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C. L. Raak-van den Berg Paul S. van Wielink Peter W. de Jong Gerrit Gort Danny Haelewaters Johannes Helder Joop C. van Lenteren 《BioControl》2014,59(2):229-240
The aphid predator Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an invasive alien species in Europe and North America with negative effects on non-target species (including a decline of native ladybird populations), as well as fruit production, and human health. It is, therefore, important to find out which natural enemies could be used to reduce their numbers. Knowledge of H. axyridis’ natural enemies is summarised and data collected from the Netherlands over the past ten years are presented. Beetles were sampled from winter aggregations and from spring through to autumn with illuminated screens at night. Natural enemies were not found in samples of H. axyridis from 2003–2007. From 2008 onward H. axyridis adults were infested by: Hesperomyces virescens Thaxt. fungi (summer and winter), Parasitylenchus bifurcatus Poinar and Steenberg nematodes (winter), Coccipolipus hippodamiae (McDaniel and Morrill) mites (winter), and Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) parasitoids (summer and winter). Our results indicate that these natural enemies are starting to use H. axyridis as a host, but are as yet not sufficiently abundant to control the population. 相似文献
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Asan A 《Mycopathologia》2003,156(2):49; author reply 50
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Takumi Saito Van Tu Do Larisa Prozorova Takahiro Hirano Hiroshi Fukuda Satoshi Chiba 《Conservation Genetics》2018,19(4):947-958
Currently, many species are facing the risk of extinction, as it one of the most serious conservation issues. Many conservation programs have evolved to prevent species extinction; however, developing these strategies may prove to be difficult for the species itself, which includes different cryptic species. In this paper, we document the invasion of non-native cryptic species of ancylin limpets, Ferrissia californica, with a molecular phylogenetic analysis. Three species (F. nipponica, F. japonica, Gundlachia japonica) have been described as native, whereas the present analysis shows that most of them are actually non-native F. californica, having been introduced from North America and spreading throughout Japan. In addition, we found a few subpopulations of the cryptic native species of the ancylin limpets, though the native limpet species is very rare, and has limited distribution. The conservation status assigned to ancylin limpets on the Japanese red list is problematic, because F. japonica is listed as an endangered species. All individuals identified as F. japonica are of F. californica, so the current red list treats invasive non-native species as endangered. Reassessment of the conservation status of native species and an estimation of the impact of non-native species is required to better delineate these limpet species by genetic markers. 相似文献
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Nicol Fuentes Aníbal Pauchard Paulina Sánchez Jocelyn Esquivel Alicia Marticorena 《Biological invasions》2013,15(4):847-858
There is an urgent need for comprehensive national databases on alien plant species, especially in developing countries. Despite the fact that plant invasions are considered a major threat to biodiversity, they have been poorly studied or not considered a conservation priority in South America. We aim to assess alien plant distribution in Chile, using the first comprehensive public alien plant database, and discuss the implications of using herbarium records to develop national databases of alien plants. We used herbarium records to assemble a comprehensive national database of alien plants. We calculated the number of alien and native species and specimens recorded in each 10 × 10 km cell. We evaluated sampling efforts and tested for relationships between alien and native species collections, as well as other spatial patterns along the latitudinal gradient. Alien and native species richness was positively correlated. Alien plants were mostly collected in central Chile, with few species collected in both the extreme north and south. However, native plants were strongly collected in central Chile, as well as in both extremes of the country. Alien and native plants followed the same pattern of accumulation along the latitudinal gradient, with native plants being relatively more collected than alien plants. Herbarium records provide valuable baseline information to evaluate plant species distribution. However, there are important gaps in this database, (e.g. variable sampling effort for alien and native plants, incomplete information on life-history traits). Given scientists and land managers increasing demand for baseline information and the high cost of collecting such data in developing countries, herbarium records should be used more frequently for research and management of plant invasions. 相似文献
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Kourantidou Melina Haubrock Phillip J. Cuthbert Ross N. Bodey Thomas W. Lenzner Bernd Gozlan Rodolphe E. Nuez Martin A. Salles Jean-Michel Diagne Christophe Courchamp Franck 《Biological invasions》2022,24(7):1905-1926
Biological Invasions - In addition to being a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, biological invasions also have profound impacts on economies and human wellbeing. However, the... 相似文献
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Ahmed Danish A. Hudgins Emma J. Cuthbert Ross N. Haubrock Phillip J. Renault David Bonnaud Elsa Diagne Christophe Courchamp Franck 《Biological invasions》2022,24(7):1949-1972
