<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clinopodium</Emphasis> L. (Lamiaceae) in Bolivia

A species-level review of the genus Clinopodium in Bolivia is presented. Characters used to distinguish taxa are discussed and evaluated with emphasis being given to nutlet characteristics for the first time. Nine species are described, seven from Bolivia, one of which, C. pilosum J. R. I. Wood is described as new. Bystropogon uniflorus Rusby ex Briq. is treated as subsp. uniflorum (Rusby ex Briq.) J. R. I. Wood of C. axillare (Rusby) Harley and its typification is discussed. Three subspecies of C. bolivianum are recognised, one of which subsp. diffusum J. R. I. Wood is described as new. Notes on salient characteristics of each taxon, on intermediate forms and on the distribution of each species are provided, as well as a key to species, maps and illustrations.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prorocentrum vietnamensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Prorocentraceae Dinophyta): A new armored dinoflagellate from Vietnam coastal waters

TheProrocentrum species, which are primarily marine, are distributed worldwide and occur in ocean, neritic, and littoral environments.Prorocentrum is either a planktonic or benthic genus, with some species possibly being both. Until now, about 35 species had been reported including two that are fresh-water. Some species contain toxic substances. As one of many currently active studies, we collectedP. vietnamensis sp. nov. from Hon Mé, Gulf of Tongkin, Vietnam. Based on its cell shape, smooth valve surface, arrangement of valves and marginal pores, plus characteristics of the central pyrenoid, we propose thatP. vietnamensis is a new species. Its attributes include straight cell sides that are parallel to each other, as well as anterior and posterior areas with rounded ends that form a short, rod-shaped cell that is unique to this species.     

A new species of water mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atractides</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Atractides</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">turcicus</Emphasis> sp. n. (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Hygrobatidae) from Turkey

In this study, the structural characteristics, unique features, various organ measurements of males and females of the water mite Atractides (Atractides) turcicus sp. n. from Turkey are described. In addition, the study compares their characteristics with related species.     

Paravelia anta sp. n. and P. hungerfordi (Drake and Harris) from South America (Heteroptera: Veliidae)

Paravelia anta sp.n. from Argentina and Paraguay is described and compared with its close relative P. hungerfordi (Drake & Harris) from Brasil, which is redescribed. In addition, characteristics to separate these two from the remaining species of Paravelia are given.     

Variation in Nymphon brevirostre (Hodge), and the status of N. rubrum (Hodge) (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)

A series of morphometric analyses conducted on specimens of Nymphon brevirostre Hodge and Nymphon rubrum Hodge from British waters has shown that the characteristics variously used in the past to distinguish these two species are invalid. In this material these characteristics range from the extreme of the typical N. brevirostre form to that of the typical N. rubrum form, with most of the specimens exhibiting an intermediate morphology. Multivariate analyses showed no significant splitting of the material into two groups which might correlate to Hodge's two species. Protonymphon larvae from males of both typical extreme forms were morphologically identical. It is concluded that N. rubrum is a junior synonym of N. brevirostre, a variable species whose morphology tends towards the rubrum form as the animal grows.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pareledone</Emphasis> (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) from Antarctic Peninsula Waters

During recent cruises aboard RV Polarstern in the Antarctic Peninsula region, a new species of benthic octopodid was discovered whose generic affinities based on morphological characteristics were uncertain. Molecular sequence analysis of six mitochondrial and nuclear genes allows this species to be placed with confidence within the genus Pareledone. The species is described herein and morphological diagnostic characters are provided for its identification.     

Taxonomic Study of Korean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scirpus</Emphasis> L. s.l. (Cyperaceae) II: Pattern of Phenotypic Evolution Inferred from Molecular Phylogeny

Scirpus L. s.l. is well known as one of the polyphyletic groups in Cyperaceae. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies clearly suggested that Scirpus s.l. should be separated into several independent genera. In this study, we intend to present the morphological variations and patterns of phenotypic evolution based on molecular phylogeny of Korean Scirpus s.l. Five genera, including 21 taxa from Korean Scirpus s.l., were examined: three species of Bolboschoenus, three species of Schoenoplectus, eight species of Schoenoplectiella including one hybrid, five species of Scirpus, and two species of Trichophorum. For morphological analyses, 23 and 48 characters were selected from vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively. Molecular phylogeny was inferred from a nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, the chloroplast rbcL gene, and the chloroplast trnL-F region. Distinct characteristics and quantitative variation was presented for identification of the five genera and their species. A pronounced pattern of morphological character change was reduction, although many other character states seem to be homoplastic. We suggest that the reduction of phenotypic characteristics has been expressed in terms of condensation of internodes, reduction of leaf blade, and simplification of inflorescence among five genera of Korean Scirpus s.l.     

