杭白菊保肝作用研究

本实验对杭白菊的保肝作用进行了研究。以四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤为模型,将杭白菊乙醇提取物和多糖部分分为高、中、低三个剂量组,以联苯双酯为阳性对照,灌胃给药8 d,分别测定血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)、肝匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果表明:杭白菊乙醇提取物和多糖部分高剂量组对血清GPT、GOT具有显著的抑制作用,杭白菊乙醇提取物高剂量组显著拮抗肝脏MDA的升高。表明杭白菊有保护四氯化碳所致肝损伤的作用。     

蟛蜞菊内酯对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的:研究中药活性物质蟛蜞菊内酯的保肝作用及其机制。方法:采用小鼠腹腔注射CCl4制作肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、丙二醛(MDA),谷胱甘肽(GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)指标,进行肝脏的组织病理学检查,观察蟛蜞菊内酯对CCl4所致肝损伤的保护作用。结果:蟛蜞菊内酯能明显降低肝损伤小鼠的血清ALT、AST和肝组织匀浆中MDA含量,SOD活力增强,明显减轻肝组织变性。结论蟛蜞菊内酯对CCl4引起的肝损伤有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

百里香精油对硫代乙酰胺诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

为探究百里精油抗氧化能力及其潜在的保肝作用,通过测定百里香精油对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力,确定百里香精油的体外抗氧化能力。同时建立硫代乙酰胺(TAA)急性小鼠肝损伤模型,通过测定小鼠的肝脏指数,血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和肝脏中苯二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性来评价百里香精油的保肝效果。结果表明,百里香精油具有良好的体外抗氧化活性及对硫代乙酰胺诱导的肝损伤小鼠的保护效果,其中高剂量精油对小鼠肝损伤的保护效果显著(P0.01)。本文旨在为百里香精油作为天然植物源保肝药物的研究与开发奠定理论基础。     

禹州漏芦醇提物对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响

探讨禹州漏芦乙醇提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。以CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,同时测定肝匀浆中的超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的水平。将肝大叶HE染色,观察各组小鼠的肝组织病理改变。结果表明,同模型组比较,禹州漏芦乙醇提取物各剂量组均能降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST及MDA活性,升高肝组织中GSH-Px和SOD的活性,并能明显改善肝组织的病理学损伤。禹州漏芦乙醇提取物对CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤具有较好保肝作用,其作用可能与清除体内自由基和抗氧化的作用有关。     

微生态制剂辅助治疗婴儿巨细胞病毒肝炎的疗效观察

目的观察微生态制剂辅助治疗婴儿巨细胞病毒肝炎的疗效。方法巨细胞病毒肝炎婴儿74例,随机分为2组。对照组给予常规保肝治疗;治疗组给予常规治疗+乐托尔1粒Bid口服。疗程2周,比较TB(总胆红素)、DB(结合胆红素)、ALT(谷丙转氨酶)和AST(谷草转氨酶)变化。结果治疗组TB、DB和AST较对照组明显降低(P<0.05)。结论微生态制剂辅助治疗婴儿巨细胞病毒肝炎有一定的疗效。     

甘草酸二铵改善Con A致小鼠肝损伤的作用研究北大核心CSCD

探讨甘草酸二铵(Diammonium glycyrrhi zinate,DG)对刀豆蛋白(Concanavalin A,Con A)致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及机制。连续给予ICR小鼠各保肝药的临床等效量7天后,再以Con A造成小鼠肝损伤。生化法检测血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量;HE染色观察肝组织病理学特征;通过药物代谢物与转氨酶异常大鼠血清共孵育,检测DG对转氨酶活性的直接作用;免疫组化、Western blot检测肝组织中凋亡蛋白和炎性细胞因子的水平,探讨DG的保肝机制。结果显示,58. 5 mg/kg DG能够改善Con A所致小鼠肝脏病理损伤,降低小鼠血清中AST、ALT水平,而对AST、ALT的活性没有直接抑制作用;并且DG可以抑制肝细胞凋亡(下调cleaved Caspase-3、cleaved PARP以及BAX/BCL-2的表达)和炎性反应(降低TGF-β1、COX-2、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ等炎性因子水平)。综上所述,DG可改善Con A致小鼠急性肝损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应有关。     

