枣粮间作系统节肢动物群落组成与时序动态

为揭示枣粮间作系统中枣园和农田两个亚系统节肢动物群落的关系,将枣粮间作系统区分为枣园亚系统和农田亚系统进行节肢动物生态调查并分析时序动态.调查共发现节肢动物14 936头,分属3纲、14目、96科,其中枣园亚系统个体5 992头,分属3纲、14目、82科,农田亚系统个体8 971头,分属3纲、14目、80科,且枣园、农田两个亚系统节肢动物群落的结构存在一定差异.对系统进行时间序列的最优分割可将其划分为4个不同的时期,即麦田亚系统衰落期、系统物种增长期、系统发展稳定期、系统动荡衰落期.系统主要天敌物种在4个阶段中表现出相互迁移的特性,且两个亚系统寄生性天敌物种对另一系统的害虫存在着制约作用.枣粮间作系统中枣园和农田两个亚系统节肢动物群落间的物种迁移和相互作用对提高系统的稳定性和控害能力有积极意义.     

宁夏水洞沟湿地昆虫群落多样性分析与评价

水洞沟湿地昆虫计11目84科182种。其中半翅目和双翅目昆虫个体数量和种数较多,占个体总数的60%以上。植食性昆虫较捕食性和中性昆虫多。昆虫物种丰富度较高,群落结构复杂且稳定,群落种-多度曲线符合对数正态分布。捕食性群落的优势度随季节变化较大,植食性和中性昆虫群落的优势度随季节变化基本一致。     

拉萨半干旱河谷植被对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

调查不同植被恢复措施下拉萨半干旱河谷地表节肢动物类群多样性以及群落结构,为揭示地表节肢动物多样性对植被恢复措施的响应具有重要意义。采用陷阱法对青藏高原半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛、人工杨树林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地地表节肢动物群落组成、类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查,计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、类群丰富度、多样性指数、Cody指数和S9rensen指数。共采集半干旱河谷地表节肢动物个体数738,隶属5纲15目51科。砂生槐灌丛样地收集节肢动物40科,占所有类群78.4%,杨树人工林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地调查到土壤节肢动物类群为30和23科,分别占总科数的58.8%和45.1%。各植被恢复类型在目的分类单元下,双翅目、膜翅目和弹尾目类群相对多度较高,而在科的分类单元下,驼跳科、蚁科和漏斗网蛛科为拉萨半干旱河谷优势地表节肢动物类群。砂生槐灌丛节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高,人工杨树林最低。砂生槐灌丛和藏沙蒿灌丛地表节肢动物营养功能群均以捕食性为主。不同植被群落间群落相似性也有差异,砂生槐与藏沙蒿灌丛间相似性较高,而人工杨树林与藏沙蒿之间较低。不同植物群落组成和结构影响土壤理化特性、地表凋落物数量、质量和微生境条件,进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、数量和营养功能群。砂生槐灌丛样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群,有利于拉萨半干旱河谷地区地表节肢动物多样性维护。     

东北黑土区耕作措施对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

【目的】调查不同耕作措施下东北黑土地表节肢动物群落类群多样性以及营养功能群结构, 有利于揭示地表节肢动物多样性对土地管理措施的响应。【方法】本研究于2012年7－9月在黑龙江海伦中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站采用陷阱法对东北典型黑土区免耕、 少耕、 平翻、 旋耕和组合5种耕作措施长期定位试验区的地表节肢动物群落组成、 类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查, 计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、 类群丰富度、 Shannon Wiener多样性指数、 Pielou均匀度指数、 Simpson优势度指数、 Cody指数和Srensen指数。【结果】本次调查共收集黑土农田地表节肢动物个体数为2 942, 隶属7目18科。免耕样地收集节肢动物15科, 占所有类群83.34%; 少耕和组合样地均为11科, 占61.12%。所有耕作措施下鞘翅目和蜘蛛目类群相对多度最高, 步甲科为黑土农田优势地表节肢动物类群。免耕样地节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高, 少耕样地最低。除旋耕样地外, 其他耕作样地地表节肢动物功能群均以捕食性为主。群落相似性指数分析表明, 不同耕作措施间群落相似性不同, 免耕与组合之间相似性较高, 而平翻与组合之间较低。【结论】步甲科是黑土农田地表节肢动物群落中的优势类群。不同耕作措施影响近地表土壤以及植被微生境, 进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、 数量和营养功能群。免耕样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群, 有利于维持黑土农田地表节肢动物多样性。     

