补骨脂酚通过抑制凋亡、氧化应激和炎症反应缓解小鼠脓毒症脑病

目的:探究补骨脂酚能否抵抗小鼠脓毒症脑病。方法:通过小鼠盲肠结扎穿孔法建立脓毒症脑损伤模型。盲肠结扎穿孔后通过腹腔注射补骨脂酚(10 mg/kg)。小鼠随机分为以下4组:假手术(Sham)组;单纯补骨脂酚处理(BAK)组;盲肠结扎穿孔(CLP)组;盲肠结扎穿孔+补骨脂酚处理(CLP+BAK)组。盲肠结扎穿孔48小时后检测脑组织水含量、血脑屏障通透性、凋亡率、IL-1β与TNF-α表达量、MDA含量、SOD与CAT活性。结果:与Sham组相比,CLP组小鼠脑组织水含量(增加21.20%)、脑组织Evans蓝含量(增加237.05%)、凋亡率、MDA含量、IL-1β与TNF-α表达量均明显增高,而SOD与CAT活性明显降低(P0.05)。与CLP组相比,补骨脂酚处理可明显降低脑组织水含量(下降10.94%)、Evans蓝含量(下降39.40%)、凋亡率、MDA含量、IL-1β与TNF-α表达量,而增加SOD与CAT活性(P 0.05)。结论:补骨脂酚通过抑制凋亡、氧化应激和炎症反应,最终减轻脓毒症脑损伤。     

姜黄素后处理通过SIRT1/FOXO1信号通路拮抗小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的:探究姜黄素后处理是否通过激活SIRT1/FOXO1信号通路抵抗小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。方法:小鼠脑缺血30 min,再灌注24 h建立脑缺血再灌注模型。手术前脑室内注射SIRT1特异性抑制剂EX527。再灌注后腹腔注射姜黄素。小鼠随机分为以下6组:假手术组;单纯姜黄素后处理组;缺血再灌注组;缺血再灌注+姜黄素后处理组;EX527预处理+缺血再灌注+姜黄素后处理组;EX527预处理+脑缺血再灌注组。再灌注24 h检测脑梗体积、Complex I活性、ROS含量以及SIRT1、Ac-FOXO1、Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3蛋白表达情况。结果:与手术组相比,姜黄素后处理组梗死区脑组织SIRT1的表达量及活性明显增加,脑梗体积降低,ROS含量降低而Complex I活性增高,Bcl-2的表达增高而Bax和Caspase-3的表达量降低(均P0.05)。阻断SIRT1信号通路后上述姜黄素脑保护作用均减弱(P0.05)。结论:我们的研究首次证实姜黄素后处理通过激活SIRT1/FOXO1信号通路,进而降低氧化应激与凋亡,最终减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

基于Sirt1/FoxO1通路探讨瑞马唑仑减轻脓毒症小鼠脑损伤的机制研究

目的 探究瑞马唑仑对脓毒症引起的脑损伤的影响及机制。方法 雄性C57BL/6J小鼠，采用随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组、瑞马唑仑组(8 mg/kg)、瑞马唑仑+Sirt1抑制剂(EX527)组(8 mg/kg瑞马唑仑+5 mg/kg EX527)、EX527组，每组38只。采用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)制备脓毒症相关性脑病(SAE)小鼠模型。给予相应的干预后，观察并记录术后7 d内小鼠存活率，采用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠逃避潜伏期和穿越平台次数；手术后24 h,通过伊文斯蓝(EB)渗漏量评估血脑屏障(BBB)通透性，酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测脑组织白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、IL-1β水平，化学比色法检测脑组织丙二醛(MDA)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性，HE染色观察海马组织病理学变化，TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡，蛋白免疫印迹(Western Blot)检测海马组织沉默信息调节因子1(Sirt1)/叉头框蛋白O1(FoxO1)通路相关蛋白表达。结果 与假手术组相比，模型组小鼠的存活率、穿越平台次数、SOD和CAT活性、Si...     

和厚朴酚对心梗小鼠的心肌保护作用研究

目的 探讨和厚朴酚(Honokiolc, HKL)对急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)小鼠的心肌保护作用及其可能的调控机制。方法 80只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为四组,每组20只：假手术(Sham)组、心梗模型+空白溶剂(Vehicle)(MI+V)组、心梗模型+和厚朴酚治疗(MI+HKL)组、心梗模型+和厚朴酚+沉默调节蛋白1(Sirtuin-1,SIRT1)抑制剂(selisistat, EX527)处理(MI+HKL+EX)组。造模后记录28 d内小鼠的死亡情况;术后第28天检测小鼠超声心动图后,处死动物留取血清标本,酶联免疫吸附剂(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)法检测血清炎症指标。留取心脏组织标本,活性氧荧光探针-二氢乙啶(dihydroethidium, DHE)法检测心肌组织氧化应激水平;末端DNA转移酶dUTP缺口末端标记(terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling, TUNEL)法...     

