH-CPSI)的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,研究组总有效率为95.91%,显著高于对照组(77.55%,P0.05)。两组治疗后血清TNF-α、IL-1β、PSP、M-CSF水平、NIH-CPSI评分均较治疗前显著下降,且研究组上述指标均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿夫唑嗪联合盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎的疗效优于单用盐酸莫西沙星,可能与其显著降低血清TNF-α、IL-1β、PSP、M-CSF水平有关。     

莫西沙星溶液雾化吸入治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭的疗效

目的:探讨莫西沙星溶液雾化吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法:选择2014年5月~2016年5月于我院就诊的94例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者,参照抽签法分为对照组(n=47)与研究组(n=47),对照组行常规治疗,研究组基于对照组加用莫西沙星溶液雾化吸入治疗。比较两组的疗效,血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)水平、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平,血氧分压(PaO_2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2),APACHEⅡ评分和不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,研究组的总有效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清TNF-α、CRP、CK、LDH、AST、PaCO_2、APACHEⅡ评分均明显低于对照组(P0.05),血清IL-10、PaO_2水平均高于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应的发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:莫西沙星溶液雾化吸入治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭的疗效确切,可能与其有效抑制炎症反应,改善呼吸有关。     

盐酸莫西沙星治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的疗效及安全性

目的探讨盐酸莫西沙星序贯疗法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取200例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组静脉给予盐酸莫西沙星氯化钠注射液治疗,观察组采用莫西沙星序贯疗法进行治疗,前5日静脉给予盐酸莫西沙星氯化钠注射液,病情好转后口服盐酸莫西沙星片,考察两组治疗前、后肺功能指标参数及血液中IL-8、TNF-α水平,比较两组的临床疗效和安全性。结果经治疗后,观察组临床总有效率为94.0%,与对照组的95.0%比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.0481,P0.05);两组患者的肺功能指标参数与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但观察组改善程度与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者血液中IL-8、TNF-α水平与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率8.0%与对照组17.0%比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=1.8514,P0.05)。结论采用序贯疗法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病,有安全、有效等优点,具有较大的临床推广意义。     

舒血宁注射液联合布地耐德对COPD急性加重期患者血清MMP-9，IL-6，IL-8，TNF-α及肺功能的影响

目的:探讨舒血宁注射液联合布地耐德对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)急性加重期患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及肺功能的影响。方法:将112例COPD急性加重期患者参照随机数表法分作对照组与观察组,每组各56例。对照组采用布地奈德治疗,观察组基于对照组加以舒血宁注射液治疗。比较两组总有效率,治疗前后血清MMP-9、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化醇(SOD)水平、二氧化碳分压(Pa CO_2)、血氧分压(Pa O_2),气峰流速(PEF)、最大呼气中期流速(MMEF)、用力肺活量(FVC)、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+及不良反应的发生情况。结果:观察组总有效率显著高于对照组94.64%vs 80.35%(P0.05)。观察组治疗后血清MMP-9、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、MDA水平、PaCO_2、CD8~+均明显低于对照组(P0.05),血清SOD水平、PaO_2、PEF、MMEF、FVC、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应的发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:舒血宁注射液联合布地奈德治疗COPD急性加重期患者的疗效确切,可降低血清MMP-9、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平,改善肺功能,减轻氧化应激并改善动脉血气及免疫功能。     

盐酸氨溴索对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者免疫功能及炎症因子的影响

目的:探讨盐酸氨溴索对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者免疫功能及炎症因子的影响。方法:将2014年6月～2016年6月遂宁市中心医院收治的88例COPD患者随机分成对照组和观察组各44例。患者均先给予常规治疗,对照组再给予福莫特罗复方干粉吸入剂吸入治疗,而观察组给予盐酸氨溴索静脉滴注进行治疗,经过14 d治疗后评价患者的治疗疗效,对比两组患者治疗前后的肺功能指标、免疫功能指标及炎症因子。结果:观察组总有效率(90.91%)显著高于对照组(75.00%)(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大呼气峰流速值(PEF)均升高,且观察组升高更明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者治疗后CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+比值均升高,同时CD8~+降低,但观察组优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后两组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均降低,且观察组血清TNF-α、IL-6水平均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:盐酸氨溴索可改善COPD患者的肺功能、增强免疫功能,降低炎症因子水平,进而提高治疗效果。     

