Skp2参与HeLa细胞G_2/M周期检查点的调控

具癌基因特性的Skp2在大多数肿瘤组织和肿瘤细胞中异常高表达,它作为SCFSkp2复合物的底物识别亚基调控p27KIP蛋白的稳定性而促进细胞G1/S期转换.为进一步明确Skp2与G2/M周期检查点的关系,在HeLa细胞中过表达Skp2以及通过反义寡核苷酸抑制Skp2表达.结果发现:Skp2能促进细胞周期运转,表现为S期细胞增多和G2/M期细胞减少,其中F-box结构域具有重要的功能意义;反义寡核苷酸抑制Skp2表达后,HeLa细胞发生显著的G2/M期阻滞;MTT检测结果表明,400nmol/L的Skp2的反义寡核苷酸能明显抑制HeLa细胞的增殖活性;Western印迹结果表明,HeLa细胞中Skp2可能通过负调控p21WAF的稳定性来参与G2/M检查点调控,这在用放线菌素D处理HeLa细胞的实验中得到验证.这些结果初步揭示了Skp2参与HeLa细胞G2/M周期检查点调控的分子机制.     

异常激活的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶通过上调周期蛋白D1表达促进肾透明细胞癌增殖

葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶（glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase,G6PD）为磷酸戊糖途径的调节酶。研究表明,G6PD与多种恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关。然而,G6PD在肾透明细胞癌（clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ccRCC）中的功能及其作用机制却鲜有报道。本研究通过TCGA数据分析发现,G6PD在肾透明细胞癌TNM Ⅲ/Ⅳ期mRNA表达水平显著升高,与患者的性别、原发肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移、远端转移、病灶一侧的偏重性、病理分级以及TNM临床分期密切相关。并且,G6PD异常激活有可能成为评价肾透明细胞癌患者不良预后的分子。细胞系检测结果提示,与对照293T细胞及恶性程度较低的786-O细胞相比,恶性程度较高的Caki-1细胞中的G6PD表达及活性明显增加。基因稳定转染结合CCK8分析结果显示,G6PD过表达或异常激活可显著提高293T及786-O细胞的增殖能力,并且促进786-O细胞中周期蛋白D1基因表达上调。综上,本研究通过TCGA数据库分析和稳定细胞系检测及CCK8分析,结果显示,G6PD在肾透明细胞癌中异常激活,并可上调细胞周期蛋白D1表达,进而促进肿瘤细胞增殖。该研究为进一步揭示肾透明细胞癌分子发病机制以及开发有效的靶向治疗方案提供了借鉴。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9构建G6PD基因c.1388G>A突变的HEK293/K562细胞株

该文旨在利用CRISPR/Cas9构建G6PD基因c.1388GA突变的HEK293/K562细胞株,为G6PD缺陷症及其修复研究提供细胞模型。针对G6PD基因c.1388GA位点设计单链向导RNA(sg RNA)与突变同源臂,利用CRISPR/Cas9联合同源重组修复(HDR)构建G6PD基因c.1388GA突变的HEK293细胞株与红白血病K562细胞株; qRT-PCR、Western blot检测G6PD基因表达; CCK8检测细胞增殖;G6PD/6PGD比值法检测G6PD酶活性;结晶紫染色与Annexin V-APC/7-AAD验证突变细胞株对氧化活性药物维生素K3与伯安喹的耐受情况。结果显示,成功构建CRISPR/Cas9双质粒载体系统;筛选单克隆细胞经测序鉴定显示,成功构建G6PD基因c.1388GA突变的HEK293与K562细胞株,且无脱靶;进一步发现, c.1388GA突变不影响HEK293与K562细胞G6PD基因mRNA转录与蛋白翻译,但细胞增殖减慢, G6PD酶活性下降;突变HEK293细胞对维生素K3与伯安喹的耐受力减弱,突变K562细胞对伯安喹耐受能力减弱。该研究成功构建G6PD基因c.1388GA突变的HEK293与K562细胞株,为G6PD缺陷症及后期基因修复研究提供细胞模型。     

