LXRs激动剂T0901317对成人骨骼肌细胞FAT／CD36基因mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨肝核受体LXRs激动剂T0901317对正常人骨骼肌细胞中FAT／CD36基因mRNA表达的影响。方法：将原代培养的5例成人骨骼肌细胞分为用肝核受体LXRs激动剂39901317（1μmol／L）作用组、T0901317（0．5μmol／L）作用组和阴性对照组,作用24h后采用sYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组成人骨骼肌细胞FAT／CD36基因mRNA表达水平,并用2^-^△△Ct方法进行比较分析。结果：①以浓度为1μmol／L的T0901317作用组和0．5μmol／L的T090131作用组和对照组样本的均数进行方差分析,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。②浓度为1μmol／L的T0901317作用组和0．5μmol／L的T090131作用组成人骨骼肌细胞中FAT／CD36基因的mRNA表达分别是对照组的3．03倍和2．91倍。结论：肝核受体LXRs激动剂T0901317能够提高成人骨骼肌细胞中FAT／CD36基因mRNA的表达水平,提示30901317有加快骨骼肌细胞内脂肪酸的堆积作用,推测IXRs激动剂T0901317可能会增加糖尿病患者骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的风险。     

牛磺酸对HepG2细胞甘油三酯合成的影响研究

本文探讨牛磺酸对HepG2细胞甘油三酯合成的影响,为牛磺酸预防/改善机体高脂状态的深入研究提供参考。在DMEM培养基中添加0.05 mmol/L油酸建立高甘油三酯细胞模型,分别以终浓度为1、5、10、20 mmol/L的牛磺酸处理细胞24、48、72 h,测定细胞内甘油三酯水平;并检测5 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24 h后细胞内固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c)及脂肪合成相关酶乙酰辅酶A合成酶(AceCS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、长链酰基辅酶A合成酶1(ACSL1)的蛋白表达水平。1 mmol/L牛磺酸作用72 h,5和10 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24、48、72 h,20 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24和48 h均可使高脂HepG2细胞内甘油三酯水平显著下降(P0.05);5 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24 h,高脂HepG2细胞的SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC、AceCS1、ACSL1表达明显减少(P0.05),磷酸化ACC表达显著增加(P0.05)。结论:牛磺酸通过调控SREBP-1c及其下游靶基因而抑制高脂HepG2细胞脂肪酸/甘油三酯的合成。     

高糖对人肾小球系膜细胞SREBP-1、FAS表达的影响

目的探讨高糖环境中人肾小球系膜细胞（human mesangial cells,HMC）SREBP-1、FAS表达。方法体外培养HMC细胞,随机分为正常糖组、高糖组,免疫细胞化学、Western Blot和RT-PCR方法检测固醇调节元件结合蛋白1（sterol regulatory element binding protein-1,SREBP-1）和脂肪酸合酶（fatty acid synthase,FAS）表达。采用脂质体转染技术将特异性SREBP-1质粒引入细胞内并进行表达,进一步采用RT-PCR方法检测脂肪酸合酶FAS的表达。结果与正常糖组比较,高糖培养的人肾小球系膜细胞固醇调节元件结合蛋白1前体和成熟体以及FAS mRNA表达均升高,差异有统计学意义。质粒转染后HMC细胞经免疫组化和Western blot检测证实特异性质粒能够在细胞内高表达SREBP-1蛋白,进一步对FAS的检测证实了FAS mRNA表达升高。结论高糖可诱导人肾小球系膜细胞固醇调节元件结合蛋白1和FAS表达增强且SREBP-1和FAS之间存在有直接关系。     

猪脂肪前体细胞分化过程中聚脂相关基因的表达模式

本实验采用胶原酶消化法分离猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,用含850 nmol/L 胰岛素和50 nmol/L地塞米松的诱导培养液进行诱导,采用油红O提取法测定了细胞中的甘油三酯含量,同时采用实时定量RT-PCR方法检测了细胞分化过程中聚脂相关基因的表达.结果显示:转录因子PPAR γ和C/EBP β在诱导后12 h即迅速表达,SREBP-1 mRNA表达水平在诱导后12 h出现显著下调,随后逐渐升高,96 h达到最高水平;脂肪合成相关酶基因GPDH、FAS、ACC和LPL呈现出与SREBP-1相似的表达模式;脂肪酸转运相关基因aP2、FAT、FATP1与VLDLR的表达量随着细胞分化过程的延长而不断增加,并且与细胞内甘油三酯的含量变化高度相关.本实验结果表明,PPAR γ、C/EBP β和SREBP-1可能是调控猪脂肪前体细胞分化的关键转录因子.猪皮下脂肪组织在聚脂过程中,在分化早期可能以脂肪细胞自身合成脂肪酸为主,而后期则主要依赖细胞外脂肪酸的跨膜转运.这些结果可能有助于揭示脂肪细胞的分化调控规律.     

