棒孢菌属四个新种

本文报道了棒孢菌属四个新种,即女贞棒孢(Corynespora ligustri Guo,sp.nov.),茉栾藤棒孢(C.merremiae Guo,sp.nov.)鸡血藤棒孢(C.millettiae Guo sp.nov.)和蔓荆子棒孢(C.viticis Guo,sp.nov.)。文中对各个新种作了汉文描述和附图,并有拉丁文描述和特征简介。模式标本收藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

Antifeeding Active Substances for Insect in Plant

The survey of the presence of chemical resistant factors in plants against the larvae of Spodoptera litura F. was examined. In addition, the antifeeding diterpenes were surveied from thirteen species of plants that belong to Verbenaceae family. Finally isolated thirteen antifeedants and one derivative were examined the antifeeding activity for the larvae by the leaf disk method.     

Evolution and biogeography of the slipper orchids: Eocene vicariance of the conduplicate genera in the Old and New World Tropics

Intercontinental disjunctions between tropical regions, which harbor two-thirds of the flowering plants, have drawn great interest from biologists and biogeographers. Most previous studies on these distribution patterns focused on woody plants, and paid little attention to herbs. The Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of angiosperms, with a herbaceous habit and a high species diversity in the Tropics. Here we investigate the evolutionary and biogeographical history of the slipper orchids, which represents a monophyletic subfamily (Cypripedioideae) of the orchid family and comprises five genera that are disjunctly distributed in tropical to temperate regions. A relatively well-resolved and highly supported phylogeny of slipper orchids was reconstructed based on sequence analyses of six maternally inherited chloroplast and two low-copy nuclear genes (LFY and ACO). We found that the genus Cypripedium with a wide distribution in the northern temperate and subtropical zones diverged first, followed by Selenipedium endemic to South America, and finally conduplicate-leaved genera in the Tropics. Mexipedium and Phragmipedium from the neotropics are most closely related, and form a clade sister to Paphiopedilum from tropical Asia. According to molecular clock estimates, the genus Selenipedium originated in Palaeocene, while the most recent common ancestor of conduplicate-leaved slipper orchids could be dated back to the Eocene. Ancestral area reconstruction indicates that vicariance is responsible for the disjunct distribution of conduplicate slipper orchids in palaeotropical and neotropical regions. Our study sheds some light on mechanisms underlying generic and species diversification in the orchid family and tropical disjunctions of herbaceous plant groups. In addition, we suggest that the biogeographical study should sample both regional endemics and their widespread relatives.     

乌江河岸带维管植物区系的初步研究

对乌江河岸带维管植物区系的研究结果表明,河岸带共有维管植物69科187属302种,其中蕨类植物9科10属16种,裸子植物1科1属1种,被子植物59科176属285种。生活型以草本为主,其次是灌木。科、属、种的分布区类型多样,在科级水平上有7个类型和4个变型,在属级水平上有13个类型和10个变型,在种级水平上有15个类型和13个变型。地理联系较为广泛,与北温带植物区系联系最为紧密,其次是泛热带植物区系和东亚植物区系。科、属的优势现象较为明显。该河岸带植物区系呈亚热带性质,与热带植物区系有较高的亲缘关系。     

Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Plants from the Genus Cissampelos

Cissampelos is a significant genus comprising of approximately 21 species of the medicinal plants (Menispermaceae). The plants of this genus are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as asthma, arthritis, dysentery, hyperglycemia, cardiopathy, hypertension and other related problems. These plants are rich in bioactive dibenzylisoquinoline and aborphine as well as small amounts of other ingredients. In recent years, the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Cissampelos genus have been paid more and more attention due to their diversity. Herein, we compile the chemical constituents and biological activities on this genus, and summarize the ¹³C-NMR data of the main bioactive ingredients. All information comes from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and CNKI. It provides valuable data for the future research and development of Cissampelos genus.     

