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1.
Development of monoclonal antibodies that identify Vibrio species commonly isolated from infections of humans, fish, and shellfish. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D Chen P J Hanna K Altmann A Smith P Moon L S Hammond 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1992,58(11):3694-3700
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Vibrio species that infect humans, fish, and shellfish were developed for application in rapid identifications. The pathogens included Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. carchariae, V. cholerae, V. damsela, V. furnissii, V. harveyi, V. ordalii, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Three types of MAbs were selected. The first important group included MAbs that reacted with only a single species. A second group comprised a number of MAbs that reacted with two, taxonomically closely related Vibrio species. For example, of 22 MAbs raised against V. alginolyticus, 6 recognized a 52-kDa flagellar H antigen common to both V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus; V. anguillarum and V. ordalii also shared antigens. A third group included three genus-specific MAbs that reacted with almost all Vibrio species but did not react with other members of the family Vibrionaceae (e.g., members of the Aeromonas, Photobacterium, and Plesiomonas genera) or a wide range of gram-negative bacteria representing many genera. This last group indicated the possible existence of an antigenic determinant common to Vibrio species. Two of these three genus-specific MAbs reacted with heat-stable antigenic determinants of Vibrio species as well as lipopolysaccharide extracted from Vibrio species. The use of the MAbs in blind tests and diagnosis of clinical isolates indicated that three different types of bacteria, viz., live, formalin-fixed, and sodium azide-killed bacteria, were detected consistently. Overall, it was found that the genus-specific MAbs were very useful for rapidly identifying vibrios in the screening of acute infections, while the species-specific MAbs and others were useful for completing the diagnosis. 相似文献
2.
Characterization of Vibrio anguillarum and closely related species isolated from farmed fish in Norway. 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
E Myhr J L Larsen A Lillehaug R Gudding M Heum T H?stein 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1991,57(9):2750-2757
A total of 264 bacterial strains tentatively or definitely classified as Vibrio anguillarum were examined. The strains were isolated from diseased or healthy Norwegian fish after routine autopsy. With the exception of five isolates from wild saithe (Pollachius virens), the strains originated from nine different species of farmed fish. The bacteria were subjected to morphological, physiological, and biochemical studies, numerical taxonomical analyses, serotyping by slide agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA-plasmid profiling, and in vitro antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing. The results of the microbiological studies were correlated to anamnestic information. The bacterial strains were identified as V. anguillarum serovar O1 (n = 132), serovar O2 (n = 89), serovar O4 (n = 2), serovar O8 (n = 1), and not typeable (n = 1) as well as Vibrio splendidus biovar I (n = 36) and biovar II (n = 1), Vibrio tubiashii (n = 1), and Vibrio fischerii (n = 1). V. anguillarum serovar O1 or O2 was isolated in 176 out of 179 cases of clinical vibriosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). V. anguillarum serovar O1 was the only serovar isolated from salmonid fish species other than Atlantic salmon, while V. anguillarum serovar O2 was isolated from all marine fish suffering from vibriosis. A 48-Mda plasmid was isolated from all V. anguillarum serovar O1 isolates examined. Serovar O2 isolates did not harbor any plasmids. Resistance against commonly used antibiotic compounds was not demonstrated among V. anguillarum isolates. Neither V. splendidus biovar I nor other V. anguillarum-related species appeared to be of clinical importance among salmonid fish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
3.