HMGB1/SREBP-1参与IFN-γ介导的小鼠肾小球系膜细胞内的脂质沉积

目的:探讨γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)诱导小鼠系膜细胞内脂质沉积的可能机制。方法:常规培养的小鼠系膜细胞(MMC)分为正常对照组、刺激组、刺激+空质粒组(sh-HMGB1)和刺激+质粒组(sh-SREBP-1);油红O染色观察细胞内脂质沉积;RT-PCR检测HMGB1、SREBP-1和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)mRNA表达;Wesern blot检测蛋白表达。结果:油红O检测显示IFN-γ刺激组MMC细胞中出现明显脂滴;IFN-γ刺激能够上调HMGB、SREBP-1和FASmRNA及蛋白表达;沉默HMGB1能够降低IFN-γ诱导的SREBP-1和FAS上调,并减少细胞内脂质沉积;沉默SREBP-1能够减少HMGB诱导的MMC细胞内脂质沉积。结论:IFN-γ可能通过上调HMGB/SREBP-1/FAS的表达促进小鼠系膜细胞内脂滴沉积。     

半边旗二萜类成分PAG通过ROS诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的作用研究

探讨半边旗二萜类成分Pteisolic acid G(PAG)对人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖和凋亡的影响及作用机制。用不同浓度的PAG处理HepG2细胞后,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率;采用PI单染法检测细胞周期分布;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡率;采用RT-PCR和Western Blotting检测细胞内mRNA和蛋白表达情况;采用DCFH-DA法检测细胞内ROS水平,采用ROS抑制剂乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)评价PAG细胞增殖抑制作用对ROS的依赖性。结果表明,在24 h、48 h和72 h时,PAG可剂量依赖性地抑制HepG2细胞的增殖(p0.05),IC_(50)分别为64.8μmol/L,38.5μmol/L和24.8μmol/L;用药24 h时PAG可剂量依赖性地使HepG2细胞阻滞在G_2/M期,同时增加HepG2细胞凋亡率(p0.05);PAG可剂量依赖性地降低HepG2细胞内Bcl-2 mRNA和caspase 3、PARP、Bcl-2蛋白的表达(p0.05),增加Bax mRNA和actived-caspase 3、cleaved-PARP、Bax蛋白的表达(p0.05)。当使用1 mmol/L的ROS抑制剂NAC预处理HepG2细胞时,PAG对HepG2细胞增殖抑制作用被显著阻断。上述结果表明,半边旗二萜类成分PAG可提高Bax/Bcl-2的基因和蛋白表达比值,从而诱导肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡,该作用可能是通过升高细胞内ROS水平来实现的。     

Sal B对肝癌细胞株HepG2的促凋亡作用

目的揭示丹酚酸B(Salvianolic Acid B,Sal B)对肝癌细胞株HepG2的杀伤作用。方法用不同浓度的丹酚酸B处理HepG2细胞,37℃培养24h。用RT-PCR检测促凋亡基因Bax的转录水平,并用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡的水平。结果①100μmol/L、50μmol/L、25μmol/L等浓度的Sal B处理都能使HepG2细胞促凋亡基因bax的转录水平升高,其中100μmol/L处理组最为明显。②不同浓度的Sal B处理都能使HepG2细胞发生凋亡,其中100μmol/L处理组最为明显。结论 Sal B有促进HepG2细胞凋亡的作用。     

青藤碱对人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞增殖和细胞内Ca^2＋浓度影响的体外研究

目的探讨青藤碱（SIN）对人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞增殖和细胞内Ca^2＋浓度的体外影响及其效应机制。方法建立体外人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞模型,分别作以下处理：（1）空白对照组;（2）环孢素（CsA）组（50ng／m1）;（3）低浓度SIN组（10μmol／1）;（4）中浓度SIN组（200μmol／1）;（5）高浓度SIN组（1000μmol／1）。分别用MTT比色法和流式细胞术（FCM）检测CD4^＋细胞增殖和细胞内Ca^2＋荧光强度。采用方差分析比较各组间差异的统计学意义。结果（1）高浓度SIN组、中浓度SIN组与其他各组细胞增殖抑制率存在差异（F=1444．228,P=0．000）;（2）FCM检测细胞内Ca^2＋浓度结果：中浓度SIN组、高浓度SIN组与其他各组差异有统计学意义（F=479．055,P=0．000）;（3）经SIN处理后,人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞增殖抑制率和细胞内Ca^2＋浓度之间存在负相关r=-0．836,P=0．005）。结论SIN能浓度依赖性地抑制人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞增殖和细胞内Ca^2＋浓度升高,人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞增殖抑制率和细胞内Ca^2＋浓度之间存在显著性负相关。     

