MicroRNA与变应性鼻炎

在变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)发病的免疫细胞分化及免疫应答过程中,micro RNA(miRNA)发挥着非常重要的调控作用。本文旨在对AR中miRNA研究进行回顾,以期为AR的有效治疗提供新的视角。首先,变应性鼻炎患者鼻粘膜中miR-7和miRPlus-E1194等差异表达。其次,在T辅助细胞发育、分化与活化过程中,miR-181a、miR-155、miR-21、miR-1、miR-31、miR-223、miR-139-3p、miR-126、Let-7家族成员会发生显著上调或下降,而且某些miRNA的相关作用靶点也得到验证。再次,嗜酸粒细胞定向分化祖细胞向成熟嗜酸粒细胞的分化过程中,miR-21和miR-223都有所上调。最后,在肥大细胞激活和脱颗粒过程中,miR-221和miR-222以及其他miRNA显著上调。以上miRNA参与了T辅助细胞分化与活化、嗜酸粒细胞发育、肥大细胞脱颗粒等AR病理进程的各个环节,而且,miRNA还会参与前期的抗原提呈等环节。可见miRNA对AR调控呈现出复杂性和多重性。     

Calpeptin通过抑制GATA3减轻变应性鼻炎大鼠炎症

摘要 目的：本研究旨在评估钙蛋白酶抑制剂calpeptin减轻变应性鼻炎大鼠炎症的作用并探讨其机制。方法：将20只雄性SD大鼠采用数字表法随机分为4组：正常组（Normal）、变应性鼻炎组（AR）、地塞米松干预AR组（DXMS+AR）、calpeptin干预AR组（Calpeptin+AR）。造模成功后,对大鼠AR症状进行行为学评分,对大鼠鼻黏膜组织切片以HE和PAS染色法观察鼻黏膜病理改变;对大鼠外周血以ELISA法检测总IgE、IL-4、IL-13水平;对大鼠鼻黏膜组织以免疫蛋白印迹法检测GATA3蛋白表达水平。单因素方差分析进行多组间比较,LSD- t检验进行组间两两比较。结果：与Normal组相比,AR组大鼠的鼻部过敏症状、鼻黏膜嗜酸粒细胞计数及外周血总IgE水平均升高,Calpeptin与地塞米松均能减轻气道炎症,减少嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,降低血清中OVA诱导的IgE的生成。探讨机制发现,酶联免疫吸附试验检测Th2细胞因子,与Normal组比较,AR组血清IL-4、IL-13水平均升高（P＜0.05）,而Calpeptin与地塞米松均能降低血清IL-4、IL-13水平（P＜0.05）。免疫蛋白印迹法检测大鼠鼻黏膜GATA3蛋白表达水平显示,与Normal组比较,AR组鼻黏膜 GATA3表达升高（P＜0.05）,而Calpeptin与地塞米松组鼻黏膜 GATA3表达均下降（P＜0.05）。结论：腹腔注射calpeptin能够减轻变应性鼻炎大鼠局部和全身过敏反应,其机制可能下调GATA3表达,影响Th2细胞的分化及细胞因子的分泌有关。     

Th2与ILC2细胞在哮喘模型中的数量及产生细胞因子的比较研究

目的比较过敏原依赖和非依赖性哮喘模型中2型辅助性T细胞(Th2 cell)和固有淋巴样2型细胞(type 2innate lymphoid cell,ILC2)的功能。方法滴鼻法制备过敏原卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)和上皮源性细胞因子(IL-25、IL-33)诱导的亚急性和慢性哮喘小鼠模型。收集小鼠肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalvelar lavage fluid,BALF)进行细胞计数;取左肺进行石蜡包埋、切片和HE染色;右肺行流式细胞术,以分析在不同时间点各组小鼠Th2细胞和ILC2细胞数目和占肺组织总细胞比例,并对Th2型细胞因子的来源进行分析。结果与生理盐水组相比,各实验组BALF中总细胞数明显增加; HE染色可见OVA、IL-25和IL-33均可诱导哮喘典型病理学改变;各实验组肺组织中Th2细胞与ILC2细胞均明显上升,数量上以Th2细胞为主,两者均可产生Th2型细胞因子IL-5和IL-13,且以Th2细胞为主。而在致哮喘样改变、促进Th2细胞和ILC2细胞在小鼠肺部聚集等方面,以IL-33的效应最强。结论在过敏原OVA和非过敏原IL-25、IL-33诱导的哮喘模型中,Th2型细胞因子主要来源均为Th2细胞,提示Th2细胞在哮喘的发生、发展中起到主要作用。IL-33可能是过敏性和非过敏性哮喘患者个体化治疗的潜在靶点。     