Sithigorngul W Rengpipat S Tansirisittikul A Rukpratanporn S Longyant S Chaivisuthangkura P Sithigorngul P 《Letters in applied microbiology》2006,43(4):436-442
AIMS: The present study was aimed to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for simple and specific identification of Vibrio alginolyticus infection in shrimp. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mice were immunized with heat killed V. alginolyticus four times at 2-week intervals. The best response mouse was used for spleen donor in hybridoma production. Screening of hybridoma clones producing desired antibodies was performed by dot blotting against V. alginolyticus and other bacterial species, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry of infected shrimp tissues. Four groups of MAbs were obtained; the first group of MAbs demonstrated their limited specificity only to V. alginolyticus used for immunization, while the second and the third groups recognized all three isolates of V. alginolyticus used for testing. The fourth group of MAbs bound to all three isolates of V. alginolyticus and also recognized Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio vulnificus but did not bind to Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio penaeicida and other bacterial species tested. MAbs in groups 1, 2 and 3 were able to use for the detection of bacterial infection in the tissues by means of immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: MAbs specific to V. alginolyticus was produced. These MAbs can be used for specific identification of the bacteria by simple 'dot blotting' method and immunohistochemistry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated an immunological tool that can be used for simple and accurate identification of V. alginolyticus as well as for the diagnosis of V. alginolyticus infection in animals. This immunological tool can replace costly and laborious biochemical tests. 相似文献
4.
On the basis of plasmid composition as well as serological and biochemical properties, 26 strains identified as Vibrio anguillarum isolated from diseased fish could be assigned to two different groups. Except for three reference strains, these++ strains were isolated from Norwegian fish. The four strains isolated from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), the only strain isolated from char (Salvelinus alpinus), and three of six strains isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) harbored a plasmid of 47 megadaltons (MDa). Restriction endonuclease analysis showed that this plasmid and the virulence plasmid pJM1, carried by V. anguillarum strain 775, were very similar but not identical. Strains harboring the 47-MDa plasmid had nearly identical biochemical properties and were serotype O1. Strains isolated from reared coastal cod (Gadus morhua), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), free-living saithe (Pollachius virens), and partly from reared Atlantic salmon differed from strains harboring the 47-MDa virulence plasmid by not containing this plasmid, by having different biochemical traits, and by being serotype O2. Rainbow trout which were experimentally infected with a strain isolated from cod suffering from vibriosis developed clinical symptoms similar to those in cod but quite different from those usually seen in rainbow trout. 相似文献
5.
Figueras MJ Collado L Levican A Perez J Solsona MJ Yustes C 《Systematic and applied microbiology》2011,34(2):105-109
Nineteen bacteria isolates recovered from shellfish samples (mussels and oysters) showed a new and specific 16S rDNA-RFLP pattern with an Arcobacter identification method designed to recognize all species described up to 2008. These results suggested that they could belong to a new species. ERIC-PCR revealed that the 19 isolates belonged to 3 different strains. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of a representative strain (F98-3T) showed 97.6% similarity with the closest species Arcobacter marinus followed by Arcobacter halophilus (95.6%) and Arcobacter mytili (94.7%). The phylogenetic analysis with the16S rRNA, rpoB, gyrB and hsp60 genes placed the shellfish strains within the same cluster as the three species mentioned (also isolated from saline habitats) but they formed an independent phylogenetic line. The DDH results between strain F98-3T and A. marinus (54.8% ± 1.05), confirmed that it represents a new species. Several biochemical tests differentiated the shellfish isolates from all other Arcobacter species. Although the new species was different from A. mytili, they shared not only the same habitat (mussels) but also the characteristic of being so far the only Arcobacter species that are simultaneously negative for urea and indoxyl acetate hydrolysis. All results supported the classification of the shellfish strains as a new species, for which the name Arcobacter molluscorum sp. nov. with the type strain F98-3T is proposed (=CECT 7696T = LMG 25693T). 相似文献
6.
