The giemsa banding pattern of canine chromosomes, using a cell synchronization technique

Cytogenetic investigations of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris, were performed on the Doberman pinscher and two Boxer dogs. Conventional homogeneously stained and G-banded metaphases from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures synchronized with amethopterin and bromodeoxyuridine were studied. These procedures permitted the unequivocal identification of all canine chromosomes. A canine chromosome idiogram was constructed on the basis of the G-banding pattern at the haploid 327-band resolution level. The secondary constrictions and tapering of the telomeric regions characteristic of several canine chromosomes are described. Q-, C-, and NOR-banding were also performed and the salient features are described. This karyotype should enhance the value of the canine species in cytogenetic investigations.     

黄鳝体内寄生胃瘤线虫的染色体核型及G-带分析

采用常规空气干燥法制片,对寄生于黄鳝(Monopterus albus)体腔内的胃瘤线虫(Eustrongylidesignotus)染色体核型进行分析。结果表明:胃瘤线虫体细胞有12条染色体,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=12=10 m+2 sm。由5对常染色体和1对性染色体组成,性别决定模式为XX-XY,其中X、Y和1～4号染色体都为中着丝粒染色体,5号为亚中着丝粒染色体。每对染色体都有特定的G-带带型。     

羊驼染色体核型及其G分带的研究

为了从选种、杂交改良、疾病诊断以及性别决定的遗传机制等方面为羊驼的繁育与推广提供更为有效的细胞遗传学资料,本试验采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法及胰酶-EDTA法分析了23只胡阿基亚型羊驼（Huacaya alpaca,雌20只,雄3只）的染色体核型及其G-分带,结果表明：羊驼二倍体染色体数目为2n=74,雄性羊驼核型为74,XY;雌性羊驼核型为74,XX。其中,1～20对常染色体为亚端着丝粒染色体,21～36对常染色体为亚中着丝粒染色体和中着丝粒染色体,X为中着丝粒染色体,Y为端着丝粒染色体。G-带分析表明,羊驼G带明暗相间,显现出不同的带纹,且羊驼每对染色体都有其独特的带纹特征,其带纹数目和精细程度随着染色体长度的增加而增加。Abstract: Blood samples from 23 Huacaya alpacas, 3 males and 20 females, were used to study chromosomes and karyotypes, so as to provide some effective cytogenetic bases for the selection, improvement by crossing, disease diagnosis of alpacas, and genetic mechanisms of sex determination. Peripheral blood lymphocyte culture was used to prepare chromosome. A method of trypase-EDTA was used for G-banding. The results showed as follows: The number of diploid chromosomes was 2n=74, with the karyotype 74, XY and 74, XX for males and females respectively. Thirty-six homologous pairs of chromosomes were autosomes, in which chromosomes pairs No.1 to No.20 were acrocentric-subterminal and No.21 to No.36 metacentric-submetacentric. And X chromosome was metacentric, Y chromosome telocentric. The analysis of G-bands showed that bright and dark bands appeared by turn. It showed different bands. And every pair of chromosomes had its distinct band, and the longer the chromosomes, the more the number of bands, and the more clear the bands.     

Comparison of the Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of Hystrix coreana and H. patula (Poaceae, Triticeae)

The karyotypes of Hystrix coreana from eastern USSR and H. patula from USA were investigated by Giemsa C-banding. Both species are outbreeders and have 2n = 4x = 28. The karyotype of two plants of H. coreana has 10 metacentric, 6 submetacentric, 8 heterobrachial and 4 SAT chromosomes; two plants differed by having 12 metacentric, 4 submetacentric, 8 heterobrachial and 4 SAT-chromosomes, and 10 metacentric, 4 submetacentric, 9 heterobrachial and 5 SAT-chromosomes, respectively. The C-banding pattern had no or few inconspicuous intercalary bands, but conspicuous telomeric C-bands in one or both arms giving a high content of heterochromatin (16.3–18.2%). The chromosome complement of one plant of H. patula had 8 metacentric, 6 submetacentric, 8 heterobrachial and 6 SAT-chromosomes. The C-banding pattern had between 1 and 4 intercalary or centromeric bands and conspicuous telomeric bands on one or both arms giving a high content of constitutive heterochromatin (16.4%).     