原花青素提高鱼藤酮诱导的帕金森模型细胞活力的研究*

目的: 探究原花青素提高帕金森模型细胞活力的机制。方法: 实验1-用不同浓度鱼藤酮处理(1 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L,每组6个复孔)人神经母细胞瘤细胞SH-SY5Y 24 h,使用MTT法检测其细胞活力,选择合适的浓度(10 μmol/L)构建帕金森疾病(PD)细胞模型。实验2-将SH-SY5Y细胞分为对照组与实验组(每组4个复孔),10 μmol/L的鱼藤酮处理24 h后使用显微镜观察细胞的数目。实验3-将SH-SY5Y细胞分为对照组与实验组(每组3个复孔),按上述方法处理,PI染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。实验4-SH-SY5Y细胞预孵育浓度为10 μg/ml的原花青素(PC)4 h后,使用浓度为10 μmol/L的鱼藤酮继续处理,设置对照组,原花青素单独处理组,鱼藤酮单独处理组(每组6个复孔),处理24 h后,使用MTT法检测各组细胞活力。实验5-将SH-SY5Y细胞预孵育原花青素4 h后,用鱼藤酮(10 μmol/L)继续处理24 h,设置对照组,鱼藤酮单独处理组(每组3个复孔),DCFH-DA探针染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量的变化。结果: 与对照组相比,鱼藤酮处理组的SH-SY5Y细胞活力明显下降(2.5 μmol/L, P＜0.01; 5 μmol/L 和10 μmol/L,P＜0.01),数量明显减少;细胞周期也发生改变,处于G0/G1期的细胞比例增加 (33.00% vs 44.53%),处于S期(14.97% vs 15.29%)无明显差别,处于G/M(32.73% vs 21.93%)的细胞比例减少。与鱼藤酮单独处理组相比,原花青素预孵育组SH-SY5Y细胞活力明显上升(P＜0.01),ROS的含量大幅度减少 (P＜ 0.01)。结论: 原花青素能够通过清除ROS来提高PD模型细胞的细胞活力。     

三苯氧胺对乳腺癌和宫颈癌细胞增殖的影响

目的：研究三苯氧胺(tamoxifen,TAM)对人乳腺癌Bcap-37和宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖的影响并探讨其可能的机制。方法：采用细胞培养、细胞计数、MTT、流式细胞术和激光共聚焦显微镜技术。结果：TAM(10^-6mol／L)使Bcap-37细胞的生长曲线下移,使HeLa细胞的生长曲线上移。TAM(10^-8～10^-6mol／L)剂量依赖性的抑制Beap-37细胞的增殖,促进HeLa细胞的增殖作用。TAM(10^-6mol／L)使Bcap-37细胞发生凋亡,凋亡率达到97．5％,而使HeLa细胞周期由G1期加速向S期转化,G1期的DNA含量由对照组的55．5％下降到加药组的32．8％,S期的DNA含量由对照组的29．0％上升到加药组的49．4％。激光共聚焦检测到TAM(10^-6mol／L)可使Bcap-37细胞和HeLa细胞内的Ca^2 浓度显著升高。结论：TAM可以通过调节细胞周期各阶段DNA含量和胞内Ca^2 浓度水平,从而调节Bcap-37细胞和HeLa细胞的增殖活动,提示使用TAM治疗乳腺癌时可能会对子宫颈产生副作用。     

TBP-like Protein(TLP)通过G_2/M期阻滞抑制HeLa细胞的增殖

TBP-like protein(TLP)是真核细胞中一种常见的转录因子,在调节生长发育方面起着重要的作用。该实验构建重组质粒pEGFP-N1-TLP,研究TLP对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa增殖的影响。利用流式细胞仪检测质粒的转染效率,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察外源TLP蛋白的亚细胞定位。经过MTT检测、RNAi-TLP诱导的基因沉默及Hoechst33258染色研究TLP对HeLa细胞的增殖抑制作用。流式细胞术、Western blot和RT-PCR实验结果表明,TLP将HeLa细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期,并抑制周期相关基因CDK1和CyclinB1的转录和翻译。研究表明,外源TLP在HeLa细胞的细胞核中表达,通过降低细胞周期相关基因CDK1和CDK1的表达水平,将HeLa细胞的细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期,从而抑制细胞的增殖。     

