同源四倍体铁皮石斛的生长及多糖积累

通过秋水仙素诱导铁皮石斛多倍体,以外观形态、气孔、染色体数目筛选多倍体植株,分析多倍化对铁皮石斛多糖累积及生长的影响。结果表明,同源四倍体铁皮石斛茎、叶及原球茎的多糖含量分别是二倍体的1.31、1．83及1．95倍,但生长速度显著或极显著低于对照。ISSR分析显示,同源四倍体植株产生较明显的基因变异。     

3种石斛多糖及其降血糖活性的比较研究

天然多糖安全、低毒,是潜在糖尿病治疗药物。为寻找活性高、含量高的植物多糖资源,本文从多糖得率、结构和降血糖活性三个方面,对云南地方药材大苞鞘石斛、铁皮石斛和金钗石斛进行比较。通过热水浸提、透析和层析得到多糖,然后用糖尿病小鼠模型测定降血糖活性。结果表明大苞鞘石斛的多糖得率高(14.1%,DW),且分子量较小,其单糖组成与铁皮石斛多糖相似;降血糖效果强于铁皮石斛和金钗石斛多糖。大苞鞘石斛可作优良的亲本,为降血糖的石斛多糖资源开发提供育种资源。     

酶法提取铁皮石斛多糖工艺优化及对挥发性成分的影响研究

铁皮石斛具有重要的药用价值,但其资源有限,因此对其充分开发和利用具有重要的意义。本文利用α-L-鼠李糖苷酶辅助提取铁皮石斛多糖,通过对酶解温度、酶解时间及加酶量三个因素进行优化,提高铁皮石斛多糖提取率;结果显示,在酶解温度为40℃、酶解时间为1 h、加酶量为2.5%时,多糖提取率为38.4%,而不加酶处理多糖提取率仅为21.7%,酶法处理大大增加了铁皮石斛的多糖提取率。同时,运用顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱质谱联用仪(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析比较α-L-鼠李糖苷酶对铁皮石斛挥发性成分的影响;GC-MS分析表明,铁皮石斛加酶处理前后共发现31种挥发性成分,主要成分均为己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、异薄荷醇和3-辛烯-2-酮,并且醛类化合物在加酶处理前后的样品中相对含量均最高,且加酶处理后产生6种新的挥发性成分。该研究结果表明α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的使用可显著增加对铁皮石斛多糖提取率,并为铁皮石斛挥发性成分的研究和开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

温度对铁皮石斛生长及生理特性的影响

通过不同温度下的控制实验,研究了铁皮石斛光合作用与生长对温度的响应,以期为铁皮石斛的栽培提供理论依据。温度对铁皮石斛的光合速率（Pn）有明显影响,30℃处理的植株具有最高的饱和光合速率（Pmax）,其较高的光合速率与RuBP电子传递速率与羧化速率间相对平衡有关。温度对铁皮石斛茎的生长及多糖含量有明显影响,20℃处理的石斛多糖含量显著性的高于其他两个处理,而茎长、茎节数、茎鲜重等则是在30℃下最高。结果表明,30℃的温度对铁皮石斛的光合作用较为适宜,但在20℃条件下植株具有更高的多糖含量。     

铁皮石斛尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因的克隆与分析

目的:研究尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)在铁皮石斛不同组织中的表达情况,探讨其与石斛多糖累积的关系。方法:根据铁皮石斛原球茎转录组数据中的DoUGPase1序列设计引物,并利用RACE技术克隆该基因;用生信分析软件预测其蛋白结构,并进行系统发育分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术研究该基因在铁皮石斛不同年份,不同组织中的表达。结果:通过RACE技术得到1个3054 bp基因,命名为DoUGPase1,其ORF长1530 bp,编码510个氨基酸残基,与油棕(Elaeis guineensis)和波斯枣(Phoenix dactylifera)有一定的同源性,且DoUGPase1在3年生的植株中相对表达量整体较高(P0.05)。结论:我们预测在铁皮石斛的生长发育过程中DoUGPase1基因与多糖累积的活跃程度成正比例。     

