大伙房水库3种邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征与风险评价

大伙房水库作为辽宁省重要饮用水源地,库区水质安全具有举足轻重的作用。本研究对不同季节大伙房水库库区及主要入库河流中3种主要邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的空间分布及季节变化特征进行了分析,并利用风险暴露模型对库区水体PAEs的风险特征进行了评估。结果表明,大伙房水库库区及入库河流流域中的PAEs含量均处于较低水平,在空间分布上库区中PAEs分布呈自东向西先增大后减小的趋势,在季节上具有夏季春季秋季的变化特点;主要入库河流中PAEs浓度呈自河流上游至下游逐渐增高的趋势,秋季河流水体中PAEs含量最少。在PAEs组分上,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)在所有采样点均有检出,DBP和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)具有一定的同源性且与水中总氮、总磷浓度呈负相关。风险暴露模型结果表明,大伙房水库中DBP的非致癌风险指数均远小于1,不会对人体产生健康危害。     

斑马鱼模型在药物筛选中的应用

斑马鱼具有子代数量多、体外受精、胚胎透明、可以做大规模遗传突变筛选等生物学特性, 因此成为一种良好的脊椎动物模式生物。随着研究的深入, 斑马鱼不仅应用于遗传学和发育生物学研究, 而且拓展和延伸到疾病模型和药物筛选领域。作为一种整体动物模型, 斑马鱼能够全面地检测评估化合物的活性和副作用, 实现高内涵筛选。近年来, 科学家们不断地发展出新的斑马鱼疾病模型和新的筛选技术, 并找到了一批活性化合物。这些化合物大多数在哺乳动物模型中也有相似的效果, 其中前列腺素E2(dmPGE2)和来氟米特(Leflunomide)已经进入临床实验, 分别用来促进脐带血细胞移植后的增殖和治疗黑素瘤。这些成果显示了斑马鱼模型很适合用于药物筛选。文章概括介绍了斑马鱼模型的特点和近年来在疾病模型和药物筛选方面的进展, 希望能够帮助人们了解斑马鱼在新药研发中的应用, 并开展基于斑马鱼模型的药物筛选。     

壬基酚暴露对斑马鱼求偶行为与繁殖成功率的影响

壬基酚(NP)是普遍存在于水生生态系统中的一种环境内分泌干扰物。研究了不同浓度下(0,0.1,1,10,50,100μg/L)NP暴露对斑马鱼(Daniorerio)求偶行为与繁殖成功率的影响。结果表明,NP暴露对斑马鱼求偶行为与繁殖成功率影响显著,100μg/LNP暴露显著减少斑马鱼求偶时间、降低产卵量与受精率(P(0.05)。斑马鱼产卵量与求偶总时间、平均每次求偶时间、长于5s的求偶时间显著正相关(P(0.05),与求偶频率不相关(P=0.951)。NP暴露可能通过影响斑马鱼求偶时间,进而影响产卵量。斑马鱼求偶时间有望作为评估水体NP污染有效的生物标记。     

斑马鱼在新药发现中的应用

在过去20年里,斑马鱼已成为一种重要的模式脊椎动物,在发育、遗传、免疫、肿瘤和毒理等诸多研究领域中被广泛应用。近年来,斑马鱼作为活体模型越来越多地应用于某些生物学过程的药物筛选。通过斑马鱼初步筛选,在药物研发初期可确定化合物的生物学活性、毒性以及副作用等。最近的研究还发现,斑马鱼不仅用于新药筛选,还可用于药物结构的优化。本文重点介绍斑马鱼在新药发现中的应用。     

四种新型农药对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

为了研究4种农药(腈苯唑、吡唑醚菌酯、恶霜灵、戊菌隆)单独及联合作用对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响,设计7个实验组(空白组、溶剂组、4种农药单独暴露组及联合暴露组)对斑马鱼胚胎暴露72 h,结果显示,浓度50 ng/L的4种农药单独暴露导致心包囊和卵黄囊水肿比率、脊柱弯曲率均显著高于对照组;腈苯唑、恶霜灵及联合暴露导致斑马鱼仔鱼心率显著下降,出现显著的心律不齐;斑马鱼胚胎的Na~+/K~+-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性被显著诱导,而联合暴露表现出显著的抑制作用。结果说明,环境浓度的农药暴露对鱼类胚胎发育具有明显的毒性。     