鳞盖肉齿菌的抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性及抗肿瘤细胞增殖机制的研究

为了从鳞盖肉齿菌(Sarcodon scabrosuskarst)的二氯甲烷提取物中分离纯化得到Sarcodonin G,对Sarc-odonin G进行抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性及其抗肿瘤细胞增殖机制的研究。本文利用MTT实验法测定Sarcodonin G对HeLa细胞株增殖的抑制率,检测其抗肿瘤细胞增殖的效果;利用流式细胞术检测Sarcodonin G对HeLa细胞的凋亡的影响;利用电镜技术观察Sarcodonin G对HeLa细胞形态学改变。结果发现,Sarcodonin G对体外培养的HeLa细胞的增殖具有明显抑制作用,其IC50为7.19μmol/L,并有较好的剂量依赖关系;流式细胞学检查发现Sarcodonin G处理后的HeLa细胞出现凋亡现象;超微结构发现Sarcodonin G处理后的HeLa细胞的胞核染色质浓缩,边集,核固缩及形成新月体,线粒体肿胀,空泡样变,胞浆出现大量空泡等凋亡的形态学改变。结果表明,鳞盖肉齿菌的纯化物Sarcodonin G能抑制体外培养的HeLa细胞的增殖,并初步推测Sarcodonin G有可能是通过诱导HeLa细胞的凋亡来实现其抗肿瘤增殖作用的。     

葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶调控细胞周期蛋白E1和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2促进细胞增殖及其在肾透明细胞癌中的预后价值

肾透明细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)是一种转移率高、预后差的细胞代谢性疾病,对其有效诊疗及预后分子标志物的研究十分重要。葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶(glucose 6-phosphatedehydrogenase, G6PD)在ccRCC中高表达,并提示患者不良预后,其促进ccRCC细胞增殖的分子机制有待进一步揭示。本研究发现,降低G6PD可抑制细胞周期G₁/S期转化并显著抑制ccRCC细胞增殖。G6PD可在细胞水平调控G₁/S期转化及增殖相关因子Cyclin D1,CDK4,CDK6,Cyclin E1和CDK2基因表达。TCGA数据库分析结果表明,ccRCC 中Cyclin D1,Cyclin E1 和 CDK2的mRNA 水平显著升高,而CDK4表达无明显差异,CDK6表达却显著降低。相关性分析结果显示,G6PD与Cyclin D1呈显著负相关(P<0.0001),G6PD与CDK4,CDK6之间无显著相关性(P>0.05),G6PD与Cyclin E1(P<0.0001)以及CDK2(P<0.05)显著正相关。进一步免疫组化检测结果表明,Cyclin E1和 CDK2在ccRCC肿瘤组织中表达显著升高。生存预后分析结果显示,Cyclin D1高表达提示ccRCC患者整体预后更为良好,CDK4和CDK6表达水平在ccRCC患者总生存率预测中无意义;而Cyclin E1和CDK2高表达均可提示ccRCC患者预后不良。进一步细胞水平检测发现,Cyclin E1、CDK2表达降低可显著逆转G6PD促进ccRCC细胞增殖的能力。综上,与增殖相关因子Cyclin D1,CDK4和CDK6相比,G6PD有可能通过促进Cyclin E1和CDK2表达升高而发挥促进 ccRCC肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,并且这3者的异常高表达有望成为ccRCC患者不良预后的独立生存预测因素。     

G6PD通过细胞周期蛋白D1/D2调控人黑色素瘤细胞周期的进程

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)在人皮肤黑色素瘤A375细胞中处于高表达与高活性状态, 但G6PD在黑色素瘤发生发展过程中的作用及其具体机制尚不明确.本文在前期运用 siRNA方法构建G6PD敲减的黑色素瘤A375稳转细胞(A375-G6PDΔ)基础上,构建表达载体pBabe-puro-G6PDWT在A375-G6PDΔ细胞中过表达野生型的G6PD基因,从而构建G6PD表达恢复的稳转细胞(A375-G6PDΔ-G6PDWT).3株细胞A375-WT、A375-G6PDΔ和 A375-G6PDΔ-G6PDWT经G6PD酶活性测定、MTT测定、克隆形成实验、流式细胞仪分析细胞周期和Western 印迹检测.结果显示,A375-G6PDΔ-G6PDWT细胞的G6PD蛋白表达量 (0.847 ± 0.080)及其活性(0.394 ± 0.029)分别是A375-G6PDΔ的3.28倍(P＜0.01) 和7.34倍(P＜0.01),分别是A375-WT细胞的91-57%和2.12倍(P＜0.05).与A375-WT细 胞相比,A375-G6PDΔ细胞G0/G1期细胞数增加,S期细胞数减少,增殖指数PI降低了25-70%（P＜0.05）,细胞周期蛋白D1/D2、细胞周期蛋白E表达分别下降37.4%、54.3% (P＜0.01)和17.3%;而A375-G6PDΔ-G6PDWT细胞呈现G1/S期阻滞解除,细胞周期蛋白D1/D2蛋白分别恢复到A375-WT细胞的89.5%和87.6%,细胞周期蛋白E表达未见 恢复,呈现生长增殖和克隆形成率的恢复并接近于A375-WT细胞. 结果提示,G6PD通 过细胞周期蛋白D1/D2调控人皮肤黑色素瘤A375细胞G1期向S期转换的进程,这为黑色 素瘤发病机制的研究提供了新的思路.     