甘草酸二铵改善Con A致小鼠肝损伤的作用研究

探讨甘草酸二铵(Diammonium glycyrrhi zinate,DG)对刀豆蛋白(Concanavalin A,Con A)致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及机制。连续给予ICR小鼠各保肝药的临床等效量7天后,再以Con A造成小鼠肝损伤。生化法检测血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量;HE染色观察肝组织病理学特征;通过药物代谢物与转氨酶异常大鼠血清共孵育,检测DG对转氨酶活性的直接作用;免疫组化、Western blot检测肝组织中凋亡蛋白和炎性细胞因子的水平,探讨DG的保肝机制。结果显示,58. 5 mg/kg DG能够改善Con A所致小鼠肝脏病理损伤,降低小鼠血清中AST、ALT水平,而对AST、ALT的活性没有直接抑制作用;并且DG可以抑制肝细胞凋亡(下调cleaved Caspase-3、cleaved PARP以及BAX/BCL-2的表达)和炎性反应(降低TGF-β1、COX-2、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ等炎性因子水平)。综上所述,DG可改善Con A致小鼠急性肝损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应有关。     

海珠益肝胶囊对免疫性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用

目的：观察海珠益肝胶囊对卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠免疫性肝损伤的防护作用。方法：采用卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠免疫性肝损伤,通过检测小鼠的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性及肝脏病理变化来研究海珠益肝胶囊的保肝功能。结果：海珠益肝胶囊防治组小鼠血清ALT及AST活性比模型组显著降低,两组比较,差异有统计学意义。海珠益肝胶囊可明显减轻肝组织病理损伤,以大剂量组作用最佳;海珠益肝胶囊的使用使免疫性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡减少,且有剂量依赖关系。结论：海珠益肝胶囊对BCG加LPS诱导小鼠产生免疫性肝炎的模型免疫性肝损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

铁棍山药多糖对四氯化碳诱导的急性小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

为了研究铁棍山药(D.oppositacv.Tiegun)多糖对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用,取72只昆明小鼠随机分为对照组,四氯化碳(CCl4)模型组,阳性对照(联苯双酯)组,铁棍山药多糖低、中、高剂量组,每组12只,灌胃处理后使用CCl4制备急性肝损伤小鼠模型,观察各组形态学变化,同时测定生化指标。实验结果显示,经铁棍山药多糖处理的小鼠的肝损伤程度明显轻于模型组,铁棍山药多糖能降低小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。本研究结果表明,铁棍山药多糖对CCl4所诱导的小鼠肝损伤起到一定的保护作用。     

红花龙胆生药学研究

本文叙述了红花龙胆原植物、药材性状、组织结构,粉末及组织解离等方面的特征,为该药的鉴别提供了依据。鉴于龙胆属(Gentiana)植物药用部位多为根和根茎,而其地上部分的显微结构目前尚未见详细报道,故本文对于龙胆属植物组织学的研究有一定的参考价值。     

Biochemical composition of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. at different growth stages and assessment of the phytotoxic potential of its organic fractions

The present study was conducted to study some biochemical characteristics of Tunisian Nigella sativa at different developmental stages of plant growth (vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages) and to screen the chemical constituents and the phytotoxic activity of their organic extracts on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The GC–MS analysis of petroleum ether fractions revealed that N. sativa seeds were rich in linoleic acid (58% of total fatty acids), oleic acid (22% of total fatty acids) and palmitic acid (12% of total fatty acids). The fatty acid composition of aerial parts showed an increase in the level of saturated fatty acids accompanied by a concomitant decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids levels during the developmental stage. The phytochemical investigation showed that among the organic extracts, the methanolic extract from aerial parts harvested at the fruiting stage contained the highest amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The phytotoxic study revealed that N. sativa negatively affected the growth of lettuce plants. This effect was largely dependent on the developmental stage at which material was collected and the nature of extracting solvent. The methanolic extract of aerial parts harvested at the vegetative stage was the most active on seedling growth of lettuce.     

Root and shoot growth of semi-dwarf and taller winter wheats

Investigations are reported of root and shoot growth in semi-dwarf and taller winter wheat varieties grown in contrasting soils over three years. Comparisons were made of the distribution with depth of roots, estimated by injecting rubidium-86 into stem bases and counting the content in soil cores. The relative ability to absorb phosphate from different zones was measured from the recovery in aerial parts of ³²P injected into the soil at different depths. The distribution of dry matter in roots and aerial parts, and total root length, was measured using soil cores and samples of aerial parts taken during the growth of the crop. Relative growth rates of the aerial parts followed a sigmoid curve, but those of the roots showed little change between germination and anthesis. There was little evidence of varietal differences in root growth, though there was some indication that at depth the roots of the semi-dwarf varieties were more extensive and absorbed more phosphate than those of the taller varieties.     