Ligulate Desmarestia (Desmarestiales,Phaeophyceae) revisited: D. japonica sp. nov. and D. dudresnayi differ from D. ligulata

The phylogeny of ligulate and sulfuric‐acid containing species of Desmarestia, occurring worldwide from polar to temperate regions, was revised using a multigenic and polyphasic approach. Sequence data, gametophyte characteristics, and sporophyte morphology support reducing a total of 16 taxa to four different species. (1) D. herbacea, containing broad‐bladed and highly branched forms, has dioecious gametophytes. The three other species have monoecious gametophytes: (2) D. ligulata which is profusely branched and, except for one subspecies, narrow‐bladed, (3) Japanese ligulate Desmarestia, here described as D. japonica sp. nov., which is morphologically similar to D. ligulata but genetically distant from all other ligulate taxa. This species may have conserved the morphology of original ligulate Desmarestia. (4) D. dudresnayi, including unbranched or little branched broad‐bladed taxa. A figure of the holotype of D. dudresnayi, which was lost for decades, was relocated. The taxonomy is complemented by a comparison of internal transcribed spacer and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) as potential barcode loci, with cox1 offering good resolution, reflecting species delimitations within the genus Desmarestia.     

Bilacunaria anatolica sp. nov. (Apiaceae) from southwest Anatolia,Turkey

A new species, Bilacunaria anatolica A. Duran (Apiaceae) is described and illustrated from southwest Turkey. The species grows on eroded marly stony slopes and in openings of Pinus brutia forest in Fethiye district (C2 Mu?la province). Bilacunaria anatolica, an endemic confined to southwest Anatolia, is related to B. microcarpa and B. scabra. It is also similar to the Mediterranean species Cachrys crassiloba and C. cristata in terms of habit, but differs in fruit characteristics. Diagnostic morphological and carpo‐anatomical characters are discussed. Notes are also presented on ecology and conservation status. In addition, pollen characteristics and mericarp surface features are examined by SEM. The geographical distribution of the new species and related species is mapped.     

Symbiotic association between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanderia secunda</Emphasis> (Cnidaria,Hydrozoa, Solanderiidae) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medioantenna variopinta</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Annelida,Polychaeta, Polynoidae) from North Sulawesi (Indonesia)

A mimic scale-worm was found associated with the athecate hydroid Solanderia secunda, commonly found on reefs of the NW coast of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The species resembled Medioantenna clavata Imajima 1997, which was originally described without any reference to a symbiotic mode of life and later reported to be living on a solanderiid hydroid both in Japanese waters. A detailed morphological analysis led us to consider the Indonesian specimens as a new species, namely Medioantenna variopinta sp. nov., which is congeneric with the Japanese species. The new species differs from the type material of M. clavata as it has elytra with one prominent finger-like papilla and all neurochaetae with unidentate tip, instead of an elytral lump and both unidentate and bidentate neurochaetae on segment two. In turn, the Japanese worms associated with Solanderia are here referred to our new species. Two morphological features in M. variopinta sp. nov. are rather unusual among scale-worms. One of them is its extremely high level of bilateral asymmetry and antero-posterior variability in elytral distribution and the other one is its elongated, upwardly directed nephridial papillae. The morphology and geographical distribution of the host together with the known characteristics of the symbiotic association have also been highlighted.     

Morphological and genetic relationship of two closely‐related giant water bugs: Appasus japonicus Vuillefroy and Appasus major Esaki (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)

The East Asian giant water bug species Appasus japonicus Vuillefroy and Appasus major Esaki are aquatic hemipteran insects whose ranges overlap, particularly in the Japanese Archipelago and on the Korean Peninsula. In rare cases, the two species co‐occur. Furthermore, they are very similar ecologically and also morphologically, making their identification extremely difficult, and the possibility of hybridization has also been suggested. In the present study, we re‐examined their taxonomic validity, and the characteristics useful for identifying them. To re‐examine the morphological traits useful for distinguishing these two species, 222 specimens of A. japonicus collected from Japan, Korea, and China, and 132 specimens of A. major from Japan and Korea, were examined. We also performed molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) regions and the nuclear DNA Histone 3 region. Although the two species are very similar ecologically and also morphologically, they showed significant genetic differentiation. Thus, there is likely some form of reproductive isolation acting between them. Major morphological characteristics overlap extensively between A. japonicus and A. major, and no particular trait was identified as being effective for differentiating these species. All the morphological characteristics examined overlapped between A. japonicus and A. major. However, a principal component analysis based on all of the morphological characteristics revealed that, despite the overlap between these species, it was possible to morphologically distinguish them. Therefore, a more accurate identification becomes possible using multiple characteristics rather than a single characteristic. The male genital paralobes, evaluated as the most useful morphological characteristic, was effective with 100% probability for the Japanese Appasus species. However, for the Asian (i.e. Korean) specimens, this characteristic was not useful. On the other hand, the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA and COI regions and the nuclear DNA Histone 3 region clearly showed significant genetic differentiation between the two species. Notably, the results for the mitochondrial COI region strongly supported the independence of each monophyletic group (i.e. validity of each species). Therefore, DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial DNA COI region is also considered useful for the identification of A. japonicus and A. major. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110 , 615–643.     

