人类最忠实的伴侣动物--家犬

家犬是被人类最早驯化的家畜之一,也是人类最忠实的伴侣动物。家犬在动物分类学上属脊索动物门-脊椎动物亚门-哺乳纲-真兽亚纲-食肉目- 犬科-犬属-家犬种。世界著名生物学家林奈把家犬从诸多野生犬属动物中分列出来,单作为一个种,命名为“家犬”(Canis familiaris),家犬成为家畜中唯一单独称种的家畜。     

冷箭竹根际土壤中可培养细菌的多样性

为了解冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)根际土壤中可培养细菌的多样性,2006年5月从四川卧龙自然保护区冷箭竹根际土壤中共分离出50株具不同菌落形态的细菌.16S rDNA序列分析结果表明:50株菌分属于10个属26个种.27株属于变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobaeteria)(42.3%)、9株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(26.9%)、4株属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(15.4%)、6株属于变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria)(7.7%)、3株属于变形菌门α亚群(Alphaproteobacteria)(3.9%),1株与土地杆菌属(Pedobacter)关系密切.假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属.2株菌为可能的新种或属.研究表明冷箭竹根际土壤中含有较为丰富的微生物多样性.     

略谈土壤原生动物及其工作方法

如果我们将一小撮溶于水的土壤置于双筒解剖镜下观察,视野内便会出现一些形状不同、活动各异的微小动物,它们就是生活于土壤中的单细胞动物——土壤原生动物。在原生动物门中,除寄生性的孢子虫亚门外,其他三个亚门(鞭毛亚门、肉足亚门和纤毛亚门)都有在土壤中生活的种类(表1)。其数     

甲逦恙螨属一新亚属新种

我们从云南采到甲逦恙螨属(Gahrliepia)的一新亚属新种,记述如下: 间毛恙螨亚属Intermedialia,新亚属 本新亚属与甲逦恙螨属中其它亚属的主要区别为新亚属两感器之间具有一对刚毛——感间毛(Intermedian seta=IM)。 根据上述特征,Gahrliepia(Gahrliepia)fenestrulata Traub ＆ Morrow,1957应隶属于本亚属。 分布 中国云南;泰国。寄主 啮齿动物和食虫动物。     

再生水灌溉对草坪根际可培养细菌组成影响

【目的】为了了解再生水灌溉对草坪根际可培养细菌群落组成的影响,【方法】采用稀释平板法,对北京市陶然亭公园内再生水灌区及其对照自来水灌区草坪根际细菌进行了分离,并对其16S rDNA序列进行了分析。【结果】16S rDNA序列分析表明自来水样品分离得到的菌落分属于15个属的20个种,而再生水样品分离得到的菌落分属于18个属的24个种。自来水和再生水灌区草坪根际细菌主要包括变形菌门α亚群(Alphaproteobacteria,分别为9.7%和13.4%)、变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria,分别为8.1%和12.3%)、变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria,分别为17.9%和42.0%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,分别为13.0%和2.9%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,分别为23.6%和10.1%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria,分别为27.6%和19.6%)其中,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)是自来水灌区草坪根际优势菌属(23.6%),而不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)是再生水灌区根际优势菌属(17.4%)。从不同类群优势菌属看,除变形菌门γ亚群受再生水影响优势菌属在两灌区表现出一定的差异外,其余各亚群优势菌属均未受再生水影响,其中,不动杆菌属是再生水灌区变形菌门γ亚群的优势菌属(41.3%),肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)是自来水灌区变形菌门γ亚群的优势菌属(45.4%)。【结论】这表明,再生水灌溉未改变细菌群落组成类型,但改变了不同类型多度分布状况。具体表现为优势种多度值增加及部分非优势种有无。再生水灌区特有机会性致病菌、植物致病菌和重金属耐性细菌的出现表明再生水灌溉中病原微生物及重金属的控制工作还有待于进一步严格。     

中国蚜属一新纪录亚属和二新纪录种(半翅目,蚜科)

记述了中国蚜科Aphididae蚜亚科Aphidinae蚜族Aphidini蚜亚族Aphidina蚜属Aphis1新纪录亚属,囊蚜亚属Aphis(Bursaphis)Baker,1934;及2新纪录种,柳叶菜蚜Aphis(Aphis)praeterita Walker,1849和茶藨子囊蚜Aphis(Bursaphis)grossulariae Kaltenbach,1843。提供了中国蚜属分亚属检索表、地理分布与寄主植物信息,绘制了形态特征图。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所国家动物博物馆。     

基于16S rRNA基因序列对织纹螺属的分子系统学分析

研究利用线粒体16S rRNA基因序列片段,对织纹螺属6亚属11种动物进行分子系统学分析。结果显示,种内遗传距离(0～0.007)与种间遗传距离(0.019～0.088)无重叠,这表明线粒体16S rRNA基因能较好地反映织纹螺种间的亲缘关系; 而亚属内遗传距离(0.018～0.031)与亚属间遗传距离(0.028～0.083)存在重叠,表明线粒体16S rRNA基因不能对一些贝壳形态相似的亚属进行区分。同时,确定了疑难种灰白织纹螺Nassarius(Zeuxis)canaliculatum的分类地位,并与相似种西格织纹螺N.(Z.)siquijorensis进行了对比; 确认了秀丽织纹螺Nassarius(Hima)festivus应属于Hima亚属;建议保留单型亚属Varicinassa的有效性。     

中国玻璃海鞘属一新纪录种——萨氏海鞘Ciona savignyi

海鞘(尾索动物亚门Urochordata,海鞘纲Ascidiacea)是与脊椎动物亲缘关系最近的分支1,是研究动物进化和发育的重要材料。其中玻璃海鞘(Ciona intestinalis)在世       

伊犁河流域春季可培养细菌多样性及其胞外酶检测

利用可培养法对新疆伊犁河流域水体和沉积物中细菌多样性进行分析，以期初步阐明流域河流可培养细菌群落结构。采用5种琼脂培养基分离纯化可培养细菌，依据其16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析，并运用平板法对纯化菌株的胞外酶产生情况进行检测。序列分析结果表明，225株细菌分别属于变形菌门γ亚群(Gamma-pseudomonadota, 56.44%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 18.22%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 14.22%)、变形菌门α亚群(Alpha-pseudomonadota, 4.89%)、变形菌门β亚群(Beta-pseudomonadota, 4%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 0.44%)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcota, 0.44%)等7个大的系统发育类群，41个属84个种。其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,42.22%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter,9.33%)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus,9.33%)为优势菌属。菌种分布结果显示，伊犁河流域主要支流和干流中可培养细菌地域分布性强。分离菌株产胞外酶...     

中国侧棘斑蚜属分亚属研究及五新纪录亚属(同翅目:蚜科:角斑蚜亚科)

研究认为中国侧棘斑蚜属Tuberculatus Mordvilko,1894蚜虫有7个亚属,刺棘斑蚜亚属Acanthocallis Matsumura 1917,东方棘斑蚜亚属Orientuberculoides Hille Ris Lambers,1974,针棘斑蚜亚属Acanthotuberculatus Quednau,1999,阿棘斑蚜亚属Arakawana Matsumura ,1917,日本棘斑蚜亚属Nippocallis Matsumura,1917,中日棘斑蚜亚属Nippotuberculatus Quednan,1999和肖棘斑蚜亚属Tuberculoides van der Goot,1915。给出分亚属检索素,并记述5个中国新纪录亚属和一个新纪录种环肖棘斑蚜Tuberculatus(Tuhberculoides)annulatus(Hartig 1841),研究标本存放在中国科学院动物所动物标本馆。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.