重组人脑利钠肽对脓毒症相关性脑病小鼠神经细胞凋亡的治疗作用

目的:探讨重组人脑利钠肽(recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide, rhBNP)对脓毒症小鼠脑病理损伤和认知功能障碍的治疗效应,明确其脑保护作用机制。方法:采用盲肠结扎穿刺法(Cecal ligation and puncture, CLP)建立脓毒症小鼠模型。在CLP手术后6小时皮下注射rhBNP,相同容积的生理盐水被作为对照,连续14天,每日一次。通过旷场实验,评价动物基础运动状态、探索能力和焦虑情绪;采用条件相关恐惧实验,检测动物情景相关记忆能力变化。TUNEL染色检测动物海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡变化;蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB)检测动物海马组织TNF-α、Caspase-8和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平变化。结果:在旷场实验中,与Sham+Veh组小鼠相比较,CLP+Veh组小鼠表现出平均运动速度(P0.0001)、5分钟穿格次数(P0.0001)和中央区域运动时间明显下降(P0.0001)。与CLP+Veh组小鼠相比较,CLP+rhBNP组小鼠旷场中平均运动速度(P=0.35)和5分钟穿格次数(P=0.064)无显著变化,中央区域运动时间明显增加(P=0.0005)。在条件相关恐惧测试中,与Sham+Veh组小鼠相比较,CLP+Veh组小鼠表现为僵直时间比例明显减少(P0.0001)。与CLP+Veh组小鼠相比较,CLP+rhBNP组小鼠表现为僵直时间比例显著增加(P=0.0014)。CLP诱导的脓毒症小鼠表现出海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡。rhBNP治疗可以明显的减轻脑病理变化,并且通过抑制Caspase-3上游信号通路TNF-a-Caspase-8减轻神经细胞凋亡。结论:rhBNP对SAE具有治疗作用,其机制可能与抑制神经细胞凋亡有关。     

HIF-1α抑制剂对脓毒症相关性脑病大鼠认知功能及神经细胞自噬的影响

[目的]探讨HIF-1α抑制剂对脓毒症相关性脑病(SAE)大鼠认知功能及神经细胞自噬的影响。[方法] 48只SPF级健康Wistar大鼠，随机分为空白组、假手术组、脓毒症非SAE组、SAE组、脓毒症非SAE+HIF-1α特异性抑制剂(YC-1)组、SAE+YC-1组，每组8只。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)诱导SAE大鼠模型，在行CLP术前24h经股静脉插管缓慢注射YC-1(10 mg/kg溶解于二甲基亚砜)。CLP术后36 h,进行新物体识别试验、悬尾试验、旷场试验，并取海马区脑组织标本，采用HE染色观察海马区脑组织病理变化，透射电镜观察神经细胞自噬变化，Western Blotting检测海马区脑组织Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ、HIF-1α蛋白表达。[结果]与空白组相比，脓毒症非SAE组、SAE组、脓毒症非SAE+YC-1组、SAE+YC-1组明显降低大鼠的记忆能力和探索能力，明显升高海马区脑组织Beclin-1蛋白表达及明显降低LC3-I蛋白表达(P<0.05),脓毒症非SAE组和SAE组海马区脑组织病理损伤明显。与SAE组比较，HIF-1α抑制剂处理可明显增加...     

脓毒症致大鼠急性肾损伤中炎症介质的变化及机制探讨

目的观察脓毒症致大鼠急性肾损伤(AKI)中血清和肾脏组织中炎症介质的变化及肾脏组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达,探讨脓毒症致大鼠急性肾损伤的可能机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)和盲肠结扎穿孔组(CLP组)。CLP组大鼠采用盲肠结扎穿孔法建立脓毒症动物模型,Sham组除不结扎穿孔盲肠外,其余处理同脓毒症组。分别于造模后6h、12h和24h观察各组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6)水平,肾脏组织中Toll样受体4(TLR4)和高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)mRNA表达;免疫组化法检测肾小管中NF-κB p65的表达,分析NF-κB p65核阳性率。结果与相同时间点Sham组比较,CLP组6h~12h大鼠血清TNF-α和IL-6水平明显升高(P0.01),CLP组6h~24h大鼠肾脏组织中TLR4mRNA表达明显升高(P0.01),CLP组12h~24h大鼠肾脏组织中HMGB1mRNA表达明显升高(P0.01),CLP组6h~24h大鼠肾小管中NF-κB p65核阳性率升高(P0.05~P0.01)。结论随脓毒症致AKI病程的延长,大鼠肾脏组织中TLR4和HMGB1mRNA表达和NF-κB p65核阳性率明显升高,其机制可能与TLR4介导的炎症通路密切相关。     