Chromosomal polymorphisms due to heterochromatin growth and pericentric inversions in white-bellied rat,Niviventer confucianus,from China

Different cytogenetic techniques were used to analyze the chromosomes of white-bellied rat, Niviventer confucianus from Mt. Tai and Jinan, Shandong Province and Ningshan, Shaanxi Province of China. Shandong populations have 2n = 46 chromosomes with 4 metacentric, 2 subtelocentric, 16 telocentric pairs of autosomes and the submetacentric X and telocentric Y. The chromosomal arm number (NF) of the two populations was 56. Shaanxi population has 2n = 46 chromosomes with 4 metacentric, 1 submetacentric, 1 subtelocentric and 16 telocentric pairs of autosomes and the submetacentric X and telocentric Y. The karyotype of Ningshan population showed NF = 58. As the result of the comparison of C- and G-banding patterns, and compare with other species in the genus Niviventer, we suppose that the chromosomal evolution of Niviventer involved in pericentric inversion and heterochromatin growth. The submetacentric chromosomes of Shaanxi population would be originated from the growth of heterochromatin of the subtelocentric chromosome of Shandong population.     

东北马鹿和东北梅花鹿F_1杂种精母细胞联会复合体分析

作者以界面铺张-硝酸银染色技术,对东北马鹿和东北梅花鹿的F_1可育杂种的精母细胞联会复合体进行亚显微观察及分析。在减数分裂前期,杂种鹿精母细胞中形成31条完整的常染色体联会复合体、一个端着丝粒染色体/中着丝粒染色体的三价体和XY双价体。这进一步证明,两种亲本鹿的染色体具有高度的同源性,其差别仅在于一个罗伯逊易位。三价体的顺式构型可能和杂种鹿的可育性有关。     

The karyotype of the golden monkey (Rhinopithecus r. roxellanae)

In this paper, the karyotype and G-banding pattern of the chromosomes of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes in R. r. roxellanae were investigated. The chromosome number of this species is 44 in both sexes. In R. r. roxellanae, as in other monkeys, sex is determined by specific sex chromosomes, i.e. the male is XY and the female is XX. The 21 pairs of autosomes consist of 7 pairs of metacentric chromoomes, 13 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes and one acrocentric pair. Chromosome measurements were made from highly enlarged photographic prints. They included the relative length, arm ratio and centromere index of each chromosome. Both chromosomal and chromatid aberrations were observed. They were 0·67 and 2%, respectively. Finally, G-banding pattern analysis of chromosomes of R. r. roxellanae were carried out. The results show that each homologous pair has its own special banding pattern, so that each of them is easily recognizable. Idiograms of chromosome complements with the Giemsa banding pattern are constructed.     

B Chromosome Polymorphism in the Fish, Astyanax scabripinnis

Four populations of Astyanax scabripinnis (Pisces, Characidae) were analyzed for B chromosome features. This species contains a metacentric macrochromosome (B_M), similar in size to the first chromosome of the karyotype, besides two variant forms, a large submetacentric (B_SM) and a small metacentric (B_m), both showing a reduced frequency. These variant forms were observed only in the populations from the Campos do Jordão region (São Paulo State, Brazil), although not present in all the populations sampled. The three B chromosome forms are heterochromatic and at least the B_M and B_SM are also GC-rich, as evidenced by C-banding and chromomycin A₃ staining. In spite of the morphological similarity between the B_M form and the first chromosome pair, they differ in the G-banding pattern, which does not favor a possible relationship among these chromosomes. FISH with a telomeric DNA probe evidenced signals on the terminal region of all chromosomes, including the Bs. Interstitial telomeric bands, indicative of some chromosomal rearrangements such as translocation or tandem fusion in the origin of the B chromosomes, were not observed. B_SM and B_m are probable derivative B chromosome forms from an ancestral B_M chromosome, showing a restricted occurrence and low frequency in the populations.     