Piyanuch Prompamorn Siwaporn Longyant Chalinan Pengsuk Paisarn Sithigorngul Parin Chaivisuthangkura 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2013,29(4):721-731
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to Vibrio parahaemolyticus were successfully generated. According to the specificity of V. parahaemolyticus, MAbs can be classified into 5 groups. The MAbs VP-2D and VP-11H were specific to the O2 and O4 groups of V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. The MAb VP-11B reacted with 11 out of 30 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus used in this study. The MAb VP-516 bound to 27 out of 30 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and cross reacted with all 10 isolates of V. alginolyticus. The MAb VP-618 demonstrated positive reactivity to 29 out of 30 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and demonstrated slight cross reactivity to 3 out of 30 isolates of V. harveyi. The sensitivity of the MAbs ranged from 108 to 107 c.f.u. ml?1 for V. parahaemolyticus obtained from pure cultures and depended on the group of MAbs. However, the detection capability could be improved to be equivalent to that of the PCR technique following pre-incubation of the samples in alkaline peptone water (APW). Using these MAbs along with MAbs specific to V. alginolyticus (VA-165), V. cholerae (VC-63), V. harveyi (VH-9B and VH-20C) and Vibrio spp. (VC-201) from previous studies, V. parahaemolyticus could be identified and differentiated from Vibrio spp. in various seafood samples including shrimp, green mussels, blood clams and oysters by a simple dot blot immunoassay without the requirement for bacterial isolation or biochemical characterization. 相似文献
7.
The incidence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus in marine and brackish-water fish and shellfish from coastal areas of Cochin on the west coast of India were studied. For marine fish collected in very fresh condition from vessels, a level of incidence of 16·6% was noted. Frequency of isolation was greater from the intestine than from the muscle. The greater Most Probable Number (MPN) count determined by the three tube method ranged from 15 to 910 g−1 in the positive samples. 相似文献
8.
S B Canto-Lara N R Van Wynsberghe A Vargas-González F F Ojeda-Farfán F J Andrade-Narváez 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》1999,94(3):305-309
The genus Leishmania includes 30 described species which infect a wide variety of mammalian hosts. The precise identification of leishmanial parasites at the species level is very important in order to determine whether an organism, causing the disease in a given area, is of the same biotype as that found in suspected mammalian reservoirs. The objectives of the present study were (1) to identify leishmanial parasites isolated from humans and wild rodents from the State of Campeche, an endemic focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) in southern Mexico, using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs); and (2) to determine if the parasites of the two types of hosts were of the same biotype. All the wild rodents (six Ototylomys phyllotis, eight Oryzomys melanotis, five Peromyscus yucatanicus and two Sigmodon hispidus) and 96% (24/25) of the human isolates were identified as Leishmania (L.) mexicana confirming that this specific LCL focus is a wild zoonosis. The presence of one human isolate of L. (Viannia) braziliensis in the State of Campeche, confirmed the importance of an accurate taxonomic identification at species level. 相似文献
9.
Hydrophobicity and adhesion to fish cells and mucus of Vibrio strains isolated from infected fish 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The hydrophobicity of 44 Vibrio strains isolated from cultured, diseased gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) was determined. Three different methods were used: (1) microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH), either with phosphate buffer or with phosphate urea magnesium sulfate (PUM) buffer, (2) aggregation in the presence of salt solutions (SAT), and (3) adhesion to nitrocellulose filters (NCF). The results show that experimental conditions exerted a significant influence on hydrophobicity. Thus, Kendall rank coefficients showed the presence of correlation only for SAT and NCF, and for SAT and the MATH assay with PUM buffer. Moreover, no relationships were observed between the bacterial hydrophobicity estimated with the methods mentioned above and the ability of the strains to adhere to fish mucus or cells. These results indicate that adhesion of pathogenic Vibrio strains to host surfaces is mediated mainly by specific receptor interactions, instead of by hydrophobic interactions. 相似文献
10.