二十二碳六烯酸对大鼠脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

体外培养大鼠脂肪细胞,分别以0 μmol/L（对照组）、40 μmol/L（低剂量组）和160 μmol/L（高剂量组）的二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）处理细胞。采用台盼蓝排斥试验和MTT比色法检测细胞活性及增殖状况;油红O染色化学比色法定量分析细胞内脂肪生成及细胞分化程度;逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT-PCR) 分析过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ2（PPARγ2）mRNA表达情况,探讨DHA对前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响及其可能机制。结果显示,各组细胞活力及MTT测得的光密度值(OD值)均低于对照组,160μmol/L组在60～72h作用显著（P<0.05）;脂肪细胞经DHA处理后, 160μmol/L组细胞油红O染色的OD值及PPARγ2 mRNA表达量均显著下降(P<0.01)。以上结果说明,DHA对脂肪细胞增殖分化均有一定抑制作用,高剂量DHA（160μmol/L）可显著减少细胞内脂肪的合成、抑制脂肪细胞分化,PPARγ2 mRNA表达量的下降可能是DHA抑制细胞分化的部分原因。     

白毫银针茶水提取物对LO2细胞脂质积累的影响及其机理研究

以白毫银针水提取物为供试制剂,探讨其对LO2细胞脂质积累的影响及作用机理。通过油酸处理建立非酒精性脂肪肝细胞模型,分别检测白毫银针水提取物治疗组、预防组、辛伐他汀组、自然恢复组、模型组LO2细胞的甘油三脂(TG)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脂质积累,并测定细胞内SREBP-1c、FAS和CPT1A mRNA表达变化。结果表明,1 mmol·L~(-1)油酸处理24 h为建立非酒精性脂肪肝细胞模型的最理想条件,模型组细胞内TG和MDA含量高于正常组,但SOD活性低于正常组;水提取物处理各组别中,治疗组1 mg·mL~(-1)白毫银针制剂处理的细胞MDA含量最低,脂肪颗粒最少,SREBP-1c和FAS相对表达量最低,但CPT1A相对表达量和SOD活性最高,为本实验非酒精性脂肪肝防治的最优处理。1 mg·mL~(-1)白毫银针制剂能显著降低LO2细胞的脂质积累,其机制可能与抑制SREBP-1c及其下游的FAS基因表达,减少TG合成,增加CPT1A基因表达,加速TG分解等因素有关。     

22-Hydroxycholesterols regulate lipid metabolism differently than T0901317 in human myotubes

The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRalpha and beta) are regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols are known LXR ligands, but the functional role of hydroxycholesterols is at present unknown. In human myotubes, chronic exposure to the LXR ligand T0901317 promoted formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG), 22-R-hydroxycholesterol (22-R-HC) had no effect, and 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC) reduced the formation. In accordance with this, 22-HC and T0901317 regulated the expression of fatty acid transporter CD36, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) differently; all genes were increased by T0901317, 22-R-HC did not change their expression level, while 22-S-HC reduced it. Transfection studies confirmed that the FAS promoter was activated by T0901317 and repressed by 22-S-HC through an LXR response element in the promoter. Both 22-R-HC and T0901317 increased gene expression of LXRalpha, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, while 22-S-HC had little effect. In summary, 22-R-HC regulated lipid metabolism and mRNA expression of some LXR target genes in human myotubes differently than T0901317. Moreover, 22-S-HC did not behave like an inactive ligand; it reduced synthesis of complex lipids and repressed certain genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid handling.     

Liver X receptor preferentially activates de novo lipogenesis in human preadipocytes

The liver X receptor (LXR) was demonstrated to play a key role in cholesterol metabolism in liver, intestine and macrophage. However, its function on the regulation of preadipocyte differentiation remains unclear since contradictory results were reported. The objective of the present study was to unravel the functionality of LXR in human preadipocytes. We show that the LXR agonist T0901317 strongly stimulated the expression of SREBP-1c and the lipogenic enzymes ACC-1, FAS and SCD-1 in both the human preadipose cell line Chub-S7 as well as human primary stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells. The effects on gene expression were associated with the stimulation of de novo lipogenesis in both cell models, resulting in the induction of lipid accumulation. In contrast with a PPARgamma agonist (BRL49653), T0901317 enhanced only slightly the expression of PPARgamma dependent genes (PPARgamma, aP2 and adiponectin) in Chub-S7 cells and failed to change their expression in human SVF cells. These results show that LXR stimulated preferentially triglyceride accumulation in human preadipocytes via the induction of de novo lipogenesis, rather than activating the differentiation process through PPARgamma activation.     