抗IL-6抗体治疗小鼠变应性鼻炎的作用的研究

目的：探讨IL-6 抗体治疗小鼠变应性鼻炎的作用。方法：实验动物分三组：PBS 组（正常对照组）、抗IL-6 抗体组（以抗IL-6 单 克隆抗体处理）、IgG 抗体对照组（以IgG对照抗体处理）。应用卵清蛋白（OVA）致敏建立小鼠变应性鼻炎模型,给予抗IL-6 单克 隆抗体干预,计量抗原激发后小鼠搔鼻数量。应用HE染色方法检测对小鼠鼻黏膜炎症影响,应用ELISA 法检测小鼠灌洗液中 IL-4、IFN-r含量。结果：治疗后抗IL-6 抗体组小鼠搔鼻症状相对于抗体对照组明显减轻（P<0.01)。与PBS 组比较,IgG 抗体对照组 小鼠鼻腔灌洗液中总炎性细胞数,淋巴细胞数及嗜酸性粒细胞数明显升高（P<0.05);IL-6 抗体治疗后,小鼠鼻腔灌洗液中总炎性 细胞数,淋巴细胞数及嗜酸性粒细胞数明显降低（P<0.05);IgG抗体对照组小鼠鼻腔灌洗液IL-4 含量明显升高（P<0.01),而IFN-r 含量不变（P>0.05);IL-6 抗体治疗后,IL-4 含量较IgG 抗体对照组降低（P<0.05),IFN-r含量不变（P>0.05)。结论：IL-6 抗体可有效 治疗小鼠变应性鼻炎。     

上下呼吸道过敏性炎症治疗的一致性

变应性鼻炎(Allergic rhinitis,AR)与支气管哮喘(Bronchial asthma,BA)均是由有多种炎性细胞和Th2细胞因子及其它炎症介质参与的气道炎症性疾病,其流行病学、组织学、病理生理学等存在相似性和相关性,而治疗两者也表现出一致性和协同性。因此,临床上被称为"同一气道疾病"。本文就变应性鼻炎和支气管哮喘在治疗方面的一致性作一综述。     

白细胞介素-33在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者黏膜组织中的表达及意义

目的观察慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(CRSwNP)患者鼻黏膜组织中白细胞介素-33(IL-33)的表达与嗜酸性粒细胞(Eos)的浸润情况,探讨IL-33与Eos在其发病中作用及相关性。方法采用免疫组织化学LSAB法分别检测CRSwNP患者(观察组)32例和单纯鼻中隔偏曲患者(对照组)24例的鼻黏膜组织中IL-33的表达情况;苏木精-伊红染色下观察炎性细胞浸润程度并对Eos计数;全血细胞分析法测定两组患者血液中嗜酸性粒细胞含量。结果 (1)CRSwNP组织中上皮层及间质内Eos、中心粒细胞为主的炎性细胞及部分腺体内有IL-33的表达;(2)免疫组织化学检测显示IL-33阳性细胞数、苏木精-伊红染色Eos计数均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Eos计数与IL-33阳性细胞数在CRSwNP中存在正相关性(P0.05);(3)血液中Eos含量无统计学意义。结论 IL-33是一种新型的细胞因子,在CRSwNP患者体内高表达,可能与嗜酸性粒细胞浸润互相促进,在CRSwNP发生发展中具有重要的作用。     

