Curvularia Haloperoxidase: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application as a Surface Disinfectant

A presumed antimicrobial enzyme system, the Curvularia haloperoxidase system, was examined with the aim of evaluating its potential as a sanitizing agent. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Curvularia haloperoxidase facilitates the oxidation of halides, such as chloride, bromide, and iodide, to antimicrobial compounds. The Curvularia haloperoxidase system caused several-log-unit reductions in counts of bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas salmonicida, Shewanella putrefaciens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Listeria monocytogenes), yeasts (Candida sp. and Rhodotorula sp.), and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubigensis, Aspergillus versicolor, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium paxilli) cultured in suspension. Also, bacteria adhering to the surfaces of contact lenses were killed. The numbers of S. marcescens and S. epidermidis cells adhering to contact lenses were reduced from 4.0 and 4.9 log CFU to 1.2 and 2.7 log CFU, respectively, after treatment with the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. The killing effect of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system was rapid, and 10⁶ CFU of E. coli cells/ml were eliminated within 10 min of treatment. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect was short lived, causing no antibacterial effect against E. coli 10 min after the system was mixed. Bovine serum albumin (1%) and alginate (1%) inhibited the antimicrobial activity of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system, whereas glucose and Tween 20 did not affect its activity. In conclusion, the Curvularia haloperoxidase system is an effective sanitizing system and has the potential for a vast range of applications, for instance, for disinfection of contact lenses or medical devices.     

Effect of environmental and physiological factors on the antibacterial activity of Curvularia haloperoxidase system against Escherichia coli

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of environmental and physiological factors on the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Curvularia haloperoxidase system is a novel enzyme system that produces reactive oxygen species which have an antimicrobial effect. Escherichia coli MG1655 was exposed to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system under different temperatures and NaCl concentrations and after exposure to different stress factors. Temperature clearly affected enzymatic activity with increasing antibacterial effect at increasing temperature. The presence of NaCl interfered with the enzyme system and in the presence of 1% NaCl, no antibacterial effect could be observed at pH 7. Cells grown at pH 8.0 were in one experiment more resistant than cells grown at pH 6.5, whereas cells grown in the presence of 2% NaCl were more susceptible to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental and physiological factors can affect the antibacterial activity of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study demonstrates a systematic approach in assessing the effect of environmental and physiological factors on microbial susceptibility to biocides. Such information is crucial for prediction of application as well as potential side-effects.     

Elucidation of the antibacterial mechanism of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system by DNA microarray profiling

A novel antimicrobial enzyme system, the Curvularia haloperoxidase system, was examined with the aim of elucidating its mechanism of antibacterial action. Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was stressed with sublethal concentrations of the enzyme system, causing a temporary arrest of growth. The expression of genes altered upon exposure to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system was analyzed by using DNA microarrays. Only a limited number of genes were involved in the response to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. Among the induced genes were the ibpA and ibpB genes encoding small heat shock proteins, a gene cluster of six genes (b0301-b0306) of unknown function, and finally, cpxP, a member of the Cpx pathway. Knockout mutants were constructed with deletions in b0301-b0306, cpxP, and cpxARP, respectively. Only the mutant lacking cpxARP was significantly more sensitive to the enzyme system than was the wild type. Our results demonstrate that DNA microarray technology cannot be used as the only technique to investigate the mechanisms of action of new antimicrobial compounds. However, by combining DNA microarray analysis with the subsequent creation of knockout mutants, we were able to pinpoint one of the specific responses of E. coli--namely, the Cpx pathway, which is important for managing the stress response from the Curvularia haloperoxidase system.     

Antimicrobial activity of wax and hexane extracts from Citrus spp. peels

Antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels were tested using bioautographic and microdilution techniques against three plant pathogenic fungi (Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., and Colletotrichum sp.), two human pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), and two opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Two polymethoxylated flavonoids and a coumarin derivative, were isolated and identified from peel extracts, which presented antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon.     

