人卵巢癌细胞微观形态的AFM观察

目的:探讨原子力显微镜(AFM)在人卵巢癌细胞微观形貌表征方面的应用。方法:应用原子力显微镜分别观察培养的高低转移的人卵巢癌细胞及其周围纤连蛋白原纤维和经过紫杉醇药物处理后的细胞的微观形态,进一步对正常的卵巢癌细胞组织和经过紫杉醇药物处理后的卵巢癌细胞组织经过超声波处理后组织的微观结构进行AFM成像观察。结果:高转移特性的卵巢癌细胞周围的纤维少而短;而低转移特性的卵巢癌细胞周围的纤维多且长。经过紫杉醇药物处理后的细胞的形态发生了变化,结构呈现不规则状,且与基底没有纤维连接。结论:不同类型的卵巢癌细胞受其生物功能的影响在基底上的形态不同。药物处理后的癌细胞微观组织发生了变化,与其核溶,核碎和核解的生理变化过程相符。正常的卵巢癌细胞组织结构之间的黏附力较小,故超声波处理后呈现分散的分布。经过紫杉醇药物处理后的卵巢癌细胞组织结构之间的黏附力较大,超声波处理后分布在基底上的结构较紧凑。     

几种木本植物叶外植体形成愈伤组织过程中过氧化物酶同工酶的变化

过氧化物酶同工酶与植物发育及细胞组织分化的关系过去已有不少研究。这些研究资料表明,过氧化物酶同工酶在植物发育的不同阶段及不同组织、器官中有一定的特异性。它在细胞生长的不同时期以及在     

癌症研究的新前沿——肿瘤形成的遗传抑制(续)

与正常细胞的胞间相互作用所产生的转化细胞生长的抑制效应正常细胞可以产生抑制转化细胞生长的物质。20多年前,Staker 报道多瘤病毒转化的 BHK 细胞(一株叙利亚仓鼠肾细胞)的生长受到正常小鼠纤维母细胞的抑制。汇合生长的单层正常细胞抑制了与其接触的多瘤病毒转化的 BHK 细胞的生长。一旦细胞单层形成,X 光照射也不能减弱这一抑制效应。Stoker 认为该效应是由正常细胞内的生长抑制分子所介导的,     

细胞组织培养

近年来,生物技术发展迅速,已由理论研究跨入了生产实践的大门。其中植物细胞组织培养取得了令人瞩目的进展。细胞组织培养,一般指离体无菌培养的植物细胞或组织重新再生细胞或植株的技术。通常包括离体的各类组织培养、器官培养、胚胎培养、细胞培养及原生质体培养等技术。有时也指培养中的细胞和组织物。在离体培养中的细胞能产生细胞分裂、分化,保持亲本的形态、功能和特性。植物细胞还有再生完整植株的全能性。因此,细胞组织培养已成为加速繁殖含某种有用成分细胞,或快速繁殖优良品系,改良品种的一种新技术。从另一角度来说,运用细胞组织培养手段,在控制条件下,研究离体组织、器官、细胞的生长发育、生理代谢和遗传变异等生命活动现象,认识生物细胞结构和功能,改变它的遗传结构和功能。正发展成为生物技术的一个新兴科学分支。     

猕猴桃与向日葵幼叶诱导无器官分化愈伤组织的细胞学研究

本文通过扫描电镜和显微技术方法,观察了猕猴桃与向日葵幼叶诱导无器官分化愈伤组织的细胞结构,结果表明:这些细胞组织的特点,外表面都具凹凸不平,细胞松散,并高度液泡化;愈伤组织内部形成维管结节,外层长方形薄壁细胞向外作切向分裂,中央细胞逐步分化成管胞或导管,随着愈伤组织进一步生长,维管结节外围细胞向内层方向逐步分离解体;淀粉粒分布於结节周围的薄壁细胞,而结节本身的细胞无或很少淀粉积累。     

对数生长与G0期人包皮成纤维细胞Stat1对INF—α刺激反应的差异

Stat1（信号转导与转录活化子1）的激活与刺激因子和细胞组织类型有关,它的活化受体有组织分布特异性,本研究比较G0期和对数生长周期两个不同状态体外培养的人包皮成纤维细胞受到干扰素（INF－α）刺激后Stat1基因mRNA、蛋白质表达以及蛋白质合成效率的差异。结果表明：成对数生长的细胞Stat1的mRNA表达量较对照组增加达10倍左右,蛋白质表达增加3－4倍左右;G0期细胞Stat1的mRNA表达量较对照组增加约3－4倍,蛋白质表达增加约3－4倍;对数生长细胞Stat1蛋白质合成效率明显降低,在翻译水平可能有调控,以上结果提示对数生长和G0细胞对INF－α刺激反应有差异。     

灰树花多糖的免疫调节和抗肿瘤活性

灰树花多糖的抗肿瘤活性完全是宿主中介性影响。多糖对肿瘤细胞不表现细胞毒作用,但能有效地影响免疫系统,通过激活宿主的细胞作用而起到抗肿瘤作用。因此,表现为高度的选择性,只作用于肿瘤细胞,正常细胞组织不受影响。灰树花多糖的免疫调节作用主要表现为增加肝脾重...     