近岸污染指示半知菌灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseo fulvum)的分子检测

【目的】通过分子方法检测近海污染环境优势种灰黄青霉,并为由此而推断污染程度做准备。【方法】根据GenBank中青霉属不同种和相近属种的ITS序列差异和灰黄青霉特有的IAO序列,设计了污染区优势种灰黄青霉的特异性引物AS1/RS4和IAO1/IAO2,建立相应的特异探针检测体系。通过PCR和套式PCR技术,分析比较两对特异序列检测灰黄青霉的差异。【结果】建立的分子检测体系可以排除其它近似或相关菌株干扰,从环境中扩增到目的基因片段。利用引物AS1/RS4作为核酸探针,通过套式PCR菌株DNA的检测灵敏度可达到10fg/μL,当仅有10个数量级分生孢子时即可检测出,从沉积物中检测灵敏度为102个数量级孢子/0.25g。特异酶基因IAO1/IAO2检测灵敏度较前者稍低。【结论】利用特异序列作为探针检测污染环境优势种灰黄青霉的方法可行,在一定范围内,灰黄青霉的出现频率及数量对污染程度有较好的指示作用。     

Application of the Isoenzyme Profile in the Development of Cell‐Based Devices

To detect cell cross‐contamination and verify the origin of the cells of an artificial organ, the sensitive isoenzyme assay was chosen to monitor the quality test of cell‐based devices. Authoritative cell evaluation of artificial skin products has been established in this study. Human and porcine cell suspensions with total cell counts of between 1×10⁵ and 4×10⁶ were individually tested to determine the activity of isoenzymes. Human fibroblast, mixed with 1% to 100% of porcine fibroblast, could be significantly distinguished in the isoenzyme assay. Based on the glucose‐6‐phosphophate‐dehydrogenase analysis, the human fibroblast tested in this study belonged to the B type human cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LD), malate dehydrogenase (MD) and mannose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme (MPI) activities obviously revealed that a different pattern corresponds to the percentage of human and porcine cell mixtures. The discriminatory limit of MPI, LD and MD activity can reach up to 1% of sensitivity of the isoenzyme analysis. This sensitive isoenzyme analysis method allows us to routinely test cellular biomaterials whether interspecies cell line cross‐contamination has occurred in the development of artificial organs.     

绞股蓝皂苷对PC12细胞增殖及细胞损伤模型的保护作用

本文通过采用四氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测绞股蓝皂苷对PC12细胞增殖活力的影响,并用低糖低血清、谷氨酸、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25~35)诱导PC12细胞制备细胞损伤模型,观察绞股蓝皂苷低(50μg·mL~(-1))、中(200μg·mL~(-1))、高(500μg·mL~(-1))剂量在3种细胞损伤模型中对细胞存活率和胞浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量的影响。结果表明,绞股蓝皂苷能显著提高正常PC12细胞的存活率,并能有效对抗低糖低血清、谷氨酸、β淀粉样蛋白引起的细胞凋亡,降低胞浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放量。     