Pedersen K Kühn I Seppänen J Hellström A Tiainen T Rimaila-Pärnänen E Larsen JL 《Journal of applied microbiology》1999,86(2):337-347
In order to investigate whether outbreaks of vibriosis in the Baltic region were caused by the spread of certain pathogenic clones, 291 Vibrio anguillarum isolates from Finland (n = 156), Sweden (n = 88) and Denmark (n = 47) were studied with respect to serogroup, ribotype, plasmid content, and biochemical phenotypes as expressed with the PhenePlate (PhP) typing system. For comparison, 54 V. anguillarum serogroup O1 from other countries worldwide were included. Most isolates from Finland, Sweden and Denmark belonged to serogroup O1 (255), followed by O2 (30). Four Finnish isolates cross-reacted strongly with antisera against two new serogroups VaNT2 and VaNT4, whereas two strains were non-typeable. The serogroup O1 isolates displayed ten different ribotype patterns, whereas the other strains were considerably more diverse with respect to ribotypes. Most of the O1 isolates carried the 67 kb virulence plasmid and a group of Finnish isolates, in addition, carried an 86 kb plasmid. Additional plasmids with molecular weights of 63, 76, 135 or 260-290 kb were found in single O1 isolates. With few exceptions, strains of serogroup O2 either had no plasmids or carried one or two small plasmids. PhenePlate typing revealed considerable diversity within the species, serogroup O1 being the most homogeneous. A few PhP types were dominant, whereas other types were observed only in one to four isolates. The prevalence of the different types changed significantly from one year to another but in Finland, one clonal lineage became increasingly important from 1992 (20% of isolates) to 1996 (80%). Remaining clones were mostly restricted to specific geographic areas. By cluster analysis, it was demonstrated that most of the isolates from Finland, Sweden and Denmark belonged to two clusters, and most of the strains from Southern Europe fell into two other, distinct clusters. Most isolates from the UK, North America, Chile and Tasmania grouped together in a distinct cluster. For the typing of V. anguillarum, O-serotyping should be the primary method. For isolates belonging to serogroups other than O1, plasmid profiling in combination with ribotyping gives a very good discrimination between strains, whereas for serogroup O1, another method is required. It is concluded that PhP typing is a tool that provides a good discrimination between O1 isolates. 相似文献
11.
A comparison was done of 231 strains of birnavirus isolated from fish, shellfish, and other reservoirs in a survey study that began in 1986 in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Reference strains from all of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotypes were included in the comparison, which was done by neutralization tests and agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral genome. The neutralization tests with antisera against the West Buxton, Spajarup (Sp), and Abild (Ab) strains showed that most of the Galician isolates were European types Sp and Ab; however, many isolates (30%) could not be typed. Results from agarose gels did not provided information for grouping of the strains, since all were found to have genomic segments of similar sizes. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels, however, allowed six electropherogroups (EGs) to be differentiated on the basis of genome mobility and separation among segments, and a certain relationship between EGs and serotypes was observed. A wide diversity of electropherotypes was observed among the Galician isolates, and as neutralization tests showed, most of the isolates were included in EGs corresponding to European types Ab and Sp. Only 6.5% of the isolates had the electropherotype characteristic of American strains. 相似文献
12.
AIMS: The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of haemolysin genes, plasmid profile, serogroup analysis and cellular urease activity for Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from infected human patients and oysters from the Pacific north-western United States between 1988 and 1997. METHODS AND RESULTS: All of the clinical and environmental isolates tested in this study exhibited the presence of the thermolabile haemolysin gene, tl, confirming that all of the isolates were V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the V. parahaemolyticus isolates that contained either the thermostable direct haemolysin gene, tdh, or the thermostable direct haemolysin-related gene, trh, or both, were also positive for urease. Isolates from infected human patients belong to serogroups O1 and O4, whereas, the isolates from oysters belong to serogroups O1, O4 and O5. These results suggest that the presence of a V. parahaemolyticus serogroup O1 and O4 could indicate the presence of a virulent strain of this pathogen. In this study, the presence of the haemolysin genes, serogroup profiles and urease production in V. parahaemolyticus isolated from human patients correlated with the oysters collected during the outbreaks. However, no significant correlation of the plasmid profiles was detected, based on their distribution and molecular weights, between V. parahaemolyticus isolated from infected human patients and from oysters collected during this outbreak. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: It is apparent from this study that the identification of the haemolysin genes by multiplex PCR amplification, in conjunction with serogroup analysis and urease production, can be used to monitor shellfish for the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus. 相似文献
13.