低温和外源NO对铁皮石斛原球茎多糖合成的影响

以铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)原球茎为材料,研究了低温(4℃)、外源NO(NO供体SNP)以及NO清除剂(cPTIO)和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂(PBITU)对铁皮石斛原球茎中NO含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性、多糖含量以及蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖等糖含量的影响,以明确低温和內源NO在多糖合成中的关系。结果显示:(1)4℃低温处理下,铁皮石斛原球茎中NO含量显著上升,SS活性升高,蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量增加,多糖含量也得到提高;SNP(0.5mmol·L-1)处理与4℃低温处理具有相似的效果;且低温诱导的铁皮石斛原球茎中SS活性提高和多糖含量的增加时期均在NO大量产生之后、蔗糖的积累早于果糖和葡萄糖。(2)4℃低温+SNP组合处理能够显著提高铁皮石斛原球茎中SS活性、NO含量以及蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和多糖含量,它们分别比对照组显著高出了68.04%,96.20%,60.69%、45.64%、66.90%和67.03%,且比低温和SNP单独处理效果都好。(3)PBITU能够部分抑制低温诱发铁皮石斛原球茎中产生NO,抑制率达到77.15%;同时还抑制了低温对铁皮石斛原球茎中SS活性、多糖合成和蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖积累的促进作用。(4)SNP+cPTIO和4℃+cPTIO处理组中铁皮石斛原球茎SS活性和蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、多糖含量及NO水平,且与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,低温和外源NO对铁皮石斛原球茎多糖的合成均具有促进作用,并且低温可诱导铁皮石斛原球茎产生NO,SS活性提高和多糖含量增加与NO产生相关,说明NO是诱导铁皮石斛原球茎多糖合成所必需的信号分子。     

不同产地铁皮石斛主要成分及甲醇提取物HPLC指纹图谱研究

本文采用紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定铁皮石斛中总黄酮、多糖、柚皮素、石斛酚的含量,同时运用HPLC法建立霍山铁皮石斛及其他产地铁皮石斛甲醇提取物HPLC指纹图谱并聚类分析。实验结果显示不同产地铁皮石斛的主要化学成分含量存在差异,5批霍山铁皮石斛的总黄酮、柚皮素、石斛酚含量较高,多糖含量较低。建立了霍山铁皮石斛的共有指纹图谱模式,5批霍山铁皮石斛具有极高的相似度,在92.6%~94.8%之间,浙江临安、浙江乐清、江苏盐城、云南昆明所产的铁皮石斛相似度在17.5%~41.5%之间。5批来自安徽霍山的铁皮石斛共有峰总面积较高,为9 827.40~14 102.28。其他产地铁皮石斛的共有峰面积在730.27~4 206.20之间,明显低于霍山铁皮石斛。聚类分析结果可分为两大类,安徽霍山为一类,其他产地为一类。霍山铁皮石斛与其他产地铁皮石斛存在一定差异,且小分子成分含量较高。上述结果为进一步研究霍山铁皮石斛化学成分提供参考,为铁皮石斛品质鉴别、质量控制及资源的综合利用提供实验依据。     

四种添加物对铁皮石斛原球茎生长及多糖含量的影响

为探讨铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)培养基中添加物的作用,在1/2MS培养基中加入椰肉、甘蔗渣、香蕉皮和麦麸等4种添加物,研究不同浓度添加物和培养时间对原球茎生长和多糖含量的影响。结果表明,4种添加物对铁皮石斛原球茎的增殖、分化和多糖含量均有一定影响,其中添加15.0 g L–1甘蔗渣,培养60 d能明显促进铁皮石斛原球茎的增殖与分化(146.1%);而添加20.0 g L–1甘蔗渣,培养40 d能显著提高铁皮石斛原球茎多糖含量(50.4%)。这说明甘蔗渣是培养铁皮石斛原球茎的适宜添加物,既能促进铁皮石斛原球茎的生长发育,还能降低生产成本。     

黍黑孢菌在中国的发现

铁皮石斛多糖有明显提高肌体免疫机能、抗衰老、刺激唾液分泌、抗疲劳、耐缺氧等方面的作用,是名贵中药材。由于对铁皮石斛的过度采掘,目前已使野生石斛资源已濒临枯竭,因此,我国许多地方开展人工石斛栽培,并建立了具有一定规模的栽培基地。人工栽培铁皮石斛的方法主要是采用无     

氮源和真菌诱导子对铁皮石斛原球茎悬浮培养的影响

利用正交实验设计研究不同种类和浓度的氮源对铁皮石斛原球茎生长的影响,利用完全随机实验设计研究不同真菌诱导子对铁皮石斛原球茎生长和多糖积累的影响.结果表明硝态氮促进铁皮石斛原球茎鲜重和干重的增加( P ＜0.05);铵态氮促进铁皮石斛原球茎鲜重增加( P ＜0.05).无论鲜重还是干重,硝态氮和铵态氮的影响均不存在互作,最佳组合为:67-V培养液 100 mg/L (NH4)2SO4 800 mg/L KNO3 30 g/L蔗糖 200 g/L马铃薯提取汁.F检验的结果表明,14种真菌诱导子对铁皮石斛原球茎生物量的增加(鲜重与干重)均无显著性影响( P ＞0.05).但与对照铁皮石斛原球茎的多糖含量相比,真菌诱导子g6、g14、g5、g4处理可使其多糖含量分别提高14%、9%、6%、4%.本研究获得了有利于铁皮石斛原球茎生长的硝态氮和铵态氮的最佳搭配方案以及有利于铁皮石斛原球茎积累多糖的四种真菌诱导子,表明通过液体悬浮培养生产铁皮石斛原球茎及其多糖成分具有较好的开发应用前景.     