氨溴索注射液治疗COPD合并肺结核患者的疗效及对血清IL-6、TNF-α水平的影响

目的:观察氨溴索注射液治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺结核(PTB)患者的临床疗效及对患者血清白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的影响。方法:选取2015年1月～2018年1月我院诊治的COPD合并PTB患者181例,按照入院先后顺序分为对照组和观察组。对照组90例,给予常规对症药物治疗。观察组91例,在对症治疗的基础上加用氨溴索注射液。两组均持续治疗8周。比较两组临床有效率、病灶吸收和空洞闭合有效率、临床症状积分、肺功能及治疗前后血清IL-6和TNF-α水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为95.60%、74.44%,观察组显著高于对照组,两组相比具有统计学差异(P0.05);观察组治疗后病灶吸收有效率和症状积分均明显优于对照组(P0.05),空洞闭合有效率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后用力呼气量(FVC)、一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)和FEV1/FVC值显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:氨溴索注射液可显著提高COPD合并PTB患者的临床疗效,改善临床症状、病灶吸收和空洞闭合有效率和肺功能,可能与其有效降低血清IL-6和TNF-α水平有关。     

沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的疗效及对患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平的影响

目的:探讨沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效及对患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、超敏c反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的影响。方法:选择2016年1月到2017年1月我院接诊的稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者100例作为研究对象,按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=51)和对照组(n=49)。对照组使用沙丁胺醇治疗,观察组采用沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗。比较两组治疗后的疗效、治疗前后血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP、肺功能的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效总有效率(94.12%)显著高于对照组(75.51%,P0.05)。两组患者治疗后血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平均治疗前均明显下降,且观察组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平均明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组治疗后各第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气流量(PEF)较治疗前均显著升高(P0.05),且观察组FEV1、FVC、PEF均明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者不良反应总发生率分别19.61%、38.78%,观察组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效和安全性均显著优于单用沙丁胺醇治疗,可能与其有效改善患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平有关。     

痰热清注射液对COPD患者血清TGF-β与MMP-9水平的影响

目的:分析痰热清注射液对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者血清转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)与基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平的影响。方法:将102例COPD患者按随机数表法分作对照组与观察组,各52例。对照组予以常规治疗,观察组基于对照组加用痰热清注射液治疗,比较两组治疗前后血清TGF-β、MMP-9水平,用力肺活量(FVC)、1s用力呼气容积(FEV1),二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、氧分压(PaO_2),CD4~+、CD8~、CD4~+/CD8~+,证候积分,临床疗效及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组血清TGF-β、MMP-9水平、PaCO_2、证候积分均显著低于对照组,PaO_2、CD4~+、FVC、FEV1、CD4~+/CD~+、治疗总有效率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组药物副反应的发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:痰热清注射液可有效降低COPD患者血清TGF-β及MMP-9水平,并改善患者动脉血气、肺功能及免疫功能。     

Interactions of the DNA intercalator acridine orange, with itself, with caffeine, and with double stranded DNA

Caffeine (CAF) inhibits the intercalation of acridine orange (AO) into cellular DNA. Optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to determine the molecular interactions of AO with itself, with CAF, and with double stranded herring sperm DNA (dsDNA). AO dimerization was observed at concentrations >2 micromol. The sharp increase in fluorescence (lambda(em)=530 nm) at 5 micromol of AO was attributed to AO multimer formation. From 0.5 to 5.0 micromol, the AO self-association binding constant (K(assoc)) was determined to be 38620 mol(-1), however, the presence of 150 mmol NaCl increased K(assoc) to 118000 mol(-1) attributed to the charge neutralization. The K(assoc) for AO with CAF was confirmed to be 256 mol(-1). K(assoc) for the binding of AO with 20 micromol DNA ranged from, 32000 mol(-1) at 2 micromol AO, to approximately 3700 mol(-1) at 10 micromol AO, in the absence of NaCl. This AO concentration dependency of K(assoc) value with DNA was attributed to AO intercalation into dsDNA at high dsDNA/AO ratios, and electrostatic binding of AO to dsDNA at low AO ratios. The findings provide information used to explain fluorescence intensity values at lambda(em) at 530 nm from studies that combine AO, caffeine, and dsDNA.     

Going with the grain: Fiber,cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis

Healthy dietary intake has been acknowledged for decades as one of the main contributors to health. More recently, the field of nutritional psychiatry has progressed our understanding regarding the importance of nutrition in supporting mental health and cognitive function. Thereby, individual nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, have been recognized to be key drivers in this relationship. With the progress in appreciating the influence of dietary fiber on health, increasingly research is focusing on deciphering its role in brain processes. However, while the importance of dietary fiber in gastrointestinal and metabolic health is well established, leading to the development of associated health claims, the evidence is not conclusive enough to support similar claims regarding cognitive function. Albeit the increasing knowledge of the impact of dietary fiber on mental health, only a few human studies have begun to shed light onto the underexplored connection between dietary fiber and cognition. Moreover, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has emerged as a key conduit for the effects of nutrition on the brain, especially fibers, that are acted on by specific bacteria to produce a variety of health-promoting metabolites. These metabolites (including short chain fatty acids) as well as the vagus nerve, the immune system, gut hormones, or the kynurenine pathway have been proposed as underlying mechanisms of the microbiota-brain crosstalk. In this minireview, we summarize the evidence available from human studies on the association between dietary fiber intake and cognitive function. We provide an overview of potential underlying mechanisms and discuss remaining questions that need to be answered in future studies. While this field is moving at a fast pace and holds promise for future important discoveries, especially data from human cohorts are required to further our understanding and drive the development of public health recommendations regarding dietary fiber in brain health.     