斑马鱼研究走向生物医学

1972年美国俄勒冈大学George Streisinger教授开始研究斑马鱼(Danio rerio)至今, 斑马鱼以其独特的优点, 已经成为现代遗传学、发育生物学研究的重要模式动物。世界范围内斑马鱼研究群体的工作已奠定了较为完善的胚胎学、分子遗传学研究基础, 并且斑马鱼已被应用于开发人类重大疾病模型和药物筛选平台, 取得了许多有价值的研究成果。文章简述了斑马鱼成为模式动物的历史, 侧重介绍了业已建立的白血病、黑色素瘤、感染免疫疾病、神经疾病等斑马鱼模型, 以及利用斑马鱼进行小分子化合物/药物筛选和研发的现状。斑马鱼研究向生物医学方向的拓展, 必将为人类理解重大疾病发生机制、寻找疾病治疗方法, 为维护人类卫生、健康做出贡献。     

东江下游流域突发性重金属复合污染生态风险评价

流域突发性重金属污染事件发生不确定性较高,难以预测和防控,严重威胁流域生态安全、人群健康乃至社会稳定。本研究以东江下游流域为研究区开展生态风险评价,基于“多风险源(危险性)-多胁迫因子(联合暴露)-多风险受体(脆弱性)-生态风险”的风险传递框架,运用贝叶斯网络,计算东江下游流域突发性Cr⁶⁺-Hg²⁺复合污染生态风险,概率化表征风险不确定性,进而提出流域风险防控与管理措施。结果表明：(1)东江下游深莞惠地区67家涉重金属风险源均会对其子流域造成生态风险,惠州市的生态风险明显高于深圳市和东莞市;(2)东江下游西枝江子流域的生态风险最为显著,其次是东江下游干流子流域和东江下游河网区子流域;(3)基于敏感性分析,“河流水体脆弱性”是造成东江下游流域生态风险的主导因子。研究结果可为东江下游流域生态风险防控与管理提供理论支持。     

0#柴油对斑马鱼基因组DNA和环境DNA遗传毒性的RAPD比较

研究利用随机扩增多态性DNA (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD)技术, 以斑马鱼基因组DNA和其养殖水体中的环境DNA (environmental DNA, eDNA)为模板, 检测0#柴油可溶性组分对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)遗传毒性的影响。结果显示, 通过基因组DNA和eDNA扩增的RAPD图谱均可检测到0#柴油对斑马鱼的遗传毒性。在未受到柴油暴露时, 斑马鱼基因组DNA和水环境中eDNA在96h内的RAPD图谱均无明显变化; 在不同浓度的柴油暴露下, 随着暴露时间(0、24h、48h、72h、96h)延长, 基因组DNA和eDNA的多态性位点减少, 模板稳定性降低; 随着柴油浓度(15%、50%、100%)的增加, 基因组DNA和eDNA的多态性位点也减少, 模板稳定性降低。这表明0#柴油对斑马鱼基因组DNA和eDNA的遗传毒性均呈现时间-效应和浓度-效应关系, 并且无论以斑马鱼基因组DNA还是eDNA为模板, 柴油暴露组和未进行暴露的对照组的RAPD扩增图谱条带变化趋势一致。研究结果为通过RAPD技术检测柴油对水生生物的遗传毒性提供了新的研究思路和技术手段。     