Levican A Collado L Aguilar C Yustes C Diéguez AL Romalde JL Figueras MJ 《Systematic and applied microbiology》2012,35(3):133-138
A group of ten Arcobacter isolates (Gram negative, slightly curved motile rods, oxidase positive) was recovered from mussels (nine) and from clams (one). These isolates could not be assigned to any known species using the molecular identification methods specific for this genus (16S rDNA-RFLP and m-PCR). The aim of this study is to establish the taxonomic position of these isolates. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of mussel strain F4(T) to the type strains of all other Arcobacter species ranged from 91.1% to 94.8%. The species most similar to the clams' strain F67-11(T) were Arcobacter defluvii (CECT 7697(T), 97.1%) and Arcobacter ellisii (CECT 7837(T), 97.0%). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses with 16S rRNA, rpoB, gyrB and hsp60 genes, the mussel and clam strains formed two different, new lineages within the genus Arcobacter. These data, together with their different phenotypic characteristics and MALDI-TOF mass spectra, revealed that these strains represent two new species, for which the names Arcobacter bivalviorum (type strain F4(T)=CECT 7835(T)=LMG 26154(T)) and Arcobacter venerupis (type strain F67-11(T)=CECT 7836(T)=LMG 26156(T)) are proposed. 相似文献
14.
《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2015,17(2):142-148
The recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak poses a serious threat to public health. Here, we summarize recent advances in identifying human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV, describe their mechanisms of action, and analyze their potential for treatment of MERS-CoV infections. 相似文献
15.
Wakasa K Shime H Kurita-Taniguchi M Matsumoto M Imamura M Seya T 《Microbiology and immunology》2011,55(5):373-377
The immune system has evolved mechanisms to sense not only microbes, but also necrotic cells. The pattern-recognition receptors in macrophages/dendritic cells that stimulate the acquired immune system are closely associated with danger signaling. In this study monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically interact with necrotic cells were developed. One IgG1 and two IgM mAbs were established, and they recognized a 80 kDa protein expressed in necrotic, but not live or apoptotic, cells. These mAbs, which serve as a probe for necrosis, facilitate analyses of the role of the immune complex that consists of necrotic cells and Ab and contributes to the formation of the inflammatory milieu induced by necrotic cell death. 相似文献
16.
E.P. Ivanova N.V. Zhukova N.M. Gorshkova & E.L. Chaikina 《Journal of applied microbiology》2001,90(6):919-927
AIMS: To study the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic (i.e. phospholipid and cellular fatty acid composition) characteristics of environmental Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. isolated from a drinking water reservoir near Vladivostok City, and the application of some chemotaxonomic markers for discrimination of the two genera and species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Presumptive Aeromonas species were dominant in surface water samples (up to 25% of the total number of bacteria recovered). These strains were consistent with respect to the cultural and biochemical properties used to define the species Aeromonas sobria (seven strains) and Aer. popoffii (three strains). Vibrio mimicus (two strains) and Vibrio metschnikovii (one strain) were identified according to phenotypic features and cellular fatty acid composition. CONCLUSION: Environmental Aer. sobria isolates were atypical in their ability to grow at 42 degrees C, and were haemolytic, proteolytic and cytotoxic. Although it was present in a high proportion in the water samples, atypical Aer. sobria is not an indicator of polluted water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The incidence of Aeromonas in the drinking water reservoirs in the Far East of Russia is reported for the first time. 相似文献
17.
18.