不同松林类型节肢动物群落组成和相似性

采用G-test、Sorensen Classic相似性指数和Jaccard Classic相似性指数比较浙江省舟山市受松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus侵染后形成的湿地松Pinus elliottii杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata混交林、马尾松P.massoniana疏林、马尾松纯林和黑松P.thunbergi马尾松混交林等4种代表性的松林类型中的节肢动物群落的组成,同时采用采用Chao 1指数和ACE指数对4种林型的总物种丰富度进行了估计。研究结果表明,4种不同的松林类型共捕获513种共55141个个体,隶属15目110科。4种松林类型中节肢动物群落的科数、物种数和个体数量都有显著差异(科数G3=9.303,P=0.026;物种数G3=57.362,P=0.000;个体数G3=2 767.568,P=0.000)。马尾松疏林和马尾松纯林中节肢动物群落的相似性最高,湿地松杉木混交林和黑松马尾松混交林这2种针叶混交林内节肢动物群落相似性最低。估计全部节肢动物群落的物种丰富度为586.47(ACE指数)和634.8±31.5(Chao 1±SD)种。     

The effects of foliar pubescence and nutrient enrichment on arthropod communities of Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae)

Abstract.  1. Nutrient resource availability and host-plant foliar pubescence both influence arthropod food webs, but multifactor studies are needed to understand their interdependence and relative importance. Arthropods were sampled by clipping foliage from Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) trees of pubescent, glabrous, and intermediate leaf forms on fertilised and unfertilised plots.
2. Fertilisation decreased leaf mass per area (LMA) but did not change the relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes.
3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densities of individuals and species of all trophic levels, and the biomass of Collembola and Homoptera. Herbivore relative diversity (Shannon H ') also increased with fertilisation, but detritivore diversity declined due to increasing dominance of Salina celebensis (Schaeffer) (Collembola).
4. Detritivore density, driven again by S. celebensis , increased with decreasing leaf pubescence, but Heteroptera and Acari were most abundant on the intermediate pubescence class, and Psocoptera density and biomass increased with increasing pubescence. Trophic-level species density did not change with leaf morphological class, but relative diversity of all arthropods and of detritivores increased with increasing pubescence.
5. Both resource availability and leaf pubescence affected Metrosideros arthropod communities. However, the pervasive positive influence of fertilisation did not translate to compositional shifts, and there were no interactions with leaf morphological class. In contrast, the effects of leaf pubescence on arthropod density, biomass, and diversity were more restricted taxonomically, and non-parametric manova and redundancy analyses demonstrated significant differentiation in community composition on the pubescent morphology.     

冻融作用对大兴安岭多年冻土区土壤节肢动物的影响

利用室内模拟冻融试验,以5 ℃未冻融为对照,研究冻融强度(-5～5 ℃、-10～5 ℃)和冻融频次(1、5、10、15次)对我国大兴安岭多年冻土区土壤节肢动物群落结构的影响。结果表明: 试验共分离到土壤节肢动物4198只,隶属于4纲9目24 科 33属;强冻融(-10～5 ℃)显著降低了土壤节肢动物的个体数和类群数,而轻冻融(-5～5 ℃)尤其是短期(1次冻融循环)处理则使某些类群的个体数增加;在轻冻融处理中类群数、Margalef指数和Shannon指数随着冻融频次的增加显著降低,但在强冻融处理中并未表现出规律性变化;越冬虫态是土壤节肢动物抵御低温胁迫的生存策略之一,同时蜱螨亚纲具有较好的耐寒性。土壤节肢动物对冻融作用的差异性响应、物种间的协同作用以及土壤环境均是影响其群落组成的主要因素。本研究将为我国中高纬多年冻土区土壤节肢动物多样性研究和保护提供数据支持和理论依据。     

How management practices affect arthropod communities on Japanese golf courses?

Potentially, golf courses could act as wildlife refuges under adequate golf course management. We assessed the impacts of golf course managements on arthropod communities by analyzing arthropod community data. Arthropods were collected using a sweeping-net method from turf areas. Information of management applied in each golf course such as frequency of chemical use, length of grass was obtained by field measurements and also from interviews based on management records with green keepers. In total, 92 invertebrate families were collected. Of 44 frequently appearing families, the number of individuals in 22 arthropods families such as Delphacidae and Deltocephalidae were associated with some kind of course management features. Length of grass was the most influential factor to those families. After removing the effect of the grass length by regression analysis, herbicide affected six families. The effects of frequency of the use of fungicide and insecticide were not detected in this study.     