Selecting iodine-enriched vegetables and the residual effect of iodate application to soil

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to select vegetables for iodine uptake. The residual effect of iodate fertilization on the growth of and iodine uptake by spinach plants were also investigated. Six vegetables, including leafy vegetables (pakchoi [Brassica chinensis L.], spinach [Spinacia oleracea L.]), tuber vegetables (onion [Allium cepa L.]), shoot vegetables (water spinach [Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.], celery [Apium graveolens L.]), and root vegetables (carrot [Daucus carota var. sativa DC.]) were examined. Results showed that the concentrations of iodate in soil had significant effect on the biomass of edible parts of pakchoi and spinach (p<0.01), whereas the concentrations of iodate in soil had no significant effect on that of carrots, water spinach, celery, and onion. Iodine concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and the transfer factors (TF_{edible parts}) of soil-to-edible parts of vegetables significantly increased with increasing iodine concentrations in soil (p<0.001), and iodine concentrations in edible parts and TF_{edible parts} of spinach were much higher than those of other vegetables at any treatment. Both transfer coefficients for edible parts (TC_{edible parts}) and for aerial parts (TC_{aerial parts}) of vegetables changed differently with increasing iodine concentrations in the soil, and TC_{edible parts} and TC_{aerial parts} of spinach were higher than those of other vegetables. Therefore, spinach (leafy vegetable) was considered as an efficient vegetable for iodine biofortification. Further experiment showed that there is considerable residual effect of soil fertilization with iodate.     

Synthesis of new phytogrowth-inhibitory substituted aryl-p-benzoquinones

Reaction of [(2-alkyloxy)methyl]-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 10 (alkyl=butyl, hexyl, decyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl) with ceric ammonium nitrate in order to produce p-benzoquinones (=cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diones) afforded 5-[(alkyloxy)methyl]-2-(4-formyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)benzo-1,4-quinones 12a-12g in yields that varied from 46 to 97%, accompanied by 2-[(alkyloxy)methyl]benzo-1,4-quinones 11a-11g in only small quantities (< or =5%). These quinones resemble the natural phytotoxic compound sorgoleone, found in Sorghum bicolor. This reaction exemplifies a general procedure for the synthesis of novel aryl-substituted p-benzoquinones. The selective effects of compounds 12a-12g, at the concentration of 5.5 ppm, on the growth of Cucumis sativus, Sorghum bicolor, Euphorbia heterophylla, and Ipomoea grandifolia were evaluated. All compounds caused some inhibition upon the aerial parts and root growth of the tested plants. The most active compound, 2-(4-formyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-[(tridecyloxy)methyl]-benzo-1,4-quinone (12d), caused between 3 and 18%, and 12 and 29% inhibition on the roots and aerial parts development of Cucumis sativus and Sorghum bicolor, respectively, and between 77 and 85%, and 34 and 52% inhibition on the roots and aerial parts growth of Euphorbia heterophylla and Ipomoea grandifolia, respectively.     

Inhibitory Effects of Ephedra major Host on Aspergillus parasiticus Growth and Aflatoxin Production

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Ephedra major Host, an important medicinal plant with various biological activities, on growth and aflatoxin (AF) production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. The fungus was cultured in yeast extract-sucrose (YES) broth, a conductive medium that supports AF production, in the presence of various concentrations of essential oil (EO), hexanic and methanolic extracts of plant aerial parts, fruits, and roots using microbioassay technique. After incubating for 96 h at 28°C in static conditions, mycelial dry weight was determined as an index of fungal growth, and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was measured using HPLC technique. Based on the obtained results, EO of plant aerial parts significantly inhibited fungal growth at the highest concentration of 1000 μg/ml without any obvious effect on AFB₁ production at all concentrations used. Among plant extracts tested, only methanolic extract of aerial parts and roots were found to inhibit fungal growth and AFB₁ production dose-dependently with an IC₅₀ value of 559.74 and 3.98 μg/ml for AFB₁, respectively. Based on the GC/MS data, the major components of E. major EO were bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (42.48%), pentacosane (20.94%), docosane (14.64%), citronellol (5.15%), heptadecan (4.41%), cis-3-Hexen-1-ol benzoate (4.07%), and 7-Octen-2-ol (3.25%). With respect to the potent inhibition of fungal growth and AF production by E. major, this plant may be useful in protecting crops from both toxigenic fungal growth and AF contamination.     

The effect of spraying with DNOC (4,6-dinitro-o-cresol) on the growth of the roots and shoots of winter rye plants

Summary Spraying young winter rye plants with 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC), as a contact herbicide, initially depressed the growth rate of the plants although this subsequently increased until ultimately the yield of plant material was greater than achieved by the control plants, also apart from the herbicidal effect of the treatment.It was observed that the growth rate of the roots of the treated plants recovered sooner than did the growth rate of the aerial parts. Ultimately a greater root dry weight was produced by the treated plants than by the control plants. This was achieved before the dry weights of the aerial parts of the treated plants equalled those of the untreated plants. The shoot/root ratio of the treated plants was lower than that of the control plants and the roots of the treated plants survived longer in the deeper layers of the soil than did those of the control plants.It is suggested that the subsequent increase in shoot growth in the treated plants may be a consequence of increased uptake of nutrients from the soil by a more vigorous root system. It is concluded that the increase in root growth which follows the initial depression, after treatment of the plants with DNOC, may be due to factors within rather than outside the roots.     