Formation of pyrophosphate,tripolyphosphate, and phosphorylimidazole with the thioester,N, S-diacetylcysteamine,as the condensing agent

Summary Reaction of 0.20M orthophosphate with 0.20M N,S-diacetylcysteamine in 0.40M imidazole at pH 7.0 or 8.0 under drying conditions at 50°C for 6 days yields pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate in the presence and absence of 0.10M divalent metal ion. The efficiency of utilization of N,S-diacetylcysteamine in the formation of pyrophosphate linkages ranges from 3 – 8% under the above conditions. The thioester, N,S-diacetylcysteamine, and imidazole are required for phosphoanhydride formation.Reaction of 0.40M orthophosphate with 0.20M N, S-diacetylcysteamine in 0.40M imidazole at ambient temperature for 6 days yields phosphorylimidazole in the absence or presence of 0.05M MgCl₂. Phosphorylimidazole and pyrophosphate are formed in the presence of 0.05M CaCl₂; pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate are formed with 0.15M CaCl₂. The efficiency of utilization of N,S-diacetylcysteamine in the formation of pyrophosphate linkages is roughly 7% at 6 days of reaction with 0.15M CaCl₂. The thioester, N,S-diacetylcysteamine and imidazole are required for the formation of phosphoanhydrides. The significance of these reactions to molecular evolution is discussed.Abbreviations P₁ orthophosphate - P₂ pyrophosphate - P₃ tripolyphosphate - ImP phosphorylimidazole - Ac-Csa(Ac) N, S-diacetylcysteamine - Im imidazole     

Improving the production,activity, and stability of CLEAs with diepoxides

Among enzyme immobilization techniques, the preparation of cross‐linked enzyme aggregates has shown promising results in biocatalysis, because they are easy to prepare, versatile, and cheap. The method involves the precipitation of enzymes with ammonium sulfate or an organic solvent and subsequent cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde. However, the Schiff base produced with glutaraldehyde is reversible and can be broken with acids or bases, releasing proteins to the reaction medium. To solve this problem, we propose replacing glutaraldehyde with diepoxide compounds to obtain an irreversible secondary amine bond. Such a substitution avoids protein leakage during the biocatalytic process, contamination of the final products, and loss of enzyme. It also improves the synthesis of the biocatalyst, because, while the Schiff base is favored at mildly acidic pH, the epoxide reaction can be made at the optimal enzyme pH, assuring its structural stability and catalytic performance. The proposed method has been successfully used in the production and optimization of aldolase epoxy‐cross‐linked aggregates, which retain 98% activity. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1425–1429, 2017     

Macromolecular interactions with cadmium and the effects of zinc,copper, lead,and mercury ions

Interactions of cadmium (Cd) ions with bovine serum albumin (BSA), bovine hepatic metallothionein (MT), calf thymus histone and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and bovine hepatic chromatins were studied in the presence and absence of divalent zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), or lead (Pb) ions, using equilibrium dialysis at pH 7 and at 37°C. The BSA had 3.5 Cd-binding sites with an apparent affinity constant of 1×10⁵. The other metal ions inhibited the binding by reducing the affinity constant and the number of Cd-binding sites in BSA. There were 6 high affinity and 13 low affinity Cd-binding sites in the MT. Zinc ions had poor efficacy in reducing the binding of Cd to the MT. However, the Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺ ions inhibited the Cd binding to a considerable extent, the former ions being more potent in this respect. Histone did not bind Cd. There were two kinds of Cd-binding sites in DNA: One mole of Cd per four moles DNA-phosphorus at low affinity sites, and one mole of Cd per 6.7 moles DNA-phosphorus at high affinity sites. Their apparent association constants were 8.3×10⁵ and 4.4×10⁶ M, respectively. The other metal ions had inhibitory effects on the binding of Cd to DNA. Histone reduced the Cd-DNA interactions to only a minor extent. The other metal ions reduced the binding of Cd to DNA-histone complex to a small extent. Cadmium binds to the euchromatin (Euch), heterochromatin (Het), and Euch-Het mixture almost equally. The other metal ions reduced the binding maximally in Euch-Het followed next in order by Het and Euch. Cupric ions were the most potent inhibitors of the interactions of Cd with the nuclear materials.     

Experimenting with Transmutation: Darwin, the Beagle, and Evolution

Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).