喜马拉雅山脉种子植物多样性特征及分布格局

喜马拉雅山脉是全球著名的生物多样性热点地区之一。该研究对以往收集的喜马拉雅山脉南、北坡植物物种名录及其分布数据进行整合,借助在线数据库对分布数据进行补充与修订,最后整理并汇总了喜马拉雅山脉位于中国、印度、尼泊尔、不丹4国境内的种子植物分布情况,并在此基础上对科属特征、物种组成相似性、区系成分以及海拔梯度上物种分布格局进行分析,为该区域的生物多样性研究以及保护提供数据支撑。结果表明：(1)喜马拉雅山脉共分布有种子植物11 875种,隶属223科2 086属,其中包含7 906种草本植物(66.6%),2 583种灌木(21.8%)和1 386种乔木(11.7%)。(2)研究区涵盖物种数量位于前20的科有菊科(Asteraceae)、兰科(Orchidaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)等科,共包含物种7 456种,约占喜马拉雅山脉植物种的62.8%;涵盖物种数量位于前20的属有杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)、报春花属(Primula)、马先蒿属(Pedicularis)、虎耳草属(Saxifraga)、薹草属(Carex)...     

广东从化陈禾洞省级自然保护区维管植物区系研究

在野外调查及查阅相关资料的基础上,对广东从化陈禾洞省级自然保护区植物区系进行研究。结果表明:(1)该区植物资源丰富,共有野生维管植物193科627属1139种(包括种下等级)。其中,蕨类植物36科66属119种,裸子植物7科8属9种,被子植物150科528属1011种(双子叶植物130科417属838种,单子叶植物20科111属173种)。(2)该区种子植物科、属优势现象明显,以菊科Asteraceae、禾本科Poaceae及茜草科Rubiaceae为主。在科属的组成上较为分散,主要以少寡种的科、属为主,分别占67.88%、91.7%。(3)该区蕨类植物在属的组成上也较为分散,以5个种以下的属为主,占比为93.94%。(4)该区植物区系成分复杂,在科级水平上,种子植物有8个分布区类型及5个变型,热带分布类型成分有80个科,占总科数的50.96%,而蕨类植物有5个分布区类型,热带成分的科有23个,占蕨类总科数的63.89%;在属级水平上,种子植物有13个分布区类型及16个变型,热带成分有365属,占总属数的68.10%,而蕨类植物有7个类型及1个变型,热带分布类型成分有40属,占蕨类植物总属数的60.61%。     

Screening plants of European North-East Russia for ecdysteroids

A strategy for screening plants for ecdysteroid content based on the ‘positive tribe’ principle is developed and applied, for the first time, to screen the flora of European North-East Russia to identify species which accumulate ecdysteroids; 700 samples representing 411 species from 380 genera of 82 families were investigated. It is established that species with moderate to high ecdysteroid content (detectable with the Drosophila melanogaster B_II cell bioassay) are not numerous (4% of all screened species). They are found in 14 families of different kinship level. Within families, ecdysteroid-containing plants form groups of closely cognate species (within certain tribes and/or genera); most ecdysteroid-containing species in this study were present in the tribe Cardueae (within the Asteraceae) and in the tribe Lychnideae (within the Caryophyllaceae). Radioimmunoassay, using an ecdysteroid-specific antiserum, allowed us to detect trace amounts of phytoecdysteroids (0.1–0.5 μg ecdysone equivalents/g plant matter) below the threshold detectable by the insect ecdysteroid receptor-based bioassay. It was found that such trace amounts of ecdysteroids are typical of many of the other plant species tested. We propose that a positive response in the bioassay is an appropriate criterion for detecting species with ecdysteroid content sufficient for protecting the plant against non-adapted phytophagous insects. Analysis of the geographical distribution of ecdysteroid-containing species (as detected by the bioassay) reveals that many of them belong to the southern or polyzonal latitudinal groups. This supports the impact of ecological–geographical factors upon ecdysteroid distribution in plants.     