苍术挥发油的提取及其抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法、微波萃取法和索氏提取法3种方法提取苍术挥发油。平板法涂布研究了3种苍术挥发油对3种细菌和4种真菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),滤纸片固相扩散法研究了苍术挥发油对供试菌体的抑菌活性。结果表明,3种方法提取的苍术挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母、青霉、黑曲霉、黄曲霉的MIC分别为:水蒸气蒸馏法为5.00、150.00、150.00、5.00、5.00、5.00、20.00 mL/L;索氏提取法的为10.00、150.00、200.00、20.00、5.00、60.00、40.00 mL/L;微波萃取法的为10.00、150.00、150.00、20.00、20.00、20.00、20.00 mL/L。3种苍术挥发油对供试细菌和真菌都具有相当强的抑菌活性,且浓度越高效果越好。抑菌实验表明3种方法提取的苍术挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、酵母、青霉、黑曲霉、黄曲霉的抑菌圈直径都比对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径大。不同提取方法得到的苍术挥发油对同一种菌的最低抑制浓度和抑菌效果不相同,同一种方法提取的苍术挥发油对不同菌的最低抑制浓度和抑菌效果也不相同。     

Resistance of some common fungi to gamma irradiation

Ten species of fungi representing the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Caldosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, and Penicillium were examined for their relative resistance to gamma irradiation from a 137Cs source. Inactivation doses for dematiaceous fungi in agar medium ranged from 0.6 to greater than 1.7 megarads, whereas those for moniliaceous fungi were less than 0.3 megarad. D10 values (the dose required to reduce the inoculum by 1 log) for Curvularia geniculata (greater than 0.29 megarad) exceeded those for control spores of Bacillus pumilus (0.15 megarad).     

Resistance of some common fungi to gamma irradiation.

Ten species of fungi representing the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Caldosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, and Penicillium were examined for their relative resistance to gamma irradiation from a 137Cs source. Inactivation doses for dematiaceous fungi in agar medium ranged from 0.6 to greater than 1.7 megarads, whereas those for moniliaceous fungi were less than 0.3 megarad. D10 values (the dose required to reduce the inoculum by 1 log) for Curvularia geniculata (greater than 0.29 megarad) exceeded those for control spores of Bacillus pumilus (0.15 megarad).     

Antimicrobial effect of oxidized cellulose salts

Antimicrobial properties of oxidized cellulose and its salts in linters (-L) and microsphere (-M) form (OKCEL H-L, OKCEL Zn-M, OKCEL ZnNa-L, OKCEL ZnNa-M and OKCEL Ag-L) were tested by a dilution method against a spectrum of microbial strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. OKCEL Ag-L exhibited antimicrobial activity in the range 0.1-3.5% w/v against all the bacteria and fungi involved in this study. Strong inhibition by OKCEL ZnNa-M was observed for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus licheniformis, Rhizopus oryzae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in the range 0.5-2.0% w/v. Antimicrobial effects of oxidized cellulose and its salts in textile form were investigated by a diffusion and dilution method against the spectrum of above-cited microbial strains extended by Clostridium perfringens. Generally, OKCEL Ag-T, OKCEL Zn-T and OKCEL H-T showed high antimicrobial activity against populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. OKCEL Zn-T was the only sample suppressing the growth of species.     

Fungitoxic effects of nonprotein imino acids on growth of saprophytic fungi isolated from the leaf surface of Calliandra haematocephala

Four saprophytic and pathogenic fungi were isolated from the leaf surface of Calliandra haematocephala, a tropical legume known to contain large amounts of rare nonprotein imino acids in its leaves and seeds. The fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., and Penicillium sp. were cultured in the laboratory and tested for susceptibility to leaf extracts of the host plant and to proline, pipecolic acid, cis-5-hydroxypipecolic acid, and 2,4-trans-4,5-cis-4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid. Fungal spore germination and germ tube growth were measured. Aspergillus sp. was inhibited by plant extracts and by pipecolic acid and cis-5-hydroxypipecolic acid. Curvularia sp. growth was stimulated by plant extracts and by pipecolic acid. The other two fungi were unaffected by any of the treatments. The data indicate that imino acids may play a role in the specific resistance of Calliandra spp. to Aspergillus sp.     

Fungitoxic effects of nonprotein imino acids on growth of saprophytic fungi isolated from the leaf surface of Calliandra haematocephala.

Four saprophytic and pathogenic fungi were isolated from the leaf surface of Calliandra haematocephala, a tropical legume known to contain large amounts of rare nonprotein imino acids in its leaves and seeds. The fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., and Penicillium sp. were cultured in the laboratory and tested for susceptibility to leaf extracts of the host plant and to proline, pipecolic acid, cis-5-hydroxypipecolic acid, and 2,4-trans-4,5-cis-4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid. Fungal spore germination and germ tube growth were measured. Aspergillus sp. was inhibited by plant extracts and by pipecolic acid and cis-5-hydroxypipecolic acid. Curvularia sp. growth was stimulated by plant extracts and by pipecolic acid. The other two fungi were unaffected by any of the treatments. The data indicate that imino acids may play a role in the specific resistance of Calliandra spp. to Aspergillus sp.     