SIRT2抑制对MPP+诱导的帕金森病细胞模型凋亡和线粒体动态平衡的影响*

探究siRNA敲减沉默信息调节因子2(SIRT2)对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP⁺)诱导的帕金森病细胞模型细胞损伤的影响和机制。CCK-8法检测不同浓度MPP⁺处理对体外培养小鼠海马神经元HT-22细胞生存率的影响。将细胞分为对照组、MPP⁺最佳浓度处理组(1 mmol/L MPP⁺处理组)、阴性转染组(对照组基础上转染SIRT2阴性序列)、SIRT2 siRNA处理组(损伤组基础上转染SIRT2 siRNA)。观察各组细胞凋亡情况,检测凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-9)、线粒体分裂及融合相关蛋白(Drp1、Fis1、OPA1、Mfn1、Mfn2)。与对照组相比,MPP⁺处理组细胞抑制率均升高,细胞抑制率随MPP⁺浓度增加而逐渐增加(P<0.05)。与SIRT2 siRNA转染组相比,损伤组Bax、Caspase-9、Drp1、Fis1蛋白表达和细胞凋亡率升高,Bcl-2、Mfn1、Mfn2蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。SIRT2在MPP⁺诱导帕金森病细胞模型中表达升高,抑制SIRT2可减轻MPP⁺诱导帕金森病细胞模型中细胞凋亡并促进线粒体融合,从而对神经元具有一定的保护作用。     

清瘟败毒饮对脓毒症大鼠脾组织IL-17信号通路相关基因的影响

目的探讨清瘟败毒饮对脓毒症大鼠脾脏组织IL-17信号通路相关基因表达的影响。方法将45只清洁级健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机等分为对照组、脓毒症组、清瘟败毒饮干预组。脓毒症组行盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)进行建模。清瘟败毒饮干预组大鼠除行CLP外,并于术前2天予中药胃饲,每天2次;术后连续予中药胃饲2天。对照组仅行开腹、关腹,不行盲肠结扎穿孔。3组术毕均于肌肉注射平衡液5 ml/kg,于术后24 h取脾组织提取RNA后采用RNA-seq进行mRNA表达量检测,应用生物信息学方法分析清瘟败毒饮对脓毒症大鼠脾组织IL-17信号通路相关基因的表达变化。结果相对于对照组,脾组织IL-17信号通路相关基因在脓毒症组、清瘟败毒饮干预组同时上调基因数8个,同时下调基因数有2个;仅脓毒症组上调基因数7个,仅清瘟败毒饮干预组上调基因数4个;仅脓毒症组下调基因数1个,仅清瘟败毒饮干预组下调基因数4个。结论清瘟败毒饮可能通过调节脓毒症大鼠脾组织IL-17信号通路相关基因的表达而起到改善脓毒症脾功能的作用。     

FOXO4通过抑制凋亡维持人脐带间充质干细胞衰老

本文旨在探讨叉头盒O4 (forkhead box O4, FOXO4)在人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, hUC-MSCs)衰老中的作用。采用自然传代法诱导hUC-MSCs衰老,用慢病毒shRNA抑制FOXO4表达,用β-半乳糖苷酶染色法检测细胞衰老情况,用CCK-8法检测细胞活性,用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,用qPCR和Western blot检测细胞Bcl-2、Bax、FOXO4、白介素6 (interleukin 6, IL-6)和cleaved Caspase-3的表达情况,用免疫荧光染色法检测细胞FOXO4表达情况,用ELISA检测细胞IL-6分泌量。结果显示,相比第一代hUC-MSCs,衰老hUC-MSCs中FOXO4和Bax表达水平上调,Bcl-2和cleaved Caspase-3表达水平下调,IL-6 mRNA表达水平上调、分泌量增加。抑制FOXO4的表达后,衰老hUC-MSCs凋亡增加,细胞活力下降,IL-6 mRNA表达水平下调,分泌量降低。上述结果提示,FOXO4能通过抑制凋亡来维持衰老hUCMSCs活力和功能,加速整个细胞集落衰老。     