白细胞介素33在肿瘤免疫中的作用及信号通路研究进展

白细胞介素33(interleukin-33,IL-33)主要表达于人角质细胞、内皮细胞和纤维母细胞中。IL-33在Th(helper T cell)2细胞的成熟中发挥重要作用,促进Th2细胞分泌Th2相关细胞因子,趋化Th2细胞,并在组织损伤中作为警报素放大免疫反应。IL-33也可以激活肥大细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和自然杀伤细胞。随着肿瘤免疫疗法研究逐渐深入,IL-33的抗肿瘤作用也逐渐被人们认识,包括在黑色素瘤和乳腺癌等癌症中的作用。为更好总结IL-33在肿瘤免疫中的研究进展,本文从IL-33在肿瘤免疫中的信号通路和IL-33对不同肿瘤免疫治疗效应两方面进行了归纳和总结。     

脂多糖对大鼠实验性变应性鼻炎的影响

目的研究脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对实验性变应性鼻炎的影响。方法SD大鼠40只随机分4组,其中,变应性鼻炎组经腹腔注射及鼻腔滴入卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏,建立变应性鼻炎动物模型;LPS刺激组经鼻腔滴入LPS(10μg/100μL);变应性鼻炎 LPS刺激组为大鼠激发成变应性鼻炎后再以LPS滴入鼻腔。观察各组的症状变化,如喷嚏,流涕等。行常规HE及甲苯胺蓝染色观察各组鼻黏膜炎性细胞的浸润情况,并行高倍镜下嗜酸性粒细胞计数。结果①变应性鼻炎 LPS刺激组过敏症状评分高于其余各组(P<0.01);正常对照组及LPS刺激组症状评分差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②变应性鼻炎 LPS刺激组鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒细胞计数高于变应性鼻炎组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);正常对照组及LPS刺激组鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒细胞计数差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论LPS刺激可以加重变应性鼻炎的症状及鼻黏膜组织的病理学改变。     

IL-25在支气管哮喘中的作用

白介素25(Interleukin-25,IL-25)是细胞因子IL-17家族的成员之一,主要由活化的Th细胞和肥大细胞所分泌。IL-25能够诱导释放Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13,炎性细胞因子IL-6,Th1型趋化因子CXCL10、CXCL9、CCL5的产生,导致嗜酸性粒细胞的浸润,在支气管哮喘的发病中起重要作用,本文就此作一综述。     

变应性鼻炎鼻黏膜组织重塑的研究及转化生长因子β1 在鼻黏膜中 的表达*

目的:探讨变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis AR)鼻黏膜组织是否存在重塑并检测与组织重塑密切相关的转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)在AR患者鼻黏膜组织中的表达及意义。方法:取健康自愿者、轻度间歇性AR患者、重度持续性AR患者的中鼻甲黏膜组织各10例。苏木素伊红(HE)染色法观察嗜酸细胞浸润并测定上皮损伤情况;阿辛蓝-过碘酸-希夫(AB-PAS)染色法计数杯状细胞数;三色胶原(MT)染色测定细胞外基质沉积面积百分比。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定组织中TGF-β1的表达。结果:①对照组无明显嗜酸细胞浸润,两鼻炎组较多嗜酸细胞浸润(P<0.01),②轻度AR组中仅上皮细胞损伤1级比对照组明显(P<0.01),重度AR组上皮损伤1、2、3级均比对照组明显(P<0.01),③两鼻炎组杯状细胞数明显多于对照组(P值均<0.01),④与对照组相比,轻度AR组胶原沉积面积增多,但无统计学意义(P>0.05),重度AR组明显增多(P<0.01),⑤TGF-β1在两鼻炎组黏膜中的表达均比对照组显著增高(P<0.01);重度AR组TGF-β1的表达均比轻度AR组增高,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:AR的鼻黏膜组织发生了重塑,表现为:上皮细胞损伤,杯状细胞化生,细胞外基质沉积,重度AR患者的鼻黏膜重塑更强,更广泛。TGF-β1积极参与了AR鼻黏膜组织的重塑过程。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.