BRCA1抑制肿瘤细胞生长

ＢＲＣＡ１抑制肿瘤细胞生长Ｖａｎｄｅｒｂｉｌｔ大学医学院和华盛顿大学的研究者报道（Ｎａｔｇｅｎｅｔ１９９６,１２,２９８—３０２）,ＢＲ－ＣＡ１的正常拷贝能抑制培养细胞和小鼠模型实验中的肿瘤细胞生长。他们的第一组实验是用逆转录病毒载体把正常的（即野生...     

对数生长与G_0期人包皮成纤维细胞Stat1对INF-α刺激反应的差异

Stat1 (信号转导与转录活化子 1 )的激活与刺激因子和细胞组织类型有关 ,它的活化受体有组织分布特异性 .本研究比较 G0 期和对数生长周期两个不同状态体外培养的人包皮成纤维细胞受到干扰素 ( INF-α)刺激后 Stat1基因 m RNA、蛋白质表达以及蛋白质合成效率的差异 .结果表明 :成对数生长的细胞 Stat1的m RNA表达量较对照组增加达 1 0倍左右 ,蛋白质表达增加 3～ 4倍左右 ;G0 期细胞 Stat1的 m RNA表达量较对照组增加约 3～ 4倍 ,蛋白质表达增加约 3～ 4倍 ;对数生长细胞 Stat1蛋白质合成效率明显降低 ,在翻译水平可能有调控 .以上结果提示对数生长和 Go 细胞对 INF-α刺激反应有差异     

不同能量的培养条件对人神经母细胞瘤株SH-SY5Y细胞生长的影响

目的建立热量限制的体外模型,观察不同能量培养条件下对人神经母细胞瘤细胞株SH-SY5Y细胞生长代谢的影响。方法将人神经母细胞瘤细胞株SH-SY5Y细胞分别采用含有低浓度（2 g/L）、正常浓度（3.15g/L）或高浓度（4.5 g/L）葡萄糖的培养基进行常规传代培养,利用MTT代谢率、细胞生长曲线及LDH漏出率等指标观察各组细胞生长情况。结果与正常葡萄糖浓度培养条件下培养的对照组相比,高糖组细胞突起缩短,细胞胞体皱缩,MTT代谢率稍低（0.573±0.001）,LDH漏出率高,细胞生长状态差;与对照组相比,低糖组细胞突起伸展,MTT代谢率较低（0.428±0.003）,LDH漏出率低,细胞生长速度缓慢,但是形态良好。结论高糖培养对细胞有损伤作用,细胞代谢加速,更容易衰老死亡;而低糖培养起到保护作用,在热量限制允许范围内降低培养液的含糖量,不但不会对细胞造成损伤,反而对细胞的代谢及生长起到保护作用,延长细胞的总体寿命。     

Growth factors and oncogenes in breast cancer

The growth of normal breast epithelial cells is regulated by a complex interacting system of polypeptide factors and by steroid hormones. The cells respond to these factors through receptors which generate mitogenic and other intracellular signals. These second messengers provoke complex responses which may ultimately result in DNA replication and cell division.A comparison of normal cells and tumour cells, either in culture or from primary tumour biopsies, has revealed differences in growth factor and growth factor receptor expression. Such changes may represent aspects of the process of malignant transformation. In addition some evidence suggests that changes in second messenger systems may also occur. Finally several changes in nuclear oncogenes have been observed in breast cancers.It has been proposed that changes in the nuclear oncogenes, perhaps involving the loss of function of tumour suppressor genes, may allow cells to enter the cell cycle. Changes in growth factors, their receptors or intracellular second messenger systems may stimulate unregulated growth. The combination of these events provide a model for the process of carcinogenesis.     

Tumour-stromal interactions in acid-mediated invasion: A mathematical model

It is well established that the tumour microenvironment can both promote and suppress tumour growth and invasion, however, most mathematical models of invasion view the normal tissue as inhibiting tumour progression via immune modulation or spatial constraint. In particular, the production of acid by tumour cells and the subsequent creation of a low extracellular pH environment has been explored in several ‘acid-mediated tumour invasion’ models where the acidic environment facilitates normal cell death and permits tumour invasion. In this paper, we extend the acid-invasion model developed by Gatenby and Gawlinski (1996) to include both the competitive and cooperative interactions between tumour and normal cells, by incorporating the influence of extracellular matrix and protease production at the tumour-stroma interface. Our model predicts an optimal level of tumour acidity which produces both cell death and matrix degradation. Additionally, very aggressive tumours prevent protease production and matrix degradation by excessive normal cell destruction, leading to an acellular (but matrix filled) gap between the tumour and normal tissue, a feature seen in encapsulated tumours. These results sugest, counterintuitively, that increasing tumour acidity may, in some cases, prevent tumour invasion.     