An inventory of the foliar,soil, and dung arthropod communities in pastures of the southeastern United States

Grassland systems constitute a significant portion of the land area in the United States and as a result harbors significant arthropod biodiversity. During this time of biodiversity loss around the world, bioinventories of ecologically important habitats serve as important indicators for the effectiveness of conservation efforts. We conducted a bioinventory of the foliar, soil, and dung arthropod communities in 10 cattle pastures located in the southeastern United States during the 2018 grazing season. In sum, 126,251 arthropod specimens were collected. From the foliar community, 13 arthropod orders were observed, with the greatest species richness found in Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera. The soil‐dwelling arthropod community contained 18 orders. The three orders comprising the highest species richness were Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Lastly, 12 arthropod orders were collected from cattle dung, with the greatest species richness found in Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Herbivores were the most abundant functional guild found in the foliar community, and predators were most abundant in the soil and dung communities. Arthropod pests constituted a small portion of the pasture arthropod communities, with 1.01%, 0.34%, and 0.46% pests found in the foliar, soil, and dung communities, respectively. While bioinventories demand considerable time, energy, and resources to accomplish, the information from these inventories has many uses for conservation efforts, land management recommendations, and the direction of climate change science.     

香蕉园害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

报道了南宁市香蕉园害虫,捕食性节肢动物和中性昆虫亚群落结构,由18目74科181种组成,害虫和蜘蛛是构成香蕉园节肢动物群落组成及功能作用的主要群落,香蕉冠网蝽（Stephanitis typica),袋蛾类（Psychidae),广西抚蛛（Uloborus guangxiensis),草间钻头蛛（Hylyphantes graminicola),幼豹蛛（Pardosa pusiola),布立毛蚁（Paratrechina bourbonica)是群落的主体,且分析了香蕉园4个亚群落的时,空结构,数量波动及其与蕉园生态环境的相互关系。     

Simulating selection and evolution at the community level using common garden data

A key issue in evolutionary biology is whether selection acting at levels higher than the individual can cause evolutionary change. If it can, then conceptual and empirical studies must consider how selection operates at multiple levels of biological organization. Here, we test the hypothesis that estimates of broad‐sense community heritability, HC2, can be used to predict the evolutionary response by community‐level phenotypes when community‐level selection is imposed. Using an approach informed by classic quantitative genetics, we made three predictions. First, when we imposed community‐level selection, we expected a significant change in the average phenotype of arthropod communities associated with individual tree genotypes [we imposed selection by favoring high and low NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) scores that reflected differences in arthropod species richness, abundance and composition]. Second, we expected HC2 to predict the magnitude of the community‐level response. Third, we expected no significant change in average NMDS scores with community‐level selection imposed at random. We tested these hypotheses using three years of common garden data for 102 species comprising the arthropod communities, associated with nine clonally replicated Populus angustifolia genotypes. Each of our predictions were met. We conclude that estimates of HC2 account for the resemblance among communities sharing common ancestry, the persistence of community composition over time, and the outcome of selection when it occurs at the community level. Our results provide a means for exploring how this process leads to large‐scale community evolutionary change, and they identify the circumstances in which selection may routinely act at the community level.     

板蓝根田节肢动物群落的结构与多样性研究

为了解河南省板蓝根田节肢动物群落的结构组成及物种多样性,该研究采用5点随机取样,通过网捕法和目测法调查并记录了板蓝根植株及地面上的节肢动物种类和数量。结果表明:河南省板蓝根田节肢动物群落物种丰富,共采集到2 613头,隶属于2纲10目39科61种。其中,植食性种类和捕食性种类均为24种(各占39.34%),寄生性种类4种(占6.56%),中性种类9种(占14.75%)。蜘蛛的种类占群落总种数的比例最高(为21.31%),表明田间的蜘蛛种类最丰富。鳞翅目物种的个体数量远大于其他的目,占群落个体数的43.78%。菜青虫和小菜蛾的相对丰盛度最高,分别为0.184 8和0.162 6,说明二者是河南省板蓝根田的优势害虫。捕食性集团的均匀度指数最高,寄生性集团的优势度指数最高,其中小菜蛾幼虫的寄生性天敌菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的数量最大。     

Plant genetics predicts intra-annual variation in phytochemistry and arthropod community structure