江苏宝华山区药用维管植物资源组成分析

为全面了解江苏宝华山区药用维管植物资源现状,依据“第四次全国中药资源普查”项目的要求,采用线路调查和样方调查相结合的方法,对该区域药用维管植物的种类组成、科属构成、生活型、濒危现状和中药学特征以及重点药用维管植物的资源状况进行了调查和分析。结果显示：宝华山区共有药用维管植物164科620属1089种(含种下等级),分别占江苏省药用维管植物科、属、种数的88.2%、87.3%、81.0%,其中,蕨类植物25科33属50种、裸子植物7科13属16种、被子植物132科574属1023种;在科属构成上均以包含单种和寡种的小科、小属为主。从该区域药用维管植物的生活型看,以草本最为丰富,有734种;乔木和灌木(含木质藤本)较少,分别有125和230种。从所在的植被类型看,阔叶林数量最多,其后依次为针阔混交林、灌草丛、人工植被,针叶林数量最少。从地理分布看,与同区域种子植物的地理分布特征基本吻合,具有亚热带向温带过渡的特点。从珍稀濒危状况看,该区域现存中国特有属14属、国家级珍稀濒危药用维管植物18种、江苏省省级保护药用维管植物32种。从中药材上看,有道地药材17种和重点药用维管植物130种,但各种类的数量总体上较少。从该区域药用维管植物的中药学特征看,在药用部位上以全草(株)类、根和根茎类较多,分别占总种数的44.2%和24.0%;在药性上以平性最多,占30.9%;在药味上以苦味最多,占40.0%;有毒的药用植物占12.9%,其中小毒种类最多。综合分析结果显示：宝华山区药用维管植物种类丰富,其中,道地药材占有一定比例,但重点药用维管植物数量有限且分布频度总体较低。根据上述调查结果,对宝华山区药用维管植物资源的保护和利用提出了一些建议。     

变豆菜属15种植物的果实微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜对来自北美和东亚的变豆菜属植物(美国7个种,中国8个种)的果实表面微形态进行观察,结合前人对伞形科其他类群果实微形态特征的研究及近年来分子系统学证据,对变豆菜属的种间分类进行研究。结果显示,变豆菜属植物果实的形态大小、皮刺弯曲程度和果柄蜡质纹饰丰富多样。研究表明变豆菜属是一个自然类群,果实表面钩刺结构有利于该属植物的传播及扩散,果实微形态特征具有分类学价值,可作为种间分类的依据。根据变豆菜属果实表面微形态特征,编制了该属植物分种检索表。     

An empirical demonstration of using pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) genes as plant phylogenetic tools: Phylogeny of Verbenaceae and the Verbena complex

The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family, with hundreds of members in land plant genomes, has been recognized as a tremendous resource for plant phylogenetic studies based on publicly available genomic data from model organisms. However, whether this appealing nuclear gene marker system can be readily applied to non-model organisms remains questionable, particularly given the potential uncertainties in designing specific primers to only amplify the locus of interest from the sea of PPR genes. Here we demonstrate empirically the use of PPR genes in the family Verbenaceae and the Verbena complex. We also lay out a general scheme to design locus-specific primers to amplify and sequence PPR genes in non-model organisms. Intergeneric relationships within the family Verbenaceae were fully resolved with strong support. Relationships among the closely related genera within the Verbena complex and among some species groups within each genus were also well resolved, but resolution among very closely related species was limited. Our results suggest that PPR genes can be readily employed in non-model organisms. They may be best used to resolve relationships in a spectrum from among distantly related genera to among not-so-closely related congeneric species, but may have limited use among very closely related species.     

甘肃忍冬科植物区系地理

对甘肃产忍冬科植物8属59种8变种及3亚种（不包括引种栽培的1属和3种）*进行了统计,并计算甘肃与邻近省的相似性系数,与陕西省的最大,为0．41;而与西藏的为最小,仅为0．14。陇南西部河谷亚热带湿润区和陇南北部暖温带区是甘肃产忍冬科植物种类最为丰富的地区。同时,对甘肃产忍冬科植物进行了属、种分布区类型的划分,属的分布区类型可划分为：旧世界温带分布、温带亚洲分布、东亚分布和中国特有4个类型。种的分布类型可划分为：中国特有、东亚分布、温带亚洲分布和旧世界温带分布。从该科植物在甘肃的分布来看,绝大多数种类都不超过中国4个植物亚区在甘肃的交汇点,与中国植物区划基本相符,并可确切说此交汇点应在兰州的永登县附近。     

Distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the Caryophyllaceae

Certain genera within the Caryophyllaceae (especially Silene and Lychnis) have received a significant amount of attention with regard to the isolation and identification of ecdysteroids. However, the taxonomy of this family is difficult. Hence, the occurrence of phytoecdysteroids in members of the Caryophyllaceae is presented, and combined with new data on ecdysteroid agonist (phytoecdysteroid) and antagonist activities, in order to survey the distribution of phytoecdysteroid-containing species within this large family, and to assess the utility of phytoecdysteroids as chemotaxonomic markers. The new data presented (representing ca. 110 species) have been obtained by the application of sensitive biological/biochemical methods for the detection of ecdysteroid agonists and antagonists, using Drosophila melanogaster B(II) bioassay and ecdysteroid-specific immunoassays. In the antagonist version of the B(II) bioassay, only weak ecdysteroid antagonist activities were detected in a few of the extracts. From both new and previously available data, it was found that phytoecdysteroids were present predominantly in the Genera Lychnis, Petrocoptis, Sagina and Silene. Comparison of ecdysteroid occurrence with a molecular phylogeny for the tribe Sileneae [Taxon 44 (1995) 525] revealed close association of ecdysteroid occurrence with certain groups of this tribe. In 14 species of Silene examined, there is a reasonable, but not absolute, relationship between the presence of ecdysteroids in the seeds and in other plant parts. Where ecdysteroids are present in the plant, highest concentrations are generally present in the roots.     