桔梗水浸提液对小麦幼苗的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法研究了不同浓度桔梗水浸提液对小麦的幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦的化感作用,推测其可能的生理机制。结果表明：桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦幼苗的地上部生长表现为低浓度（≤1mg／mL）促进、高浓度（5—20mg／mL）抑制作用;对根部生长为抑制作用,且抑制强度大于地上部。随处理浓度的升高,小麦幼苗体内POD活性、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量逐渐升高;CAT活性、根系活力、光合色素含量先升高后降低;可溶性蛋白含量和伤害率先降低后升高。桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦总体的化感效应表现为低促高抑,小麦可作为桔梗的轮作作物种植。     

Correlated responses of root growth and sugar concentrations to various defoliation treatments and rhythmic shoot growth in oak tree seedlings (Quercus pubescens)

Background and Aims

To understand whether root responses to aerial rhythmic growth and contrasted defoliation treatments can be interpreted under the common frame of carbohydrate availability; root growth was studied in parallel with carbohydrate concentrations in different parts of the root system on oak tree seedlings.

Methods

Quercus pubescens seedlings were submitted to selective defoliation (removal of mature leaves, cotyledons or young developing leaves) at appearance of the second flush and collected 1, 5 or 10 d later for morphological and biochemical measurements. Soluble sugar and starch concentrations were measured in cotyledons and apical and basal root parts.

Key Results

Soluble sugar concentration in the root apices diminished during the expansion of the second aerial flush and increased after the end of aerial growth in control seedlings. Starch concentration in cotyledons regularly decreased. Continuous removal of young leaves did not alter either root growth or apical sugar concentration. Starch storage in basal root segments was increased. After removal of mature leaves (and cotyledons), root growth strongly decreased. Soluble sugar concentration in the root apices drastically decreased and starch reserves in the root basal segments were emptied 5 d after defoliation, illustrating a considerable shortage in carbohydrates. Soluble sugar concentrations recovered 10 d after defoliation, after the end of aerial growth, suggesting a recirculation of sugar. No supplementary recourse to starch in cotyledons was observed.

Conclusions

The parallel between apical sugar concentration and root growth patterns, and the correlations between hexose concentration in root apices and their growth rate, support the hypothesis that the response of root growth to aerial periodic growth and defoliation treatments is largely controlled by carbohydrate availability.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antioxidant activity of Trichosanthes cucumerina aerial parts

The present study was conducted to determine whether aerial parts of Trichosanthes cucumerina extracts can exert significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of a hot water extract (HWE) and a cold ethanolic extract (CE) of T. cucumerina aerial parts was evaluated by assessing its (a) radical scavenging ability and prevention effect of lipid peroxidation in vitro, and (b) effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities, in vivo.In vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, TBARS and carotene-linoleic acid assays) clearly demonstrated the antioxidant potential of HWE and CEE. Moreover, HWE increased SOD: by 91.2% and GPX by 104.4% while CEE increased SOD: by 115.5% and GPX by 96.4%) in CCl4-induced rats. Treatments with HWE and CE prevented the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products by 30.5% and 33.8%, respectively, in liver tissues compared to the rats exposed only to CCl4. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrates for the first time that components in T. cucumerina aerial parts can exert significant antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro.     

Effect of salt stress on growth, fatty acids and essential oils in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

This study examined the influence of salt treatment on the growth parameters (fresh and dry weights), the mineral content (K⁺ and Na⁺), total lipid contents, fatty acid composition, yields and chemical composition of the essential oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown in hydroponics for 2 weeks. Results showed that the application of 50 mM NaCl reduced the fresh weight of aerial parts (shoots and leaves) while it enhanced those of the roots. The reduction of dry weight was found to be more pronounced in the aerial parts. Salt treatment increased markedly the concentrations of Na⁺ in both plant parts while it reduced those of K⁺ which resulted in a sharp reduction of K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. In response to salt treatment, total lipids contents decreased in both plant parts and great qualitative changes in the fatty acids profiles were observed. Whatever the plant parts analysed, a redirection of the lipidic metabolism towards synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids as revealed by the increase of double bond index and linoleic desaturation ratio was pointed out. The increased unsaturation index was found to be more important in roots than in aerial parts. Such treatment also reduced the essential oil yields and induced marked quantitative changes in the chemical composition of the essential oils from both plant parts. Of all the identified components, oxygenated components display a prominent salt-induced synthesis and/or accumulation in both roots and aerial parts.