With the emerging field of community genetics, it is important to quantify the key mechanisms that link genetics and community structure. We studied cottonwoods in common gardens and in natural stands and examined the potential for plant chemistry to be a primary mechanism linking plant genetics and arthropod communities. If plant chemistry drives the relationship between plant genetics and arthropod community structure, then several predictions followed. We would find (i) the strongest correlation between plant genetic composition and chemical composition; (ii) an intermediate correlation between plant chemical composition and arthropod community composition; and (iii) the weakest relationship between plant genetic composition and arthropod community composition. Our results supported our first prediction: plant genetics and chemistry had the strongest correlation in the common garden and the wild. Our results largely supported our second prediction, but varied across space, seasonally, and according to arthropod feeding group. Plant chemistry played a larger role in structuring common garden arthropod communities relative to wild communities, free-living arthropods relative to leaf and stem modifiers, and early-season relative to late-season arthropods. Our results did not support our last prediction, as host plant genetics was at least as tightly linked to arthropod community structure as plant chemistry, if not more so. Our results demonstrate the consistency of the relationship between plant genetics and biodiversity. Additionally, plant chemistry can be an important mechanism by which plant genetics affects arthropod community composition, but other genetic-based factors are likely involved that remain to be measured.     

植被类型对盐沼湿地空气生境节肢动物功能群的影响

2007年4-11月,在长江口崇明东滩盐沼湿地的芦苇带、海三棱藨草带和互花米草带设置固定样地,每月小潮期对空气生境的节肢动物进行了扫网取样调查。在此基础上,分析研究了盐沼湿地空气生境节肢动物功能群特征以及植被类型的影响,特别是对互花米草的生态效应进行了进一步讨论。调查期间共获得节肢动物标本3778头,分属2纲11目37科49种。根据不同种类的营养特征将其划分为植食性、捕食寄生性和腐食性三大功能群。其中,植食性功能群的种类、数量最为丰富,涉及1纲6目19科25种,物种数占总数的51.0%,个体数占总数的86.2%;捕食寄生性功能群次之,涉及2纲7目15科21种,物种数占总数的42.9%,个体数占总数的7.8%;腐食性功能群种类、数量最少,涉及1纲1目3科3种,物种数占总数的6.1%,个体数占总数的6.0%。不同植被带捕食寄生性功能群与植食性功能群均具有一定的"天敌跟随"特征,但主要表现在物种数上,而在个体数上的对应关系并不明显。不同植被带功能群的组成、多样性及月际变化特征存在一定差异,但是植被类型对功能群的影响并不显著。与已有研究结果不同,研究中外来种互花米草对空气生境的节肢动物并未表现出显著的负面影响,相应节肢动物功能群的物种数、个体数、多样性、月际变化等特征与其他植被带并没有显著差异。就植食性功能群而言,尽管互花米草带植食性功能群的个体数明显低于其它植被带,但是物种数并没有减少,相应的作用机理还有待进一步研究。     

猕猴桃园节肢动物群落重建及主要类群的生态位

为研究猕猴桃节肢动物群落重建过程和主要类群生态位移,本试验系统调查野生猕猴桃和人工栽植不同树龄(3年、9年、14年)猕猴桃园节肢动物群落,测定群落特征指标和主要类群的时空生态位。结果表明,群落包含3纲15目74科,约90种。不同桃园节肢动物群落的主要类群不同,各类群占群落总数的比例差异显著,野生猕猴桃园群落中各类群分布较均匀,栽植桃园群落中害虫比例较大。野生猕猴桃园和栽植猕猴桃园之间,群落的多样性指数、均匀度和优势度差异均极显著,群落稳定性表现为野生>9年>14年>3年。各类群的时空二维生态位也会随着栽植时间增长发生变化：蜘蛛和蝇类的生态位在不同树龄的猕猴桃园中都保持在较高水平;人工栽植初期,山楂叶螨和叶蝉占据的时空生态位较宽,成为优势类群,小薪甲与山楂叶螨生态位重叠较大,竞争激烈;随后,小薪甲和瘿蚊的时空二维生态位逐渐增大,到14年桃园中已经取代了山楂叶螨和叶蝉,成为主要害虫。总之,人工干扰的节肢动物群落重建是一个次级演替过程,与自然生态系统群落明显不同。     

N-P co-limitation of primary production and response of arthropods to N and P in early primary succession on Mount St. Helens volcano