Phytoecdysteroids from the juice of Serratula coronata L. (Asteraceae).

Seven phytoecdysteroids have been isolated from Serratula coronata L. One of them is a new phytoecdysteroid, 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone. Two further ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone 22-acetate and taxisterone, are isolated from this species for the first time in addition to the typical S. coronata ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysone, ajugasterone C and polypodine B. The juice squeezed from aerial parts of fresh plants of S. coronata was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ecdysteroids were isolated by a combination of chromatographic techniques (mainly HPLC) and identified by 1D and 2D (1)H and (13)C NMR experiments and mass-spectrometry. The biological activities of 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone (EC(50)=1.6 x 10(-7) M), taxisterone (EC(50)=9.5 x 10(-8) M) and ajugasterone C (EC(50)=6.2 x 10(-8) M) have been determined in the Drosophila melanogaster B(II) bioassay for ecdysteroid agonist activity.     

武功山地区油脂植物资源调查研究

为进一步了解武功山地区油脂植物情况,通过野外调查、标本采集鉴定并结合文献的方法,对该区的油脂植物进行统计分析。结果表明武功山地区共有野生油脂植物88科213属383种;形成以樟科、豆科、蔷薇科等为主的优势科类群,以胡椒属、卫矛属、花椒属等为主的优势属类群;生活习性以木本为主。区系地理成分复杂多样,科以热带成分为主,属以温带成分为主,种的地理成分以中国特有分布最多;在分布格局上,垂直方向海拔在400～499 m范围内最多,水平方向以安福县分布油脂植物种类最多。武功山地区含油率超过30%的油脂植物高达116种,体现出该区的油脂植物具有较大的应用开发潜力。     

Species Diversity and Floristic Characteristics of Vascular Plants in Nanji Island,Zhejiang Provience

A total of 393 species (sub type included) in 267 genera, 97 families were reported in Nanji Island, the main island of Nanji Islands National Nature Reserve. After eliminating all the cultivated and invasive species, there were still 304 species in 210 genera and 81 families belonging to wild vascular plants; To better understand the floristic characteristics of Nanji, we applied analysis in 3 levels: At family level, the largest families in pteridophyte were ranked as Pteridaceae、Thelypteridaceae、Lygodiaceae、Dryopteridaceae; In seed plants, almost the largest ones were Cosmopolitan, while the small ones dominented the most, quantitatively and proportionately; The characteristic families of seed flora were consisted of Liliaceae、Amaryllidaceae、Urticaceae、Verbenaceae, cause they got high ratio of VFICS/WFIW; At genus level, the Pantropical Distribution (3810%)、the North Temperate Distribution (1630%) and the East Asia distribution (1131%) formed the main part of seed flora; The proportion of the category of temperate distribution and tropical distribution was 6072% and 3928% respectively; Took 6 other sites as reference, through cluster analysis and R/T ratio comparisons, It was proved that Nanji Island were most similar to that of Wuyanling of Zhejiang Provience but showed more tropical affinities; At species level, wild seed plants can also be divided into 9 areal subtypes, The Yangtze River & Southern Proviences sub type dominented at 5390%, following by South China sub type at 2078%. The results showed that Nanji Island had a distinctive transitional characteristics of flora from north to south China with more tropical biological properties, thus the floristic division of Nanji should on the southern margin area of east China.     