中国家猪高分辨G—带及模式图

采用氨甲喋呤或胸苷阻断法使细胞分裂同步化,并结合胰酶G-带技术,对中国7个家猪品种高分辨G-带进行了研究,发现家猪品种间带型基本一致,从而参照人类细胞遗传学命名法的国际体制,提出了中国家猪高分辨G-带标准化核型及模式图,对显带核型界标进行了少许修改,对每对染色体进行了区带划分和描述。单倍染色体组所显示的G-带数目,包括X和Y染色体,巳达444条,近于中期染色体带纹数目的两倍。     

Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of diploid and tetraploidHordeum bulbosum (Poaceae)

The similar-looking basic genomes ofHordeum bulbosum (2x and 4x) have five rather similar metacentric, one submetacentric, and one satellited choromosome. C-banding patterns are characterized by one or two centromeric, or juxtacentromeric, small to larger bands in most chromosomes, by bands at the nucleolar organizers, by small or very small telomeric bands, and by the nearly complete lack of intercalary bands. Banding pattern polymorphism is widespread. Banding patterns supported by chromosome morphology enable identification of homologues, and discrimination between non-homologues inH. bulbosum (2x). The C-banded karyotype ofH. bulbosum (4x) supports an autopolyploid origin, but it was possible to identify only homologues of submetacentrics and SAT-chromosomes.     

Chromosome identification in Macaca arctoides based on study of the differential staining pattern (G-discs). Comparison with Papio hamadryas G-discs]

Linear chromosome differentiation pattern of Macaca arctoides was studied using the Romanovsky-Gimsa stain (G-banding). The possibility of the identification of all chromosome pairs according to these data is demonstrated. The phenomenon of the irregular intercellular and chromosome differentiation is found out and a suggestion is made about its relation to a real mosaic functional activity of cell genomes. A great similarity in linear chromosome differentiation for 2 from 42 studied chromosome types of Macaca arctoides (genus Macaca) and Papio hamadryas (genus Papio) is shown. On the basis of these data it is supposed that in the divergency process of these species the chromosome microaberrations and molecular mutations played an important role, while large chromosome reconstructions were of no importance. The similar G-banding pattern of both metacentric chromosome arms in two species is found and this suggests an isochromosome mechanism of their occurance.     

The chromosomes of the Canadian Beaver Castor canadensis.

A chromosome analysis of 24 Canadian beavers, Castor canadensis Kuhl (12 males and 12 females), captured in Laurentides Park, Qébec, has been performed from preparations of blood lymphocyte and skin cultures. The chromosome number was found to be 2n = 40. Measurements were made to determine relative lengths and arm ratios of chromosomes, which are metacentric or submetacentric. Results are in agreement with those already published regarding the chromosome number, but differ in the identification of the X chromosome, and in the morphology of the Y and some autosomes. C- ad G-banding techniques allowed the precise identification of individual chromosome pairs. A detailed idiogram of G-bands is presented.     

Occurrence of G-banding in metaphase chromosomes of Encarsia berlesei (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).

Well-defined G-bands were obtained on somatic metaphase chromosomes of Encarsia berlesei using trypsin and warm 2x SCC in sequence. The G-banded pattern allowed rapid identification of all five metacentric chromosomes, which appeared uniformly lighted when stained with DAPI fluorochrome dye. It is stressed that ageing affects G-banding in this insect species; in fact, good banded chromosomes were obtained on 1-month air-stored chromosomes. Evidence for asynchronous condensation on the chromosomes of this species is also provided.     

Comparative chromosome painting of four Siberian Vespertilionidae species with Aselliscus stoliczkanus and human probes

Vespertilionidae is the largest chiropteran family that comprises species of different specialization and wide geographic distribution. Up to now, only a few vespertilionid species have been studied by molecular cytogenetic approaches. Here, we have investigated the karyotypic relationships of 4 Vespertilionidae species from Siberia by G-banding and comparative chromosome painting. Painting probes from Aselliscus stoliczkanus were used to establish interspecific homologous chromosomal segments in Myotis dasycneme (2n = 44), Murina hilgendorfi (2n = 44), Plecotus auritus (2n = 32), and Vespertilio murinus (2n = 38). Robertsonian translocations and a few inversions differentiated the karyotypes of the examined species. Painting of P. auritus karyotype with human probes revealed 3 previously undetected cryptic segments homologous to human chromosomes (Homo sapiens, HSA) 8, 15, and 19, respectively. As a consequence, the existence of 2 HSA 4 + 8 syntenies in the P. auritus karyotype has been proven. In addition, a pericentric inversion or centromere shift was revealed on the smallest metacentric P. auritus chromosome 16/17 using the HSA 16 probe explaining the different G-banding pattern in comparison to the homologous Myotis chromosome 16/17.     

Karyotypes and systematics of Asian high-mountain voles, genus Alticola (Rodentia, Arvicolidae). Results of Mongolian-German biological expeditions since 1962, No. 211.