PFOS对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的生态毒理效应

全氟辛烷磺酸（Perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS）是一种广泛存在于水生生态系统的新型持久性有机污染物（Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs）,其对鱼类健康的影响以及水生生态系统安全的潜在威胁是当前人们高度关注的水环境问题。为探究PFOS对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎及仔鱼的生态毒理效应,本文研究了不同浓度（0,0.1,1,10 mg/L）PFOS暴露对斑马鱼胚胎孵化率、仔鱼畸形率与死亡率、仔鱼心率、仔鱼运动行为以及生长的影响。结果表明：PFOS暴露对斑马鱼胚胎孵化率、孵出仔鱼死亡率与畸形率的影响显著（P﹤0.05）,10 mg/L PFOS暴露导致胚胎孵化率下降,孵化延迟,仔鱼死亡率与畸形率升高;PFOS暴露4 dpf（day post-fertilization,dpf）或8 dpf 对斑马鱼仔鱼心率影响显著（P﹤0.05）,心率随PFOS暴露浓度升高而增加;PFOS 暴露6 dpf 或9 dpf 对斑马鱼仔鱼的运动行为影响显著（P﹤0.05）,10 mg/L PFOS暴露6 dpf 导致运动斑马鱼仔鱼比例和仔鱼最大持续运动距离增加（P﹤0.05）,PFOS暴露9 dpf,单位时间内仔鱼的运动距离、停顿频率、平均每次运动距离随PFOS暴露浓度升高而减少（P﹤0.05）,最大持续运动距离随PFOS暴露浓度升高而增加（P﹤0.05）,呈剂量依赖的毒理学效应;PFOS暴露导致斑马鱼仔鱼体长和吻宽下降（P﹤0.05）或有下降的趋势,并对吻宽/体长、吻宽/头长影响显著（P﹤0.05）。以上研究结果提示：PFOS对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼具有显著的发育与行为毒性,仔鱼心率、运动行为、吻宽/体长以及吻宽/头长等是评估水体PFOS污染敏感而有效的生物标志物。     

苏州工业园区水体浮游甲壳动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

于2012年6月至2013年5月,对苏州工业园区湖泊和河流水体的浮游甲壳动物组成及群落结构进行了研究,分析了浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量的年度变化,探讨其分布与水体理化因子间的关系.结果表明：园区水体有枝角类6科12属24种,桡足类7科13属18种,其中短尾秀体溞、长额象鼻溞、汤匙华哲水蚤及近邻剑水蚤在不同水体中不同季节均为优势种.在湖泊水体和河流水体中,浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量表现为夏、秋季较高,冬、春季较低,且在夏、秋季分别具有2个峰值.枝角类平均密度和生物量在河流水体中均高于湖泊水体,两者间均具有显著差异;桡足类的平均密度在河流水体和湖泊水体间差异不显著,而平均生物量要显著高于湖泊水体.湖泊水体和河流水体在溶解氧、pH、透明度、总溶解固体、盐度、总磷、总氮及铵氮含量上均存在显著差异;冗余分析表明无论是湖泊水体还是河流水体,多数浮游甲壳动物的分布与水温、盐度、化学需氧量(COD_Mn)和总磷等指数呈正相关,只有枝角类中的溞属、船卵溞属种类的分布与水体溶解氧、pH值及透明度呈正相关.     

滦河流域及周边地区花粉与植被关系的研究

滦河流域及周边地区空气中的花粉组合基本上反映了当地的植被面貌, 与植物的花期相对应, 乔木植物的花期多在春季, 草本植物的花期多在夏秋季, 该地冬季基本上无植物开花, 冬季空气中的花粉应是当年或多年春、夏、秋季散落在地上又被风吹到空气中的表土花粉和一些外来花粉 ;表土花粉随海拔高程的降低依次出现山地草甸、针阔混交林或以针叶树为主的针阔混交林、山地灌草丛、滨海平原草甸和滨海草甸或滨海盐生草甸的等 5个花粉组合带, 分别为蒿 (Artemisia)唐松草 (Thalictrum)松(Pinus)桦 (Betula) 孢粉组合带、松桦栎 (Quercus) 蒿孢粉组合带、藜科 (Chenopodiaceae)蒿禾本科 (Gramineae)中华卷柏 (Selaginellasinensis) 孢粉组合带、藜科蒿菊科 (Com positae)香蒲 (Typha) 孢粉组合带和藜科蒿莎草科 (Cyperaceae)禾本科孢粉组合带 ;由于花粉在河水中是以悬移质颗粒被搬运, 因此在不同时期沉积物花粉组合存在着一定的差异, 其中洪水期间河水对孢粉的分选作用最为明显。     