山西蟒河国家级自然保护区猕猴食源植物区系特征

于2012~2013年,以样带法、样方法和无样地法相结合,分4次对蟒河国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地食源植物种类进行了实地调查,并分析了其区系特征。研究发现:(1)蟒河保护区猕猴栖息地内有维管植物659种,隶属102科374属,其中54科126属261种为猕猴的食源植物,占猕猴栖息地植物科、属、种总数的52.94%、33.69%和39.61%;蔷薇科是食源植物中包含种类最多的科,有16属39种,其次为豆科,含11属23种。(2)蟒河保护区内猕猴食源植物区系特征为:食源植物所在科有6个分布型和2个变型,所在属有13个分布型和6个变型;在属的分布类型中,温带性质分布类型的属占优势,有75个,占总属数的66.96%,其中北温带分布类型的属46个,占总属数的41.07%;热带性质分布类型的属有24个,地中海区、中亚、东亚和中国特有分布成分的属共有13个,分别占总属数的21.43%和11.61%,说明蟒河保护区内猕猴食源植物区系为暖温带性质。     

A molecular phylogeny and classification of Verbenaceae

? Premise of the study: Verbenaceae consist of trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs distributed primarily in Latin America, where they occur in a wide array of ecosystems. A second center of diversity exists in Africa. Competing morphology-based classifications that rely on different traits conflict in significant ways. A broad phylogenetic study was undertaken to assess those classifications and to examine the historical geography of the family. ? Methods: Analysis of seven chloroplast DNA regions for 109 species, representing all genera except one monotypic genus, provide inference into evolutionary relationships in Verbenaceae. ? Key results: The phylogeny shows that none of the traditional classifications reflect phylogenetic relationships very well. Eight clades are recognized as tribes (Casselieae, Citharexyleae, Duranteae, Lantaneae, Neospartoneae trib. nov., Petreeae, Priveae, and Verbeneae). Two genera, Dipyrena and Rhaphithamnus, remain unplaced in these larger clades. Petreeae, which consist of Neotropical lianas, are sister to the rest of the family. Lantaneae and Verbeneae together form a derived clade that comprises approximately two-thirds of the species in Verbenaceae. ? Conclusions: We present a new tribal classification, including one new tribe, Neospartoneae trib. nov., to accommodate three small genera of Argentine species (Diostea, Neosparton, and Lampaya). Phylogenetic inference suggests a South American origin for Verbenaceae, with approximately six colonization events having given rise to the Old World species.     

粉条儿菜属(肺筋草科)的地理分布及其物种多样性和分化中心

粉条儿菜属(AletrisL.)隶属于肺筋草科,全世界有23种1变种,东亚有18种1变种,北美东南部有5种,为典型的东亚-北美间断分布的属.本文在种(变种)的水平上,研究了粉条儿菜属的地理分布及其分布中心和多样化中心,并对其起源和分化以及现代洲际间断分布格局的成因进行了分析.结果表明,(1)中国共分布有粉条儿菜属植物15种1变种,而广义的横断山地区集中分布有13种1变种,是东亚粉条儿菜属植物分布最为集中的地区,而且包含该属植物各个进化阶段的代表.因此,广义的横断山地区是粉条儿菜属在东亚的分布中心和多样化中心.(2)根据粉条儿菜属及其近缘属的分布格局推测,该属可能在不晚于第三纪早期,起源于古北大陆.东亚和北美的粉条儿菜属植物形态区别明显,应该是隔离分化的结果.(3)该属植物可能曾经广布于北半球,后来地质、气候以及冰川等因素的变化,导致该属在一些地区灭绝,而仅存于东亚和北美东南部.(4)尽管横断山及其周边地区是东亚粉条儿菜属的多样化中心,但该地区很可能并不是粉条儿菜属最早的分化中心,因横断山地区周边的一些特有种可能是在晚近的时期形成的新特有种;另外,东亚粉条儿菜属一些原始的种类主要分布于我国中东部到日本一带.所以,中国中东部到日本一带可能是粉条儿菜属早期的分化中心.     

安徽马鞍山地区蝶类资源调查及区系分析

2003~2006年对安徽省马鞍山地区蝶类资源进行调查,经鉴定有69种,隶属于8科50属,分别为凤蝶科6属13种,绢蝶科1属1种,粉蝶科5属7种,眼蝶科4属9种,蛱蝶科10属15种,喙蝶科1属1种,灰蝶科13属14种,弄蝶科8属9种。马鞍山地区蝶类在中国动物地理区划中有20个区系型,以华中-华北区系型所占比例最高,计10种,占14.49%;其次为华中区特有种为9种,占13.14%;马鞍山地区蝶类区系主要以华中区区系为主体。