Transforming growth factor beta 1 dysregulation in a human oral carcinoma tumour progression model

A human oral tumour progression model was established that consists of normal epithelial cells and three cell lines representing stages from dysplastic to metastatic cells. To investigate the impact of exogenous transforming growth factor-beta 1 on this model system, we analysed the responsiveness of those cells to transforming growth factor-beta 1 and explored the potential mechanism underlying the transforming growth factor-beta 1 activity. We found that the growth of all cell types, regardless of their stage of tumour progression, is inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta 1, although to different degrees. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induced the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15(INK4B), p21WAF1/(CIP1) and p27(KIP1). In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta 1 was found to stimulate the invasive potential of one cell type that represents the most advanced stage of tumour phenotype, suggesting that the impact of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on functional features of tumour cells other than cellular proliferation may play a significant role in the process of oral tumour progression.     

Capturing the Dynamics of a Hybrid Multiscale Cancer Model with a Continuum Model

Cancer is a complex disease involving processes at spatial scales from subcellular, like cell signalling, to tissue scale, such as vascular network formation. A number of multiscale models have been developed to study the dynamics that emerge from the coupling between the intracellular, cellular and tissue scales. Here, we develop a continuum partial differential equation model to capture the dynamics of a particular multiscale model (a hybrid cellular automaton with discrete cells, diffusible factors and an explicit vascular network). The purpose is to test under which circumstances such a continuum model gives equivalent predictions to the original multiscale model, in the knowledge that the system details are known, and differences in model results can be explained in terms of model features (rather than unknown experimental confounding factors). The continuum model qualitatively replicates the dynamics from the multiscale model, with certain discrepancies observed owing to the differences in the modelling of certain processes. The continuum model admits travelling wave solutions for normal tissue growth and tumour invasion, with similar behaviour observed in the multiscale model. However, the continuum model enables us to analyse the spatially homogeneous steady states of the system, and hence to analyse these waves in more detail. We show that the tumour microenvironmental effects from the multiscale model mean that tumour invasion exhibits a so-called pushed wave when the carrying capacity for tumour cell proliferation is less than the total cell density at the tumour wave front. These pushed waves of tumour invasion propagate by triggering apoptosis of normal cells at the wave front. Otherwise, numerical evidence suggests that the wave speed can be predicted from linear analysis about the normal tissue steady state.     

溶瘤腺病毒靶向杀灭葡萄膜黑色素瘤的实验研究

葡萄膜黑色素瘤是成人最严重的原发性恶性肿瘤之一.传统的治疗方法,包括手术、放射治疗和化学治疗效果都不是很理想.溶瘤腺病毒H101,能够特异性地在p53突变的肿瘤细胞中复制并杀伤肿瘤细胞,同时对正常细胞影响较少,且已由中国国家食品药品监督管理总局批准上市.为了研究H101对葡萄膜黑色素瘤的治疗效果,通过体外感染葡萄膜黑色素瘤细胞,发现H101能够显著抑制葡萄膜黑色素瘤细胞的增殖并促进细胞凋亡,抑制细胞周期,而对正常的ARPE-19细胞没有影响.在体内实验中,建立了SP6.5细胞的荷瘤小鼠模型,在H101治疗后抑制了肿瘤的生长,延长了动物寿命.上述结果表明,溶瘤腺病毒H101治疗葡萄膜黑色素瘤是一种可行的方法.     

Solid intraperitoneal Landschütz tumour in mice: implications in cancer chemotherapy and immunology studies.

Multiple intraperitoneal injections of various normal sera into BALB/c mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Landschütz ascites tumour cells abrogated the development of ascitic syndrome in almost all the animals. In a large proportion of the survivors solid intraperitoneal tumours developed, composed of characteristic ascites tumour cells engulfed and encapsulated in connective tissue. The effect of serum on the development of the solid tumour was diminished if the donor had been immunized against mouse IgG. Inoculated animals treated with serum hyperimmune against mouse IgG showed accelerated ascitic tumour growth. Cyclophosphamide or arabinosylcytosine strongly inhibited growth of solid tumours. Simultaneous administration of arabinosylcytosine and its antagonist cycloheximide did not interrupt tumour growth.     