Cenp-F links kinetochores to Ndel1/Nde1/Lis1/dynein microtubule motor complexes

Cenp-F is a nuclear matrix component that localizes to kinetochores during mitosis and is then rapidly degraded after mitosis [1]. Unusually, both the localization and degradation of Cenp-F require it to be farnesylated [2]. Five studies recently demonstrated that Cenp-F is required for kinetochore-microtubule interactions and spindle checkpoint function [3-7]; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be defined. Here, we show that Cenp-F interacts with Ndel1 and Nde1, two human NudE-related proteins implicated in regulating Lis1/Dynein motor complexes (reviewed in [8]). We show that Ndel1, Nde1, and Lis1 localize to kinetochores in a Cenp-F-dependent manner. In addition, Nde1, but not Ndel1, is required for kinetochore localization of Dynein. Accordingly, suppression of Nde1 inhibits metaphase chromosome alignment and activates the spindle checkpoint. By contrast, inhibition of Ndel1 results in malorientations that are not detected by the spindle checkpoint; Ndel1-deficient cells consequently enter anaphase in a timely manner but lagging chromosomes then manifest. A major function of Cenp-F, therefore, is to link the Ndel1/Nde1/Lis1/Dynein pathway to kinetochores. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that Ndel1 and Nde1 play distinct roles to ensure chromosome alignment and segregation.     

Angiotensin II Reduces Cardiac AdipoR1 Expression through AT1 Receptor/ROS/ERK1/2/c-Myc Pathway

Adiponectin, an abundant adipose tissue-derived protein, exerts protective effect against cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) mediate the beneficial effects of adiponectin on the cardiovascular system. However, the alteration of AdipoRs in cardiac remodeling is not fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of angiotensin II (AngII) on cardiac AdipoRs expression and explored the possible molecular mechanism. AngII infusion into rats induced cardiac hypertrophy, reduced AdipoR1 but not AdipoR2 expression, and attenuated the phosphorylations of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and those effects were all reversed by losartan, an AngII type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker. AngII reduced expression of AdipoR1 mRNA and protein in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, which was abolished by losartan, but not by PD123319, an AT2 receptor antagonist. The antioxidants including reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger NAC, NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, Nox2 inhibitor peptide gp91 ds-tat, and mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor rotenone attenuated AngII-induced production of ROS and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. AngII-reduced AdipoR1 expression was reversed by pretreatment with NAC, apocynin, gp91 ds-tat, rotenone, and an ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that AngII provoked the recruitment of c-Myc onto the promoter region of AdipoR1, which was attenuated by PD98059. Moreover, AngII-induced DNA binding activity of c-Myc was inhibited by losartan, NAC, apocynin, gp91 ds-tat, rotenone, and PD98059. c-Myc small interfering RNA abolished the inhibitory effect of AngII on AdipoR1 expression. Our results suggest that AngII inhibits cardiac AdipoR1 expression in vivo and in vitro and AT1 receptor/ROS/ERK1/2/c-Myc pathway is required for the downregulation of AdipoR1 induced by AngII.     

Akt1K64/276与SUMO1结合激活ERK1/2-Elk1-BDNF信号通路

本研究主要从蛋白质结构分析Akt1 SUMO化的位点及位点的突变对其结构与功能的影响。采用多种软件分析Akt1 SUMO化位点和Akt1野生型(Akt1wt)及Akt1K64/276R的理化性质、亲/疏水性及二/三级结构;分析结果显示,Akt1K64/276R较Akt1wt,亲/疏水性未改变,α-螺旋和β-折叠都有少量的不同。三级结构分析显示,与野生型组相比,Akt1K64R氢键增多。以Myc-Akt1wt-pcDNA3.1为模板,采用PCR定点突变技术扩增出Myc-Akt1K64/276R。DNA序列分析结果显示,Myc-Akt1K64/276R基因序列编码赖氨酸(K)的密码子AAG被成功突变为精氨酸(R)密码子AGG。免疫沉淀和免疫印迹结果显示,不共转PIAS3,Akt1 也能与SUMO1结合;Myc-Akt1wt和Myc-Akt1K64/276R均可在HEK293细胞中高效表达;转染Myc-Akt1K64/276R组SUMO化水平降低了70%左右(P<0.05)。免疫印迹结果显示,在小鼠海马神经细胞HT22中,Myc-Akt1wt 组ERK1/2磷酸化水平及BDNF蛋白水平是突变组的约1.5倍(P<0.05);野生型组p-Elk1是突变体组的2倍(P<0.05),而mTOR、P70S6K、4E-BP1的表达及磷酸化均无显著改变。以上结果表明,Akt1中K64/276的突变对蛋白质结构和表达未见影响,仅引起Akt1 SUMO化降低及下游ERK1/2-Elk1-BDNF信号通路的抑制。     