Effect of lactobacilli onE. coli adhesion to caco-2 cellsin Vitro

Inhibitory effect of various lactobacilli against pathogenic strains of E. coli in model system Caco2 cells was determined by enumerating the number of adhering E. coli after pre-incubation (exclusion), post-incubation (displacement) or co-incubation (competition) with lactobacilli. Porcine E. coli strain F107 (F18ab, Stx2v) in the competition assay with porcine lactobacillus strain P10 gave bacterial counts 7.25 (log CFU per well); in the exclusion test it was only 7.05 while in displacement test it reached 7.29. The lowest E. coli counts adhering to Caco-2 cells were in exclusion assay (pre-incubation, Lactobacillus inoculated as the first). Pre-treatment of E. coli with our lactobacilli strains reduced the cultivable E. coli numbers.     

Bacterial hand contamination and transfer after use of contaminated bulk-soap-refillable dispensers

Bulk-soap-refillable dispensers are prone to extrinsic bacterial contamination, and recent studies demonstrated that approximately one in four dispensers in public restrooms are contaminated. The purpose of this study was to quantify bacterial hand contamination and transfer after use of contaminated soap under controlled laboratory and in-use conditions in a community setting. Under laboratory conditions using liquid soap experimentally contaminated with 7.51 log(10) CFU/ml of Serratia marcescens, an average of 5.28 log(10) CFU remained on each hand after washing, and 2.23 log(10) CFU was transferred to an agar surface. In an elementary-school-based field study, Gram-negative bacteria on the hands of students and staff increased by 1.42 log(10) CFU per hand (26-fold) after washing with soap from contaminated bulk-soap-refillable dispensers. In contrast, washing with soap from dispensers with sealed refills significantly reduced bacteria on hands by 0.30 log(10) CFU per hand (2-fold). Additionally, the mean number of Gram-negative bacteria transferred to surfaces after washing with soap from dispensers with sealed-soap refills (0.06 log(10) CFU) was significantly lower than the mean number after washing with contaminated bulk-soap-refillable dispensers (0.74 log(10) CFU; P < 0.01). Finally, significantly higher levels of Gram-negative bacteria were recovered from students (2.82 log(10) CFU per hand) than were recovered from staff (2.22 log(10) CFU per hand) after washing with contaminated bulk soap (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that washing with contaminated soap from bulk-soap-refillable dispensers can increase the number of opportunistic pathogens on the hands and may play a role in the transmission of bacteria in public settings.     

Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions

Antimicrobial hand soaps provide a greater bacterial reduction than nonantimicrobial soaps. However, the link between greater bacterial reduction and a reduction of disease has not been definitively demonstrated. Confounding factors, such as compliance, soap volume, and wash time, may all influence the outcomes of studies. The aim of this work was to examine the effects of wash time and soap volume on the relative activities and the subsequent transfer of bacteria to inanimate objects for antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps. Increasing the wash time from 15 to 30 seconds increased reduction of Shigella flexneri from 2.90 to 3.33 log(10) counts (P = 0.086) for the antimicrobial soap, while nonantimicrobial soap achieved reductions of 1.72 and 1.67 log(10) counts (P > 0.6). Increasing soap volume increased bacterial reductions for both the antimicrobial and the nonantimicrobial soaps. When the soap volume was normalized based on weight (approximately 3 g), nonantimicrobial soap reduced Serratia marcescens by 1.08 log(10) counts, compared to the 3.83-log(10) reduction caused by the antimicrobial soap (P < 0.001). The transfer of Escherichia coli to plastic balls following a 15-second hand wash with antimicrobial soap resulted in a bacterial recovery of 2.49 log(10) counts, compared to the 4.22-log(10) (P < 0.001) bacterial recovery on balls handled by hands washed with nonantimicrobial soap. This indicates that nonantimicrobial soap was less active and that the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps can be improved with longer wash time and greater soap volume. The transfer of bacteria to objects was significantly reduced due to greater reduction in bacteria following the use of antimicrobial soap.     