Background

The effect of low nutrient availability on plant-consumer interactions during early succession is poorly understood. The low productivity and complexity of primary successional communities are expected to limit diversity and abundance of arthropods, but few studies have examined arthropod responses to enhanced nutrient supply in this context. We investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition on plant productivity and arthropod abundance on 24-yr-old soils at Mount St. Helens volcano.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We measured the relative abundance of eight arthropod orders and five families in plots that received N, P, or no nutrients for 3–5 years. We also measured plant % cover, leaf %N, and plant diversity. Vegetation responded rapidly to N addition but showed a lagged response to P that, combined with evidence of increased N fixation, suggested P-limitation to N availability. After 3 yrs of fertilization, orthopterans (primarily Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae) and Melanoplus spp (Acrididae)) showed a striking attraction to P addition plots, while no other taxa responded to fertilization. After 5 yrs of fertilization, orthopteran density in the same plots increased 80%–130% with P addition and 40% with N. Using structural equation modeling, we show that in year 3 orthopteran abundance was associated with a P-mediated increase in plant cover (or correlated increases in resource quality), whereas in year 5 orthopteran density was not related to cover, diversity or plant %N, but rather to unmeasured effects of P, such as its influence on other aspects of resource quality.

Conclusions/Significance

The marked surprising response to P by orthopterans, combined with a previous observation of P-limitation in lepidopteran herbivores at these sites, suggests that P-mediated effects of food quantity or quality are critical to insect herbivores in this N-P co-limited primary successional system. Our results also support a previous suggestion that the availability of N in these soils is P-limited.     

豚草发生地土壤昆虫群落结构及动态

采用分层取样法、大类群分类法和数理统计方法,研究了普通豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia和三裂叶豚草A．trifida发生地土壤昆虫的群落结构及动态。共采集土壤昆虫46个科（成虫与幼虫分开单列）,隶属于12个目,其中弹尾目个体数占绝对优势（占土壤昆虫总个体数的80.879%）,其次是膜翅目（8.765%）、鞘翅目幼虫（3.951%）和双翅目虫（3.093%）,其余合计占3.312%。在46个科中,优势类群有3科：棘跳虫科（Onychiuridae）（占土壤昆虫总个体数的32.756%）、鳞跳虫科（Tomoceridae）（18.869%）和节跳虫科（Isotomidae）（18.178%）。土壤昆虫个体数和类群数,随着豚草生长季的推进而增加,8月达到最高值。豚草降低了土壤昆虫的个体数量和群落多样性,根据逐月方差分析和多重比较,8月和9月对照样地土壤昆虫个体数量和多样性指数均显著高于豚草样地。豚草表现出对某些土壤昆虫类群的驱避作用,步甲科（Carabidae）成虫、拟花萤科（Dasytidae）幼虫、叶蝉科（Jassidae）、阎甲科（Histeridae）和管蓟马科（Phloeothripidae）在豚草整个生长季从未在豚草样地中出现。豚草对于土壤昆虫的抑制作用在豚草纯群落和植物生长旺季更为明显。土壤昆虫的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性。     

不同邻作作物对玉米田节肢动物多样性的影响

为探明不同邻作对云南普洱地区玉米田节肢动物多样性的影响.采用目测法和粘虫板等多种诱集法对邻作咖啡、水稻、李树及单作的玉米田节肢动物群落进行系统调查,分析不同邻作作物对玉米田节肢动物群落的影响.结果表明:不同邻作玉米田天敌亚群落主要为双翅目和膜翅目,其中玉米单作田赤池信息量准则(AIC)值最低为-16.858,最优模型为...     

黄海中南部不同断面鱼类群落结构及其多样性

基于2006年9月和12月、2007年3月和5月对黄海中南部不同断面的底拖网调查数据,对黄海中南部不同断面的鱼类群落结构、多样性、单位时间的渔获量分布及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明,调查中共捕获鱼类109种,其中鲈形目种类最多(45种,占40.18%),其次是鲉形目(12种,占10.71%)、鲱形目(10种,占8.93%)和鲽形目(10种,占8.93%),主要由暖温种和暖水种组成,并且暖水种和暖温种在各断面渔获量中所占的比例随时间不同而有所差异。各断面主要鱼种除小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis、带鱼Trichiurus lepturus、银鲳Pampus argenteus等种类外,以小型中上层鱼类(鳀Engraulis japonicus、黄鲫Setipinna taty等)和底层经济价值较低的鱼类(黄鮟鱇Lophius litulon、细纹狮子鱼Liparis tanakai等)为主,各断面优势种渔获量均占其总渔获量的50%以上,主要鱼种渔获量均占其总渔获量85%以上。渔获物的营养级主要分布在4.2—4.5、3.0—3.3和3.6—3.9,各营养级渔获量随时间和断面的不同有所变化。鱼类长度谱主要集中在3—24 cm,由南向北长度谱逐渐增大。各断面鱼类群落多样性指数差异不大,与底层温度和深度关系密切。