Biological Invasions - The rate of biological invasions is growing unprecedentedly, threatening ecological and socioeconomic systems worldwide. Quantitative understandings of invasion temporal... 相似文献
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Explaining the dramatic variation in species richness across the tree of life remains a key challenge in evolutionary biology. At the largest phylogenetic scales, the extreme heterogeneity in species richness observed among different groups of organisms is almost certainly a function of many complex and interdependent factors. However, the most fundamental expectation in macroevolutionary studies is simply that species richness in extant clades should be correlated with clade age: all things being equal, older clades will have had more time for diversity to accumulate than younger clades. Here, we test the relationship between stem clade age and species richness across 1,397 major clades of multicellular eukaryotes that collectively account for more than 1.2 million described species. We find no evidence that clade age predicts species richness at this scale. We demonstrate that this decoupling of age and richness is unlikely to result from variation in net diversification rates among clades. At the largest phylogenetic scales, contemporary patterns of species richness are inconsistent with unbounded diversity increase through time. These results imply that a fundamentally different interpretative paradigm may be needed in the study of phylogenetic diversity patterns in many groups of organisms. 相似文献
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Laranjo M Alexandre A Rivas R Velázquez E Young JP Oliveira S 《FEMS microbiology ecology》2008,66(2):391-400
Chickpea has been considered as a restrictive host for nodulation by rhizobia. However, recent studies have reported that several Mesorhizobium species may effectively nodulate chickpea. With the purpose of investigating the evolutionary relationships between these different species with the ability of nodulating the same host, we analysed 21 Portuguese chickpea rhizobial isolates. Symbiosis genes nifH and nodC were sequenced and used for phylogenetic studies. Symbiotic effectiveness was determined to evaluate its relationship with symbiosis genes. The comparison of 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny with the phylogenies based on symbiosis genes revealed evidence of lateral transfer of symbiosis genes across different species. Chickpea is confirmed as a nonpromiscuous host. Although chickpea is nodulated by many different species, they share common symbiosis genes, suggesting recognition of only a few Nod factors by chickpea. Our results suggest that sequencing of nifH or nodC genes can be used for rapid detection of chickpea mesorhizobia. 相似文献
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Carlos Roberto Fonseca Demetrio Luis Guadagnin Carine Emer Silvana Masciadri Paola Germain Sergio Martin Zalba 《Biological invasions》2013,15(8):1751-1763
The challenge of managing biological invasions requires novel approaches and coordinated efforts, especially among countries linked by intense trade routes and sharing common biomes. This is the case in Southern South America, where Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay maintain intense commercial relationships, whilst sharing continuous portions of the Pampas grasslands. Transnational similarities in this case exceed ecological features, including a common colonization history and similar development trends. This study represents a tri-national cooperation effort to describe the alien plant flora invading the Pampas grasslands of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and analyses their characteristics in order to detect species and traits that are shared among the three countries and those that have not yet managed to invade the whole region. Furthermore, we highlight the opportunities and needs of a common approach across countries to deal with plant invasions. Information about alien plant species was retrieved from the IABIN Invasives Information Network (I3N) project databases of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, complemented with some national herbaria. Three hundred and fifty-six alien plant species were recorded growing in natural or semi-natural habitats of the Pampas. A total of 50 species were found in Pampas grasslands of the three countries. Argentina shared 48 and 36 species with Brazil and Uruguay, respectively, while the Brazilian and the Uruguayan Pampas shared only 20 species. Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the families with the highest number of invasive species, and herbs were the most common life form (75 %). Most invasive plants originated from Europe, Asia and Africa, and almost one-quarter of the species is associated with some human use, especially gardening. We discuss the opportunities and needs for international cooperation, as the prevention of introductions from one country to another through the use of risk analysis tools, definition of priority invasive species, as well as the detection, containment, eradication and control of common invasions. Furthermore, we suggest the establishment of coherent regional legislation and the inclusion of social issues and the public perception in the biological invasion quest. 相似文献