波赛链霉菌JMC 06001抑菌活性物质的特性研究

使用藤黄八叠球菌（Sarcina lutea）、枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）、黑曲霉（Asperillus niger）、产气肠杆菌（Enterobacter aerogenes）、变形杆菌（Proteus vulgaris）、白色念珠菌（Candidaalbicans）、青霉（Penicilliumsp.）、铜绿假单胞菌（P.aeruginosa）9种指示菌,采用杯碟法检测抑菌活性。研究了波赛链霉菌JMC 06001菌株（Streptomyces peucetiusJMC 06001）发酵液和菌丝体中活性物质的抑菌谱,对由该菌株产生的抑菌物质的温度、pH值、抗紫外线方面的稳定性进行了考察。利用硅胶柱层析和薄层层析对抑菌物质的分离也做了初步的研究。结果表明,该菌株的发酵产物对部分革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌和部分真菌有较为明显的抑制作用。稳定性试验结果显示,该菌株产生抑菌活性物质的最适温度为40℃左右,最佳pH值在7.0左右,具有较好的热稳定性和较宽的pH作用范围,抗紫外线辐射能力较强。通过硅胶柱层析分离和薄层色谱检测,显示该菌次生代谢产物中的抑菌活性物质包含了多种成分。     

Elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from fermented dry sausages at an organoleptically acceptable level of microencapsulated allyl isothiocyanate

Four sausage batters (17.59% beef, 60.67% pork, and 17.59% pork fat) were inoculated with two commercial starter culture organisms (>7 log(10) CFU/g Pediococcus pentosaceus and 6 log(10) CFU/g Staphylococcus carnosus) and a five-strain cocktail of nonpathogenic variants of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to yield 6 to 7 log(10) CFU/g. Microencapsulated allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) was added to three batters at 500, 750, or 1,000 ppm to determine its antimicrobial effects. For sensory analysis, separate batches with starter cultures and 0, 500, or 750 ppm microencapsulated AIT were produced. Sausages were fermented at < or =26 degrees C and 88% relative humidity (RH) for 72 h. Subsequently sausages were dried at 75% RH and 13 degrees C for at least 25 days. The water activity (a(w)), pH, and levels of starter cultures, E. coli O157:H7, and total bacteria were monitored during fermentation and drying. All sausages showed changes in the initial pH from 5.57 to 4.89 and in a(w) from 0.96 to 0.89 by the end of fermentation and drying, respectively. Starter culture numbers were reduced during sausage maturation, but there was no effect of AIT on meat pH reduction. E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by 6.5 log(10) CFU/g in sausages containing 750 and 1,000 ppm AIT after 21 and 16 days of processing, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 numbers were reduced by 4.75 log(10) CFU/g after 28 days of processing in treatments with 500 ppm AIT, and the organism was not recovered from this treatment beyond 40 days. During sensory evaluation, sausages containing 500 ppm AIT were considered acceptable although slightly spicy by panelists.     

迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法及其抑菌作用研究

本文研究了迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法和抑菌作用,结果表明,用食用乙醇提取迷迭香中防腐物质的最佳提取工艺参数为:固液比1:15、提取温度80℃、提取时间为15 h。迷迭香醇提取物对实验用常见食品污染菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为6.25 g.L-1,对大肠杆菌和汉逊氏酵母菌为12.5 g.L-1,对青霉和黑曲霉为25 g.L-1,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性pH范围均为4~7,对汉逊氏酵母菌、青霉和黑曲霉为4~6。     

Massive fungal contamination in animal care facilities traced to bedding supply.

During the course of immunologic studies involving the gastrointestinal colonization of mice with Candida albicans, it became apparent that the animals were being exposed to large numbers of Aspergillus fumigatus spores which interfered with the C. albicans colonization. To determine the source of the A. fumigatus exposure and the extent of fungal contamination of the medical school vivarium and four satellite facilities, fungal analyses of feed, bedding, and air were undertaken. Initial samples from the air were collected with 3-h settle plates; air sampling following cleanup was done with an Anderson air sampler. The source of contamination in the mouse rooms was determined to be Beta Chip bedding, which came from the manufacturer highly contaminated. Beta Chip bedding (1 g) obtained from the manufacturer just prior to testing contained 10(4) CFU of A. fumigatus, 20 CFU of a zygomycete, and 10 CFU of a Penicillium sp. Coarse-grade Beta Chip had approximately one-half those levels of contamination. Pure Cob bedding was highly contaminated also, but with a Fusarium sp. and a Cladosporium sp. Untreated and heat-treated Sani-Chip as well as all other heat-treated preparations obtained from the manufacturer contained no detectable spores. Rodent chow direct from the manufacturer had no A. fumigatus, although it did contain 150 CFU of fungus per g, including 80 CFU of a Rhodotorula sp., 60 CFU of Cryptococcus uniguttulatus, and 1 CFU of a Penicillium sp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment of Platelet Products with Riboflavin and UV Light: Effectiveness Against High Titer Bacterial Contamination