Estimating the selective advantage of mutant p53 tumour cells to repeated rounds of hypoxia

The tumour suppressor gene, p53, plays an important role in tumour development. Under low levels of oxygen (hypoxia), cells expressing wild-type p53 undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis), whereas cells expressing mutations in the p53 gene may survive and express angiogenic growth factors that stimulate tumour vascularization. Given that cells expressing mutations in the p53 gene have been observed in many forms of human tumour, it is important to understand how both wild-type and mutant cells react to hypoxic conditions. In this paper a mathematical model is presented to investigate the effects of alternating periods of hypoxia and normoxia (normal oxygen levels) on a population of wild-type and mutant p53 tumour cells. The model consists of three coupled ordinary differential equations that describe the densities of the two cell types and the oxygen concentration and, as such, may describe the growth of avascular tumours in vitro and/or in vivo. Numerical and analytical techniques are used to determine how changes in the system parameters influence the time at which mutant cells become dominant within the population. A feedback mechanism, which switches off the oxygen supply when the total cell density exceeds a threshold value, is introduced into the model to investigate the impact that vessel collapse (and the associated hypoxia) has on the time at which the mutant cells become dominant within vascular tumours growing in vivo. Using the model we can predict the time it takes for a subpopulation of mutant p53 tumour cells to become the dominant population within either an avascular tumour or a localized region of a vascular tumour. Based on independent experimental results, our model suggests that the mutant population becomes dominant more quickly in vivo than in vitro (12 days vs 17 days).     

miR-105 Inhibits Prostate Tumour Growth by Suppressing CDK6 Levels

A significant role for micro (mi)RNA in the regulation of gene expression in tumours has been recently established. In order to further understand how miRNA expression may contribute to prostate tumour growth and progression, we evaluated expression of miRNA in two invasive prostate tumour lines, PC3 and DU145, and compared it to that in normal prostate epithelial cells. Although a number of miRNAs were differentially expressed, we focused our analysis on miR-105, a novel miRNA not previously linked to prostate cancer. miR-105 levels were significantly decreased in both tumour cell lines in comparison to normal prostate epithelial cells. To determine its potential role in prostate cancer pathogenesis, we overexpressed miR-105 in both PC3 and DU145 cells and determined its effect on various tumourigenic properties. miR-105 overexpression inhibited tumour cell proliferation, tumour growth in anchorage-independent three-dimensional conditions and tumour invasion in vitro, properties of highly aggressive tumour cells. Of potential clinical significance, miR-105 overexpression inhibited tumour growth in vivo in xenograft models using these cell lines. We further identified CDK6 as a putative target of miR-105 which is likely a main contributor to the inhibition of tumour cell growth observed in our assays. Our results suggest that miR-105 inhibits tumour cell proliferation and hence may represent a novel therapeutically relevant cellular target to inhibit tumour growth or a marker of aggressive tumours in prostate cancer patients.     

Regulation of cellular transformation by oncogenic and normal Abl kinases

Cellular transformation, the conversion of normal cells into tumorigenic cells in vitro, is characterized by immortalization, anchorage- and serum-independent growth and tumour formation in the nude mouse. Among these, anchorage-independent growth is one of the defining characteristics of transformed cells and tumour cells. Without attachment to the extracellular substrate, most normal cells cannot grow or survive, but tumour cells can proliferate. Many oncogenes and tumour suppressors are involved in regulating this process, among which is Abl tyrosine kinases. Previous work showed that v-Abl, an oncogenic variant of c-Abl kinase, induces anchorage-independent growth in the context of p53 deficiency, and a recent study by our group showed that loss of c-Abl kinase also facilitates anchorage-independent growth. The cellular context, such as a deficiency in both p53 and RB, is critical to induce anchorage independence by loss of c-Abl kinase. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of cellular transformation by oncogenic and normal Abl kinases.     

Oncogenes, anti-oncogenes and the immune response to cancer: a mathematical model.

We develop a mathematical model for the initial growth of a tumour after a mutation in which either an oncogene is expressed or an anti-oncogene (i.e. tumour suppressor gene) is lost. Our model incorporates mitotic control by several biochemicals, with quite different regulatory characteristics, and we consider mutations affecting the cellular response to these control mechanisms. Our mathematical representation of these mutations reflects the current understanding of the roles of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes in controlling cell proliferation. Numerical solutions of our model, for biologically relevant parameter values, show that the different types of mutations have quite different effects. Mutations affecting the cell response to chemical regulators, or resulting in autonomy from such regulators, cause an advancing wave of tumour cells and a receding wave of normal cells. By contrast, mutations affecting the production of a mitotic regulator cause a slow localized increase in the numbers of both normal and mutant cells. We extend our model to investigate the possible effects of an immune response to cancer by including a first order removal of mutant cells. When this removal rate exceeds a critical value, the immune system can suppress tumour growth; we derive an expression for this critical value as a function of the parameters characterizing the mutation. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of the immune response after an oncogenic mutation depends crucially on the way in which the mutation affects the biochemical control of cell division.