Inhibition of APCCdh1 activity by Cdh1/Acm1/Bmh1 ternary complex formation

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is an essential E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for catalyzing proteolysis of key regulatory proteins in the cell cycle. Cdh1 is a co-activator of the APC aiding in the onset and maintenance of G(1) phase, whereas phosphorylation of Cdh1 at the end of G(1) phase by cyclin-dependent kinases assists in the inactivation of APC(Cdh1). Here, we suggest additional components are involved in the inactivation of APC(Cdh1) independent of Cdh1 phosphorylation. We have identified proteins known as Acm1 and Bmh1, which bind and form a ternary complex with Cdh1. The presence of phosphorylated Acm1 is critical for the ternary complex formation, and Acm1 is predominantly expressed in S phase when APC(Cdh1) is inactive. The assembly of the ternary complex inhibits ubiquitination of Clb2 in vitro by blocking the interaction of Cdh1 with Clb2. In vivo, lethality caused by overexpression of constitutively active Cdh1 is rescued by overexpression of Acm1. Partially phosphorylated Cdh1 in the absence of ACM1 still binds to and activates the APC. However, the addition of Acm1 decreases Clb2 ubiquitination when using either phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated Cdh1. Taken together, our results suggest an additional inactivation mechanism exists for APC(Cdh1) that is independent of Cdh1 phosphorylation.     

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1/redox factor-1 (Ape1/Ref-1) is essential for IL-21-induced signal transduction through ERK1/2 pathway

IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates T-cell and B-cell differentiation, NK-cell activation, and dendritic cell functions. IL-21 activates the JAK-STAT, ERK, and PI3K pathways. We report here that Ape1/Ref-1 has an essential role in IL-21-induced cell growth signal transduction. Overexpression of Ape1/Ref-1 enhances IL-21-induced cell proliferation, but it is suppressed by overexpressing an N-terminal deletion mutant of Ape1/Ref-1 that lacks the redox domain. Furthermore, knockdown of the Ape1/Ref-1 mRNA dramatically compromises IL-21-induced ERK1/2 activation and cell proliferation with increasing cell death. These impaired activities are recovered by the re-expression of Ape1/Ref-1 in the knockdown cells. Our findings are the first demonstration that Ape1/Ref-1 is an indispensable molecule for the IL-21-mediated signal transduction through ERK1/2 activation.     

An endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane junction: STIM1/Orai1/TRPCs

Ca²⁺ entering cells through store-operated channels (SOCs) affects most cell functions, and excess SOC is associated with pathologies. The molecular makeup of SOCs and their mechanisms of gating were clarified with the discovery of the Orais and STIM1. Another form of SOCs are the TRPCs. STIM1 gates both Orai and TRPC channels but does so by different mechanisms. Although the STIM1 SOAR domain mediates the binding of STIM1 to both channel types, SOAR is sufficient to open the Orais but the STIM1 polylysine domain mediates opening of the TRPC channels. This short review discusses recent findings on how STIM1 gates and regulates the Orais and TRPCs, and how the STIM1/Orai1/TRPCs complexes may function in vivo to mediate SOC activity.     

IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation via p38 MAPK/T-bet- and intercellular adhesion molecule-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-dependent pathways

IL-27, a novel member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, activates both STAT1 and STAT3 through its receptor, which consists of WSX-1 and gp130 subunits, resulting in positive and negative regulations of immune responses. We recently demonstrated that IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation through ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction in a STAT1-dependent, but T-bet-independent mechanism. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms by focusing on p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation was partially inhibited by lack of T-bet expression or by blocking ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction with anti-ICAM-1 and/or anti-LFA-1, and further inhibited by both. Similarly, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or the inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, PD98059, partially suppressed IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation and the combined treatment completely suppressed it. p38 MAPK was then revealed to be located upstream of T-bet, and SB203580, but not PD98059, inhibited T-bet-dependent Th1 differentiation. In contrast, ERK1/2 was shown to be located downstream of ICAM-1/LFA-1, and PD98059, but not SB203580, inhibited ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent Th1 differentiation. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that STAT1 is important for IL-27-induced activation of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, and that IL-27 directly induces mRNA expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45gamma, which is known to mediate activation of p38 MAPK. Finally, IL-12Rbeta2 expression was shown to be up-regulated by IL-27 in both T-bet- and ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent mechanisms. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation via two distinct pathways, p38 MAPK/T-bet- and ICAM-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-dependent pathways. This is in contrast to IL-12, which induces it via only p38 MAPK/T-bet-dependent pathway.