长江下游重点江段水质污染及对鱼类的毒性影响

通过对长江下游安庆,南京,镇江和长江口4江段水质及其对鱼类毒性影响的调查发现,长江下游江段主航道的水质符合国家地面II类标准,但近岸的污染带水质受到一定程度的污染,其主要污染物为石油烃类和挥发酚等,这些污染物对鱼类有一定的毒性影响,可引起鱼类的急性中毒,并可诱导鱼类产生微核,同时在上述几个江段内的鱼体内可检出较高的污染物残留,这表明长江下游江段已受到不同程度的污染,这种污染对区域性渔业有影响。     

英国泰晤士河藻类种属的组成与水质评价

1985年10月—1986年6月在英国泰晤士河Datchet监测站采得藻类标本共32号,经鉴定有蓝藻门、隐藻门、金藻门、硅藻门、裸藻门和绿藻门的藻类植物共30个属,其中以硅藻门的种类最多,尤其以冠盘藻属最为丰富,为该河流的优势属。由于该属某些种为富营养化水体的指示植物并大量繁殖,可见其水质的基本情况。除了定性分析鉴定藻类的种属外,也从三个方面进行了有关藻类生长情况的定量研究,结果表明,藻类在生长的高峰期,细胞总数为15558个/ml,其中冠盘藻属达14408个/ml,占细胞总数的93%;叶绿素a 96μg/ml;悬浮颗粒物总数为63392个/ml,悬浮颗粒物总体积为31.584μm3×106/ml。       

洋河水库浮游植物组成及优势种演替规律研究

在洋河水库设置6个采样点, 对浮游植物进行了周年研究, 并在夏季进行了每周一次的加密采样, 以揭示水华期间藻类优势种演替规律。结果表明洋河水库全年共检测到浮游植物8门41属49种, 群落季节变化与温度密切相关。春季隐藻门的啮齿隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)为优势, 夏季初期表层水温在25℃以下时, 绿藻门的波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)占主要优势; 当表层水温升至25℃以上, 微囊藻(Microcystis spp.)迅速取代其成为绝对优势。秋季硅藻门的克洛脆杆藻(Fragiaria crotomensis)和隐藻门的啮齿隐藻(C. erosa)为优势。空间分布上水库北部浅水区域隐藻和硅藻生物量普遍高于南部; 受东南风影响, 蓝藻生物量在西洋河口S2点位最大。CCA分析表明夏季水华主体微囊藻的生物量与氮浓度正相关, 螺旋鱼腥藻在夏季仅作为第二优势种短暂出现于西洋河口处, 其出现与否受到磷营养盐的限制。       

城市内河水体有机浓集物的致突变性试验研究

采用GC／MS法对W市内河水体有机浓集物进行了鉴定,共检出有机物114种,其中主要为烷基苯、多环芳烃等。Ames和鱼类微核试验结果表明这些有机物中含有致突变性的物质,对TA-98辅株表现出明显的致突变活性,为移码型直接致突变物。研究表明该城市内河已遭受工业废水和其它污水的严重污染,且水质有特殊毒性。     

瓶液法灭粮仓中家鼠研究

在灭鼠工作中,目前毒饵法应用最为广泛,但多数药物易引起禽畜中毒;应用抗凝血灭鼠剂虽较安全,但又耗费粮油太多。用毒液灭鼠虽不用粮油,但将毒液放在平皿、杯子或水槽中(有的在杯中倒立一个贮存毒液的瓶子),则易被其他动物喝到,同时也易蒸发,因此限制了它的应用(Howard,W. E.,R. E. Marsh,1974)( Marsh,R. E.,W. E. Howard,1976)汪诚信等(1981),瓦什科夫B. U.(1956)。在综合灭鼠效果利弊的基础上,我们试用瓶液法灭鼠,取得了初步成果,现报道如下。     

RIVERINE HABITAT PREFERENCES OF BOTOS (INIA GEOFFRENSIS) AND TUCUXIS (SOTALIA FLUVIATILIS) IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