退化高寒草甸土壤微生物及酶活性特征

采用Biolog等方法,分析不同退化程度(未退化ND、轻度退化LD、中度退化MD、重度退化SD和黑土滩ED)高寒草甸0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳氮、碳代谢指纹和酶活性.结果表明: 所有草甸土壤微生物量、多样性指数和蔗糖酶活性在0～10 cm土层均显著高于10～20 cm土层,0～10 cm土层脲酶活性则显著低于10～20 cm土层.土壤微生物量C/N随草地退化程度加重显著降低.0～10 cm土层,ND和LD微生物量碳、氮均显著高于其他草地,MD、SD和ED微生物量碳无显著差异,MD微生物量氮显著低于其他草地;平均颜色变化率(AWCD)和McIntosh指数(U)随草地退化程度加重曲线下降,ND与MD间差异显著,其他草地间无显著差异;Shannon指数(H)和Simpson指数(D)在不同草地间均无显著差异;MD和SD脲酶活性最高,ED磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性最低,与其他草地相比均差异显著.10～20 cm土层,ND和LD微生物量碳显著高于其他草地,MD、SD和ED间无显著差异,LD和ED微生物量氮显著高于其他草地,ND和SD间差异不显著;MD碳代谢指数最低,与LD和SD相比差异显著,ND和LD的AWCD和U指数均显著高于ED,H指数和D指数在ND、LD、SD和ED间差异不显著;ND和MD脲酶活性显著高于其他草地,LD、SD和ED间无显著差异;MD磷酸酶活性最高,与LD、SD和ED相比差异显著;MD蔗糖酶活性显著低于其他草地,ND、LD、SD和ED间差异不显著.不同退化程度高寒草地的地下生物量均与微生物量、碳代谢指数和磷酸酶呈显著正相关;脲酶与微生物量氮、H指数和D指数呈显著负相关.     

The in vitro cell culture age and cell density of articular chondrocytes alter sulfated-proteoglycan biosynthesis

The effect of cell culture age and concomitant changes in cell density on the biosynthesis of sulfated-proteoglycan by rabbit articular chondrocytes in secondary monolayer culture was studied. Low density (LD, 2 d), middle density (MD, 5-7 d), and high density (HD, 12-15 d) cultures demonstrated changes in cellular morphology and rates of DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis was highest at LD to MD densities, but HD cultures continued to incorporate [3H]-thymidine. LD cultures incorporated 35SO4 into sulfated-proteoglycans at a higher rate than MD or LD cultures. The qualitative nature of the sulfated-proteoglycans synthesized at the different culture ages were analyzed by assessing the distribution of incorporated 35SO4 in associative and dissociative CsCl density gradients and by elution profiles on Sepharose CL-2B. Chondrocytes deposited into the extracellular matrix (cell-associated fraction) 35SO4-labeled proteoglycan aggregate. More aggregated proteoglycan was found in the MD and HD cultures than at LD. A 35SO4-labeled aggregated proteoglycan of smaller hydrodynamic size than that found in the cell-associated fraction was secreted into the culture medium at each culture age. The proteoglycan monomer (A1D1) of young and older cultures had similar hydrodynamic sizes at all cell culture ages and cell densities. The glycosaminoglycan chains of A1D1 were hydrodynamically larger in the younger LD cultures than in the older HD cultures and consisted of only chondroitin 6 and 4 sulfate chains. A small amount of chondroitin 4,6 sulfate was detected, but no keratan sulfate was measured. The A1D2 fractions of young LD cultures contained measurable amounts of dermatan sulfate; no dermatan sulfate was found in older MD or HD cultures. These studies indicated that chondrocytes at LD synthesized a proteoglycan monomer with many of the characteristics of young immature articular cartilage of rabbits. These results also indicated that rapidly dividing chondrocytes were capable of synthesizing proteoglycans which form aggregates with hyaluronic acid. Culture age and cell density appears primarily to modulate the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan types and chain length. Whether or not these glycosaminoglycans are found on the same or different core proteins remains to be determined.     

Characteristics of selective activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isoenzymes by calcitonin and prostaglandin E2 in human breast cancer cells.