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. Products are routinely stored at 22 °C on an agitating shaker, a condition that can promote bacterial growth. Although the total number of bacteria believed to be introduced into a platelet product is extremely low, these bacteria can multiply to a very high titer prior to transfusion, potentially resulting in serious adverse events. The aim of this study was to evaluate a riboflavin based pathogen reduction process against a panel of bacteria that have been identified as common contaminants of platelet products. This panel included the following organisms: S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. mitis, S. pyogenes, S. marcescens, Y. enterocolitica, B. neotomae, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Each platelet unit was inoculated with a high bacterial load and samples were removed both before and after treatment. A colony forming assay, using an end point dilution scheme, was used to determine the pre-treatment and post-treatment bacterial titers. Log reduction was calculated by subtracting the post-treatment titer from the pre-treatment titer. The following log reductions were observed: S. epidermidis 4.7 log (99.998%), S. aureus 4.8 log (99.998%), S. mitis 3.7 log (99.98%), S. pyogenes 2.6 log (99.7%), S. marcescens 4.0 log (99.99%), Y. enterocolitica 3.3 log (99.95%), B. neotomae 5.4 log (99.9996%), B. cereus 2.6 log (99.7%), E. coli ≥5.4 log (99.9996%), P. aeruginosa 4.7 log (99.998%) and K. pneumoniae 2.8 log (99.8%). The results from this study suggest the process could help to lower the risk of severe adverse transfusion events associated with bacterial contamination.     

Organic extracts with antimicrobian activity from Penicillium sp. (Moniliales) isolated from the sponge Ircinia felix (Porifera: Demospongiae)

This research expresses the potential of the bacterial activity present in the organic extracts obtained from Penicillium sp., isolated from the esponge Irciniafelix. This activity was evaluated through agar diffusion test and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The susceptibility trials of organic fractions were carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. The use of the chromatographic techniques (CLV and TLC), permitted to obtain bioactive organic extracts of different polarities, of which only the EtOAc and MeOH fractions inhibited the growth of the bacteria used. Of the EtOAc fractionation, only fraction number 3 EtOAc/Hex presented greatest activity against the Gram-positive bacteria. Number 1 EtOAc/Hex fraction increased its activity against S. aureus (24 mm) and S. epidermidis (25 mm), which can be explained by the loss of possible antagonistic effect during the fractionation process. The CMI trials were carried out for the EtOAc number I subfraction against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. cereus and B. subtilis, wich was clinical interest, and shows the potential of this organic extract as antimicrobial agent.     

中华羊茅内生真菌Epichlo? sp.挥发性物质的抑菌活性及成分分析

为测定中华羊茅内生真菌Epichloe sp.挥发性物质的抑菌活性和成分,依次采用挥发油提取器和乙酸乙酯萃取Epichloe sp.菌株的发酵产物,再采用琼脂扩散法、悬滴法和滤纸片扩散法测定其抑菌活性;基于顶空固相微萃取和气相质谱联用法分析挥发性物质成分。结果表明:挥发性物质、乙酸乙酯提取物、水相部分和发酵液可以抑制小麦根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)菌丝生长。高浓度的挥发性物质对四种真菌孢子萌发和芽管长度抑制效果显著高于低浓度(P<0.05)。结果表明,随着挥发性物质浓度的增加对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抑菌作用增强,同一挥发性物质浓度对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用强于大肠杆菌。此外,从挥发性物质中鉴定出32种具有较高质谱匹配度的化合物,其中主要成分包括异山梨醇(16.26%)、甲基叔丁基醚(8.18%)、二氢甘露醇(3.75%)、羟基丙酮(2.99%)、乙酸(1.22%)、己醇(1.20%)、3-糠醛(0.92%)、5-羟甲基二氢呋喃-2-酮(0.86%)、5-羟基戊酸-2,4-二叔丁基苯酯(0.86%)和棕榈酸甲酯(0.85%)。总之,中华羊茅内生真菌Epichlosp.挥发性物质具有拮抗细菌和真菌的作用。