Six species/subspecies of Asian high-mountain voles, genus Alticola, were studied cytogenetically via conventional staining and C- and G-banding. The karyotypes are very similar. The standard karyotype, as in A. strelzovi strelzovi, consists of 56 chromosomes. These are split into 25 acrocentric pairs, one large subtelocentric pair, one small metacentric pair, a large acrocentric X chromosome, and a small Y chromosome, which varies in shape. Constitutive heterochromatin is almost entirely restricted to small centromeric regions. A small submetacentric pair of autosomes in both subspecies of A. semicanus and a medium-sized Y chromosome in A. argentatus severtzovi are of importance in systematics. The data suggest that A. barakshin, A. semicanus, and A. argentatus are separate species.     

BrdU处理的鱼类染色体高分辨G-带带型分析

本文应用鱼类染色体高分辨G-带技术,重点将黄鳝培养细胞具不同长度染色体的正中期分裂相做成G-带核型加以比较分析。随着染色体长度的增加,带纹数目也增加。但增加是有限度的。染色体带纹数目的增加,明显地表现在深染带再分为若干亚带。当染色体从前期向中、后期过渡收缩变短时,一些亚带融合为原来数目的带。染色体上各个带的收缩程度、收缩时间是不均等的。实验证明大剂量的BrdU不仅能阻断鱼类细胞于中S期,也可使染色体伸长、小剂量的伸长作用不明显。最后讨论了BrdU处理与G-显带的关系、染色体带纹数目相对恒定以及染色体伸长缩短问题。     

A new Chinese species of Psathyrostachys (Poaceae) with notes on its karyotype

The new species Psathyrostachys stoloniformis native to China is described. The karyotype was investigated by C-, N-, and Ag-banding. The new species has 2n = 2x = 14, including 8 metacentric and 6 SAT-chromosomes with minute satellites, distributed either on 3 or on 4 chromosome pairs. The C-banding pattern comprises from one to six conspicuous and from zero to three very small bands per chromosome. Often two bands placed close together appear as one large band. The karyotype suggests that P. stoloniformis is closely related to P. juncea. N-banding produced very weak or no bands. Meiotic analyses of interspecific hybrids revealed a high chiasma frequency indicating that P. stoloniformis has the same basic genome (N) as P. huashanica , and P. fragilis.     

白唇鹿的染色体组型、C带和G带带型

白唇鹿产于我国西藏东部和四川西部。它和大熊猫一样,是我国特有的珍贵动物。有关它的染色体组型至今尚未见报道。我们于去年八月,对两头雄性白唇鹿外周血及茸缸淋巴细胞进行了培养,并作了染色体组型观察和C带及G带带型的观察。 一、材料和方法 北京动物园的两头准性白唇廘,一头10岁,一头4岁。 每一头先后采样二次。用装有司可林(Succinylcholinum chloratum)麻醉弹的麻醉枪击中鹿后,在颈静脉处,用含有1毫升肝素(浓度为50微     

C-BANDING KARYOTYPE AND MALE MEIOSIS OF ACROPHYLLA WUELFINGI (REDTENBACHER) (PHASMATODEA: PHASMATIDAE)

Abstract
The C-Banded karyotype and the male meiosis of the Australian species Acrophylla wuelfingi are described and compared with other members of the subfamily Phasmatinae. The chromosomes of A. wuelfingi are rather large and their number is 2n ♂= 45, XO, 2n ♀= 46, XX; the metacentric X being the largest element of the set. Karyotype analysis shows a predominance of heterobrachial chromosomes and centromeric heterochromatin bands or blocks in all elements. Male meiosis is chiasmate, with mainly terminal chiasmata.     

Chromosomal rearrangements in rock wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). VI. Determination of the plesiomorphic karyotype: G-banding comparison of Thylogale with Petrogale persephone, P. xanthopus, and P. l. lateralis.

G-banding has demonstrated the presence of a conserved (2n = 22) chromosome complement in the macropod genus Thylogale and in some Petrogale species. This plesiomorphic karyotype consists of acrocentric chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10; submetacentric chromosomes 3 and 4; and a metacentric chromosome 7. It should now be possible to relate the G-banding patterns of all other Petrogale species to this plesiomorphic complement and thereby determine the number and types of changes that have occurred during the course of chromosome evolution in Petrogale. It is hypothesised that this 2n = 22 complement is plesiomorphic for all macropodids.