The distribution and density of the Amazon's two contrasting endemic dolphins–boto, or Amazon river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis , and tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis –were examined on two adjoining large rivers in western Brazil. Using a 17-m river boat as a sightings platform, strip transects were used to cover areas within 150 m of the river margin and line transects were used in all other areas. Highest densities of both dolphins occurred near the margin, and lowest in the center of rivers. Seven different habitats were identified along river margins. The boto and the tucuxi differed in some elements of habitat choice, but they shared a preference for areas with diminished current and where two channels joined. Neither species favored the two most common edge types in this region of the Amazon-mud banks and flooded forest margins. Overall, the most preferred habitat type was the least common, and known as "meeting of the waters." In these areas a channel of sediment-rich white water meets one carrying acidic black water; the resultant mixing produces particularly productive, and obviously attractive, conditions for dolphins. These results demonstrate that Amazonian dolphins selectively occur in areas known to be favored for gill net deployment by local fishermen, and may explain why entanglement is apparently a common cause of mortality.     

Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environments under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants

The genotoxicity of river water and sediment including interstitial water was evaluated by microscreen phage-induction and Salmonella/microsome assays. Different processes used to fractionate the sediment sample were compared using solvents with different polarities. The results obtained for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella/microsome test were negative in the water and interstitial water samples analysed using the direct concentration method. The responses in the microscreen phage-induction assay showed the presence of genotoxic or indicative genotoxic activity for at least one water sample of each site analysed using the same concentration method. Similar results were obtained for interstitial water samples, i.e. absence of mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome test and presence of genotoxic activity in the microscreen phage-induction assay. Metal contamination, as evidenced by the concentrations in stream sediments, may also help explain some of these genotoxic results. Stream sediment organic extracts showed frameshift mutagenic activity in the ether extract detected by Salmonella/microsome assay. The concentrates evaluated by microscreen phage-induction assay identified the action of organic compounds in the non-polar, medium polar and polar fractions. Thus, the microscreen phage-induction assay has proven to be a more appropriate methodology than the Salmonella/microsome test to analyse multiple pollutants in this ecosystem where both organic compounds and heavy metals are present.     

Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of suspended particulate matter in the Seine river estuary

Highly mutagenic compounds such as some PAHs have been identified in surface waters and sediments of the Seine river estuary. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) represents a dynamic medium that may contribute to the exposure of aquatic organisms to toxic compounds in the water column of the estuary. In order to investigate major sources of mutagenic contaminants along the estuary, water samples were taken at 25 m downstream of the outlet of an industrial wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP). SPM samples were analyzed for their genotoxicity with two short-term tests, the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (TA98+S9 mix) and the comet assay in the human HepG2 cell line. Sampling sites receiving effluents from a chemical dye industry and WWTP showed the highest mutagenic potencies, followed by petrochemical industries, petroleum refinery and pulp and paper mills. These data indicate that frame-shift mutagens are present in the Seine river estuary. Furthermore, the comet assay revealed the presence of compounds that were genotoxic for human hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). We also observed a high level of mutagenic potency in the sediment of the lower estuary (3 × 10? revertants/g). The source of mutagenic and genotoxic compounds seems to be associated with various types of effluents discharged in the Seine river estuary. Both test systems resulted in the same assessment of the genotoxicity of particulate matter, except for three of the 14 samples, underlying the complementarity of bioassays.     

Ecohydrology of a seasonal wetland in the Rift Valley: ecological characterization of Lake Solai

The following research describes through an ecohydrological approach, the first assessment of the ecology of Lake Solai, with a particular emphasis on the vegetation. Lake Solai is located 50 km north of Nakuru in the Rift Valley in Kenya at E36°80'–36°84' to N00°05'–00°08'. It is a shallow lake that follows a very peculiar seasonal water regime, and that faces conflicts between agriculture and conservation water users. In the upper catchment, an overview of the agricultural practices was implemented and river water uses were identified to assess river flows. Crops/grassland and woodland/shrubland were the major land uses, covering c. 65% of the catchment. Closer to the lake, vegetation samples were collected around the lake together with samples of environmental factors such as soil and water quality. Thirteen vegetation communities were identified within four main zonations: forest, grassland, river inlet and rocky outcrop. These communities showed abundance, distribution and diversity determined mostly by the human pressures, the flooding periods and the salinity. Cynodon , Cyperus and Sporobolus genera were the most abundant.