C Kiiyukia A Nakajima T Nakai K Muroga H Kawakami H Hashimoto 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1992,58(9):3078-3082
A fish pathogen, Vibrio cholerae non-O1, was isolated from diseased ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis) collected from rivers in eight prefectural districts of Japan. This organism was found to have biochemical characteristics similar to those of V. cholerae non-O1, except that our isolates were negative for ornithine decarboxylase. Antiserum against an ayu isolate did not agglutinate with the majority of environmental V. cholerae non-O1 isolates, but a major O antigen was common among the ayu isolates. All strains were hemolytic to sheep erythrocytes, and oral administration of culture supernatants induced fluid accumulation in suckling mice. However, the crude toxin was not lethal to adult mice, and no cholera toxin-like enterotoxins were detected. 相似文献
19.
Cholera enterotoxin production in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from the environment and from humans in Japan. 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
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A Minami S Hashimoto H Abe M Arita T Taniguchi T Honda T Miwatani M Nishibuchi 《Applied microbiology》1991,57(8):2152-2157
Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from various sources in Japan over the years 1977 through 1987 were examined to confirm the presence or absence of the cholera enterotoxin (CT) gene and production of CT and to determine the kappa-phage type. The CT gene was detected in none of 225 isolates from natural waters but was present in all of the 10 isolates from environmental waters implicated in domestic cholera cases, in 64 strains (26.6%) of the 241 isolates from imported seafoods, in 43 strains (95.6%) of the 45 isolates from domestic cholera cases, and in 119 strains (93.7%) of the 127 isolates from imported cholera cases. The results suggest that the CT gene-positive strains of V. cholerae O1 have been imported into Japan through seafoods and/or by travelers. Sporadic cholera cases have resulted in contamination of the surrounding environment, but the CT gene-positive strains may not have persisted in natural waters to serve as a reservoir for epidemic cholera. The commercially available VET-RPLA kit (a latex agglutination kit for immunological detection of CT) detected production of CT in all of the CT gene-positive strains, indicating that there was no silent CT gene in the test strains. There was a strong correlation between the kappa-phage type and the presence or absence of the CT gene, suggesting a significant clonal difference between CT gene-positive and -negative strains. Five CT gene-negative strains isolated from imported cholera cases (travelers with mild diarrhea) induced a considerable amount of fluid accumulation in rabbit and/or suckling mouse intestines, indicating production of an enterotoxic factor(s) other than CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
20.
Cholera enterotoxin production in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from the environment and from humans in Japan. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A Minami S Hashimoto H Abe M Arita T Taniguchi T Honda T Miwatani M Nishibuchi 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1991,57(8):2152-2157
Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from various sources in Japan over the years 1977 through 1987 were examined to confirm the presence or absence of the cholera enterotoxin (CT) gene and production of CT and to determine the kappa-phage type. The CT gene was detected in none of 225 isolates from natural waters but was present in all of the 10 isolates from environmental waters implicated in domestic cholera cases, in 64 strains (26.6%) of the 241 isolates from imported seafoods, in 43 strains (95.6%) of the 45 isolates from domestic cholera cases, and in 119 strains (93.7%) of the 127 isolates from imported cholera cases. The results suggest that the CT gene-positive strains of V. cholerae O1 have been imported into Japan through seafoods and/or by travelers. Sporadic cholera cases have resulted in contamination of the surrounding environment, but the CT gene-positive strains may not have persisted in natural waters to serve as a reservoir for epidemic cholera. The commercially available VET-RPLA kit (a latex agglutination kit for immunological detection of CT) detected production of CT in all of the CT gene-positive strains, indicating that there was no silent CT gene in the test strains. There was a strong correlation between the kappa-phage type and the presence or absence of the CT gene, suggesting a significant clonal difference between CT gene-positive and -negative strains. Five CT gene-negative strains isolated from imported cholera cases (travelers with mild diarrhea) induced a considerable amount of fluid accumulation in rabbit and/or suckling mouse intestines, indicating production of an enterotoxic factor(s) other than CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献