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Spatial structure and the control of invasive alien species 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Six non-native invasive fish species from the Slovak part of the Tisa River basin, namely Carassius gibelio, Pseudorasbora parva, Ameiurus melas, A. nebulosus, Lepomis gibbosus, Perccottus glenii, and three gobiid species from the Danube River, namely Neogobius melanostomus, N. fluviatilis and N. kessleri, were investigated for endohelminth parasites. The expanding Asian cestode Nippotaenia mogurndae (syn. Amurotaenia perccotti) (Nippotaeniidea) has been introduced to Europe with its invasive host P. glenii. Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus, is a new definitive host of Proteocephalus percae and it is reported as the second intermediate host of the bothriocephalidean cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus in Slovakia. 相似文献
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We discuss the apparent paradox that while introduced populations often adapt rapidly to conditions in the new range, it is normally assumed that the species’ niche remains unchanged. Focusing on plants, we argue that studies of the niche dynamics of alien species are useful for understanding the constraints acting on species in their native ranges, and vice versa. Most hypotheses about species ecological range margins are more consistent with there being a niche shift than niche stasis in the new range. After reviewing the evidence for niche shifts in alien species, we suggest that the probability of a shift occurring depends primarily upon the ecological and genetic processes limiting the species in its native range. For example, a fundamental niche shift might occur if introduced individuals are released from maladaptive gene flow from central populations, or if genetic diversity is increased by the mixing of individuals from different sources. In addition, other factors such as species characteristics, introduction history and conditions in the new range may also influence whether a niche shift occurs. Based on these considerations, we propose conditions under which niche shifts are most likely. Such understanding is important for predicting and mitigating current and future anthropogenic impacts on species ranges. 相似文献
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Thomas Becker Hansjrg Dietz Regula Billeter Holger Buschmann Peter J. Edwards 《Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics》2005,7(3):173-183
In summer 2003 we recorded the presence and abundance of alien plant species at 232 sites (107 railway stations and 125 road sites) along mountain passes in the Swiss Alps. The altitudinal distribution of species was related to the current abundance of the species in Switzerland and time since introduction. A total of 155 alien taxa were recorded. Numbers of species per site declined exponentially with altitude, and only a few species were found in the alpine zone (>2000 m). In contrast, species richness among comparable native taxa appeared to be nearly independent of altitude over the range investigated. Maximum altitude reached by alien species was related positively to both total area occupied in Switzerland and to time since introduction. A comparison of the results with earlier records suggests that many species, particularly those previously restricted to low or intermediate altitudes, have advanced their altitudinal limits over the past few decades. Various hypotheses are presented to explain the declining abundance of alien species with altitude: low-altitude filter effects, low propagule pressure, and genetic swamping of peripheral populations at higher altitudes. However, at present we do not have sufficient evidence to determine the relative importance of these effects. We conclude that invasion into mountain areas such as the Swiss Alps tends to proceed rather slowly, though the process may be accelerated by climatic warming. For this reason, further research to investigate the processes determining how plants invade mountain areas is urgently needed. And more generally, investigations into the distribution of alien species along strong altitudinal gradients may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms driving the spread of alien organisms. 相似文献
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During the period of 1988–2000, three alien gammarid species, i.e. Gammarus tigrinus Sexton, 1939, Pontogammarus robustoides G. O. Sars, 1894, and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841) were recorded in the Odra estuary. This study, the first record of G. tigrinus and P. robustoides in Poland, focuses on the distribution, abundance, and biomass as well as on population structure of the three new species found in the coastal zone of the estuary. G. tigrinus and P. robustoides were first sampled in the Szczecin Lagoon (mid-part of the estuary) in 1988. The densities of both species were high from the time they were first recorded and exceeded 10 000 ind. m–2, while the biomass was 25 and 140 g m–2, respectively. G.tigrinus occurred at higher densities in northern and eastern parts of the Lagoon, while P. robustoides was particularly abundant in the south-eastern part, most heavily affected by River Odra discharge. In 1999, the third gammarid, D. haemobaphes, was recorded in the southern part of the estuary. Both in 1999 and 2000, the species was found in qualitative samples (dredge collections of Dreissena polymorpha) taken from the western branch of the river. As estimated from quantitative samples, densities and biomass in the eastern branch were rather low and did not exceed 150 ind. m–2 and 2.7 g m–2, respectively. The Szczecin Lagoon population of G. tigrinus produces at least two generations within a year: a summer one and an overwintering one. The latter is dominated by older and larger specimens. The species may reproduce in the Lagoon from April until November. 相似文献