The characteristics of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isoenzyme response to calcitonin stimulation have been studied in two human breast cancer cell lines, T47D and MCF 7. Both cell lines possess calcitonin receptors, a calcitonin-responsive adenylate cyclase and the two isoenzymes of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, types I and II. The adenylate cyclase also responds to prostaglandin E2. Acute activation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isoenzymes was determined by using a modification of a multiple small anion exchange column method [Livesey, Kemp, Re, Partridge & Martin (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 14983-14987]. Control experiments showed that post-extraction activation did not influence the data. Calcitonin caused a rapid, selective activation of isoenzyme II in the T 47D cells with half-maximal response at 10(-10)M, and persisting for at least 24h. In MCF 7 cells calcitonin also caused a highly selective activation of isoenzyme II with half-maximal response at 5 X 10(-11) M, but the response was transient with a return to basal isoenzyme activity by 4-6 h. At this time further addition of calcitonin did not restimulate the cyclic AMP-dependent kinase activity. In neither cell line did calcitonin treatment result in activation of isoenzyme I. Prostaglandin E2, on the other hand, the only significant alternative agonist of adenylate cyclase in T 47D cells, activated isoenzymes I and II to an equal extent in these cells, illustrating that two hormones activating adenylate cyclase in the one cell type might exert different effects by their selective actions upon protein kinase isoenzymes.     

Species difference exists in the effects of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogue 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) on osteoblastic cells

The direct effect of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on osteoblasts remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effects of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogue, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD), on osteoblasts from three different species, i.e. bone marrow stromal cells from the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat, from the C57BL/6 mouse, as well as human osteoblast NHOst cells and human osteosarcoma derived MG-63 cells. We found that in rat cells, both compounds increased cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In mouse cells, however, both compounds initiated cell apoptosis and inhibited ALP activity. In human cells, although cell proliferation was inhibited by both compounds, cell apoptosis was inhibited and ALP activity was enhanced. In each species, 2MD was much more potent than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). To summarize, species differences should be taken into account in studies of vitamin D effects. However, in all tested species - rat, mouse and human - 2MD is considerably more potent in its effects on osteoblastic cells in vitro than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3).     

Effect of substance P on the ganglion trigeminale in tissue culture (author's transl)

Explants of the ganglion trigeminale from chick embryos were cultivated in Maximow chambers in the presence of 10-6...10-8 M substance P (SP . 3CH3COOH.4H2O). 1. In SP-treated cultures the index of areas covered by the explants was increased in shorttime tests. 2. The density of cells was related to the type of medio-dorsal (MD) and ventro-lateral (VL) neuroblasts. The density of SP-treated VL cells was not altered. The density of MD cells decreased. 3. The percentage of dark neuroblasts was decreased under the influence of SP. 4. A stimulation of VL neuroblasts did not take place. 5. The diameters of MD pericarya and the areas of MD cell nuclei and the areas of nuclei from nonneuronal cells increased. 6. The possible role of SP as a factor controlling In-vitro-processes is discussed.     

Transfer of the human X chromosome to human--Chinese hamster cell hybrids via isolated HeLa metaphase chromosomes.

Evidence is presented for the uptake of the human X chromosome by human-Chinese hamster cell hybrids which lack H P R T activity, following incubation with isolated human HeLa S3 chromosomes. Sixteen independent clonal cell lines were isolated in H A T medium, all of which contained a human X chromosome as determined by trypsin-Giemsa staining. The frequency of H A T-resistant clones was 32 x 10(-6) when 10(7) cells were incubated with 10(8) HeLa chromosomes. Potential reversion of the hybrid cells in H A T medium was less than 5 x 10(-7). The 16 isolated cell lines all contained activity of the human X-linked marker enzymes H P R T, P G K,alpha-Gal A, and G6PD, as determined by electrophoresis. The phenotype of G6PD was G6PD A, corresponding to G6PD A in HeLa cells. The human parental cells used in the fusion to form the hybrids had the G6PD B phenotype. The recipient cells gave no evidence of containing human X chromosomes. These results indicate that incorporation and expression of HeLa X chromosomes is accomplished in human-Chinese hamster hybrids which lack a human X chromosome.     

Transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein protects against oxidative stress-induced SH-SY5Y cell death and Parkinson disease in a mouse model

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a well known neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact (SN). Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein, a potent antioxidant and chaperone, the loss of function of which is linked to the autosomal recessive early onset of PD. Therefore, we investigated the protective effects of DJ-1 protein against SH-SY5Y cells and in a PD mouse model using a cell permeable Tat-DJ-1 protein. Tat-DJ-1 protein rapidly transduced into the cells and showed a protective effect on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal cell death by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, we found that Tat-DJ-1 protein protects against dopaminergic neuronal cell death in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse models. These results suggest that Tat-DJ-1 protein provides a potential therapeutic strategy for against ROS related human diseases including PD.