Herpetomonas mariadeanei sp. n. (Protozoa,Trypanosomatidae) from Muscina stabulans (Falléen, 1816) (Diptera,Muscidae)*

SYNOPSIS. A trypanosomatid flagellate was isolated from the musciod fly Muscina stabulans (Fallén). Cloned cultures of this organism contained promastigotes, opisthomastigotes, and froms containing a long flagellum doubled or coiled within the cell but not protruding outside. These latter forms we are designating endomastigotes. The presence of these hitherto underscribed endomastigotes along with other morphologic and growth characteristics suggest that this is a new species for which the name Herpetomonas mariadeanei is proposed.     

New causal animal for the growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hebeloma radicosum</Emphasis> (Agaricales): shrew, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorex</Emphasis> sp. (Mammalia,Insectivora)

Hebeloma radicosum fructification occurred in 2003 in Hokkaido where Talpidae moles, known causal animals for H. radicosum growth, are not distributed. An excavation carried out in 2005 revealed a mass of deserted latrines and a collapsed nest in the soil. The latrines, being full of deteriorating ectomycorrhizas, were considered to have borne that fungal growth. The responsible animal was identified as a shrew (Sorex) species by the characteristics of hairs remaining in the soil. Thus, in addition to the moles (Insectivora, Talpidae) and the wood mouse (Rodentia, Muridae; in Europe), a shrew species (Insectivora, Soricidae) is found to cause H. radicosum growth.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bracon (Glabrobracon) jenoi</Emphasis> sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae) from Turkey

Bracon (Glabrobracon) jenoi sp. n. (Braconinae) is described from the Turkish Central Anatolia region. Morphological diagnostic characters are figured and compared with the related species B. (G.) colpophorus (Wesmael, 1838).     

Cypsela morphology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cirsium</Emphasis> sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cirsium</Emphasis> (Asteraceae) taxa in Turkey

In this study, the cypsela morphology of 21 (14 species) of the 28 (17 species) Turkish Cirsium Mill. sect. Cirsium (Asteraceae) taxa was examined by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The shapes of cypselas are oblong, obovate, narrowly obovate and oblanceolate. The taxa were divided into 7 main types according to the results of SEM investigation on cypsela surface characteristics as: scalariform, ribbed, scrobiculate-ribbed, scrobiculate, scrobiculate-reticulate, reticulate and bireticulate. Taxonomic significance of cypsela morphology is discussed. It is shown that cypsela features can be used as distinguishing characteristics in some Cirsium sect. Cirsium species.     

Photosynthesis and water‐use efficiency: A comparison between invasive (exotic) and non‐invasive (native) species

Abstract Invasive species have been hypothesized to out‐compete natives though either a Jack‐of‐all‐trades strategy, where they are able to utilize resources effectively in unfavourable environments, a master‐of‐some, where resource utilization is greater than its competitors in favourable environments, or a combination of the two (Jack‐and‐master). We examined the invasive strategy of Berberis darwinii in New Zealand compared with four co‐occurring native species by examining germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic characteristics and water‐use efficiency of adult plants, in sun and shade environments. Berberis darwinii seeds germinated more in shady sites than the other natives, but survival was low. In contrast, while germination of B. darwinii was the same as the native species in sunny sites, seedling survival after 18 months was nearly twice that of the all native species. The maximum photosynthetic rate of B. darwinii was nearly double that of all native species in the sun, but was similar among all species in the shade. Other photosynthetic traits (quantum yield and stomatal conductance) did not generally differ between B. darwinii and the native species, regardless of light environment. Berberis darwinii had more positive values of δ¹³C than the four native species, suggesting that it gains more carbon per unit water transpired than the competing native species. These results suggest that the invasion success of B. darwinii may be partially explained by combination of a Jack‐of‐all‐trades scenario of widespread germination with a master‐of‐some scenario through its ability to photosynthesize at higher rates in the sun and, hence, gain a rapid height and biomass advantage over native species in favourable environments.     

First records of two species of the genus Brachionycha Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China

Two species of the genus Brachionycha Hübner –B. nubeculosa (Esper) and B. albicilia Sugi – are recorded for the first time from China. The adults and genital characteristics of the species are briefly redescribed with illustrations, and their distributions are given.