Effects of Temperature on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae)

In this paper, we studied the response of photosynthesis and growth in Dendrobium officinale to temperature under the control experiment to provide a theoretical basis for its cultivation. Temperature had a significant effect on the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Dofficinale. The light saturated photosynthesis at ambient CO2 concentration (Pmax) of the plants were highest at 30℃. High photosynthetic rate at 30℃ were related to the more balance between the maximum rate of electron transport and maximum rate of RuBP mediated carboxylation. Moreover temperature also showed a significant effect on the growth and polysaccharide content of D.officinale′s stem. The polysaccharide content of Dofficinale at 20℃ was significantly higher than that at other temperatures, while the stem length, stem node number, stem fresh weight and stem dry weight were achieved the highest point at 30℃. The results showed that, the temperature of 30℃ was more appropriate for the photosynthesis of Dofficinale, while the plants at 20℃ have higher polysaccharide content.     

铁皮石斛组培苗与菌根真菌共培养过程中的相互作用

由于人为的滥采滥挖和野外生境的退化, 使得铁皮石斛 (Dendrobium officinale) 这种名贵的中药材一直处于极度濒危的状态。为了从菌根真菌的角度给人工保育铁皮石斛提供理论指导, 对铁皮石斛的组织培养苗人工接种‘GDB181’菌株 (Epulorhiza sp.) 。培养60d后, 接菌苗平均鲜重增长率比对照苗高出了84.8%。在营养元素含量方面, 接菌苗的B、Si、Fe、Cu和Mn元素含量的净增率分别为780%、533%、192%、191%和128%, 均在100%以上;其他元素含量也有不同程度的增加 (除Zn外), 结果证明两者有效地建立了共生关系。在显微和超微结构的观察中发现:真菌菌丝随机破坏铁皮石斛的根被入侵到外皮层, 并从外皮层细胞不断扩展延伸到皮层的大型细胞, 最后在大型细胞中被分解消化。在真菌侵染过程中, 被侵染的皮层细胞的细胞壁严重扭曲变形, 菌丝在皮层细胞形成菌丝结, 菌丝结常位于细胞核附近或包围细胞核。在皮层的大型细胞中, 菌丝细胞被植物的溶酶体包围, 部分或全部被消解, 出现脱壁或失去细胞质甚至成为空腔等变化, 最终形成衰败的菌丝残骸, 溶酶体也随之消失。溶酶体分布越多的部位, 菌丝细胞消解变形越严重。含有菌丝残骸的皮层细胞可被新侵染的菌丝重新定殖, 这一菌丝侵染被消化再侵染的过程在铁皮石斛生长发育过程中可不断重复发生。     

The linkage maps of Dendrobium species based on RAPD and SRAP markers

Dendrobium plants are used commonly as tonic herbs and health food in many Asian countries,especially in China.Here we report the genetic map construction of two Dendrobium species with a double pseudo-testcross strategy using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers.A F1 mapping population of 90 individuals was developed from a cross between D.officinale and D.hercoglossum.A total of 307 markers,including 209 RAPD and 98 SRAP,were identified and used for genetic linkage group (LG) analysis.The D.officinale linkage map consisted of 11 major linkage groups and 3 doublets,which covered 629.4 cM by a total of 62 markers with an average locus distance of 11.2 cM between two adjacent markers.The D.hercoglossum linkage map contained 112 markers mapped on 15 major and 4 minor linkage groups,spanning a total length of 1,304.6 cM with an average distance of 11.6 cM between two adjacent markers.The maps constructed in this study covered 92.7% and 82.7% of the D.hercoglossum and D.officinale genomes respectively,providing an important basis for the mapping of horticultural and medicinal traits and for the application of marker-assisted selection in Dendrobium breeding program.     