Hemistepsin A inhibits T0901317-induced lipogenesis in the liver

Hemistepsin A (HsA) is a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that inhibits hepatitis and liver fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of HsA on liver X receptor (LXR)-mediated hepatic lipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Up to 10 μM, HsA did not affect the viability of HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Pretreatment with 5-10 μM HsA significantly decreased the luciferase activity of the LXR response element, which was transactivated by T0901317, GW 3965, and LXRα/retinoid X receptor α overexpression. In addition, it significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of LXRα in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. It also suppressed the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and lipogenic genes and reduced the triglyceride accumulation triggered by T0901317. Intraperitoneal injection of HsA (5 and 10 mg/kg) in mice significantly alleviated the T0901317-mediated increases in hepatocyte diameter and the percentage of regions in hepatic parenchyma occupied by lipid droplets. Furthermore, HsA significantly attenuated hepatic triglyceride accumulation by restoring the impaired expression of LXRα-dependent lipogenic genes caused by T0901317. Therefore, based on its inhibition of the LXRα-dependent signaling pathway, HsA has prophylactic potential for steatosis.     

The marine-derived furanone reduces intracellular lipid accumulation in vitro by targeting LXRα and PPARα

Recent studies have demonstrated that commercially available lipid-lowering drugs cause various side effects; therefore, searching for anti-hyperlipidaemic compounds with lower toxicity is a research hotspot. This study was designed to investigate whether the marine-derived compound, 5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-4-butylfuran-2(5H)-one, has an anti-hyperlipidaemic activity, and the potential underlying mechanism in vitro. Results showed that the furanone had weaker cytotoxicity compared to positive control drugs. In RAW 264.7 cells, the furanone significantly lowered ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation (~50%), and its triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect was greater than that of liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317. In addition, it significantly elevated the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which could be partially inhibited by LXR antagonists, GSK2033 and SR9243. In HepG2 cells, it significantly decreased oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, enhanced the protein levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), ABCG5, ABCG8 and PPARα, and reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (~32%). PPARα antagonists, GW6471 and MK886, could significantly inhibit the furanone-induced lipid-lowering effect. Furthermore, the furanone showed a significantly lower activity on the activation of the expression of lipogenic genes compared to T0901317. Taken together, the furanone exhibited a weak cytotoxicity but had powerful TC- and TG-lowering effects most likely through targeting LXRα and PPARα, respectively. These findings indicate that the furanone has a potential application for the treatment of dyslipidaemia.     

The liver X receptor ligand T0901317 down-regulates APOA5 gene expression through activation of SREBP-1c

Alterations in the expression of the recently discovered apolipoprotein A5 gene strongly affect plasma triglyceride levels. In this study, we investigated the contribution of APOA5 to the liver X receptor (LXR) ligand-mediated effect on plasma triglyceride levels. Following treatment with the LXR ligand T0901317, we found that APOA5 mRNA levels were decreased in hepatoma cell lines. The observation that no down-regulation of APOA5 promoter activity was obtained by LXR-retinoid X receptor (RXR) co-transfection prompted us to explore the possible involvement of the known LXR target gene SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c). In fact, we found that co-transfection with the active form of SREBP-1c down-regulated APOA5 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. We then scanned the human APOA5 promoter sequence and identified two putative E-box elements that were able to bind specifically SREBP-1c in gel-shift assays and were shown to be functional by mutation analysis. Subsequent suppression of SREBP-1 mRNA through small interfering RNA interference abolished the decrease of APOA5 mRNA in response to T0901317. Finally, administration of T0901317 to hAPOA5 transgenic mice revealed a significant decrease of APOA5 mRNA in liver tissue and circulating apolipoprotein AV protein in plasma, confirming that the described down-regulation also occurs in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrate that APOA5 gene expression is regulated by the LXR ligand T0901317 in a negative manner through SREBP-1c. These findings may provide a new mechanism responsible for the elevation of plasma triglyceride levels by LXR ligands and support the development of selective LXR agonists, not affecting SREBP-1c, as beneficial modulators of lipid metabolism.