铁皮石斛内生真菌的分离及其挥发性成分分析

铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)是我国重要的濒危中药材,其药用价值和经济价值很高。以铁皮石斛为研究对象,采用组织块法,从铁皮石斛根、茎和叶中分离获得22株内生真菌。采用固相微萃取固定吸附(SPME),结合气相质谱(GCMS)解吸附分析技术对其中具有产香特性的3株内生真菌KLBMPD001、KLBMPD004和LBMPD009的挥发性成分进行分析。结果显示,这3株内生真菌均含有较高比例的棕榈酸,分别为37.94%、24.15%和48.55%,其中菌株KLBMPD001和KLBMPD009含有一定比例的硬脂酸,分别为12.64%和37.37%,只有菌株KLBMPD004含有8.74%的酞酸二丁酯。     

应用RAPD分子标记技术探讨3种石斛属植物的种间关系

采用RAPD分子标记技术,分析了金钗石斛、铁皮石斛和齿瓣石斛三种石斛属植物的种间关系。10个引物产生的113条DNA扩增片段中,106条（93.81%）具有多态性,利用113个RAPD标记,计算遗传距离,利用非加权组平均法建立聚类图。结果表明,RAPD标记技术较好地从分子水平揭示金钗石斛、铁皮石斛和齿瓣石斛三种石斛属植物的遗传背景、亲缘关系,并为后期在DNA水平上对药用石斛的开发利用提供资料。     

Tiankengomelania guangxiense,gen. et sp. nov., a dark septate endophytic fungus,promotes the growth of the medicinal orchid Dendrobium officinale

Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Its growth is slow, however many dark septate endophytic fungi (DSEs) are considered useful to plant growth and as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. The goals of this study were to identify a new DSE and evaluate its plant-growth promotion characteristics. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence, a DSE fungal strain TK815 isolated from Dashiwei Tiankengs in Leye county Guangxi Province, China, was classified as a novel genus in the order Cheatothyriales, namely Tiankengomelania gen. nov. typified with T. guangxiense sp. nov. Tiankengomelania guangxiense TK815 can significantly promote the growth of D. officinale in stem length (11.25%), seedling height (16.97%), root length (10.34%), and dry weight (41.05%). This study discovered, described, and illustrated a new DSE fungus, and evaluated its biological function in contributing to the growth and production of the Chinese medicinal plant D. officinale.     

广西人工栽培铁皮石斛内生菌根的研究

通过光学生物显微镜及Qwin图像分析系统,对人工繁育栽培的铁皮石斛各生长期植株的内生菌根进行了观察分析。结果表明:铁皮石斛具有典型的内生菌根;铁皮石斛根内共生菌不是其原有的,而是通过栽培基质传与铁皮石斛的根而共生。被真菌侵染的区域大,其植株生长茂盛,真菌对铁皮石斛的生长发育可能有促进的作用。     

铁皮石斛内生真菌分布

本研究从铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)根、茎和叶中分离得到内生真菌67株,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定分别归属于16个属,Fusarium和Alternaria为铁皮石斛内生真菌的优势种群。研究发现,铁皮石斛根、茎、叶中内生真菌分布存在较大差别,具有一定的组织差异性,不同石斛植物中内生真菌的存在情况差别较大,具有一定的宿主差异性。本研究丰富了真菌资源,为石斛属药用植物内生真菌资源的开发利用提供了基础理论依据。     

Nasturtium officinale reduces oxidative stress and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolaemic rats

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (Brassicaceae) has been used as a home remedy by the people of south eastern (SE) region of Iran as a medicinal plant. This therapeutical application has been attributed to Nasturtium officinale (N. officinale) antioxidant capacity which is mostly tested by means of cell-free assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, the antioxidant effect of N. officinale extract has been investigated in hypercholesterolaemic rats in vivo. The results revealed that the extract has notable scavenging activity against DPPH radicals as well as potent reducing power in FRAP assay. Intragastric administration of N. officinale (500 mg/kg body weight per day) to groups of hypercholesterolaemic rats for 30 days lowered their blood total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by 37, 44 and 48%, respectively. However, the blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the same treated rats increased by 16%. To evaluate the mechanism(s) of action, we studied the antioxidative potential of N. officinale extract in terms of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and also the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver tissues. In addition, hepatic tissue malondialdehyde level (MDA, an index of lipid peroxidation) was also determined. Under hypercholesterolaemic condition, hepatic MDA was increased. Moreover, our data indicated GSH depletion along with significant reduction in the activities of CAT and SOD in rats fed high-fat diet rats. On the other hand, significant elevation in the activities of GPx and GR were seen in the same group of rats. Treatment of hypercholesterolaemic rats with N. officinale extract significantly increased the GSH level along with enhanced CAT and SOD activities in liver tissues. Furthermore, N. officinale extract significantly decreased hepatic MDA as well as GPx and GR activities in plant-treated rats. Based on our data, it can be concluded that N. officinale has a high hypolipidaemic activity and this may be attributed to its antioxidative potential.