单层刺网不同网目渔获组成——以上海青草沙水库为例

2010—2012年采用刺网(多网目单层刺网和单网目三层刺网)、电捕、底拖网和地笼对上海青草沙水库的鱼类多样性进行了调查.调查共采集到鱼类34种,隶属8目、12科,其中鲤形目鱼类物种数最多(19种)、鲈形目次之(6种).多网目单层刺网仅采集到鱼类19种,其中刀鲚为优势种.聚类分析表明,单层刺网网目规格对渔获物物种组成影响较为显著,网目为2 cm的网片的渔获物优势种为刀鲚和贝氏〖FK（W*8/9。1〗〖PS5号F体.eps,BP#〗〖FK)〗
,其他网目网片优势种为刀鲚.渔获物物种数和单位努力捕获数量均有随着网目规格增大而下降的趋势.网目规格对优势种刀鲚的体长分布影响显著,且随着网目规格的增加而增大.为更加科学合理地评估某水域的鱼类群落多样性,需要结合多种采样方法进行鱼类调查.     

上海5条骨干人工河流鱼类本底调查及群落结构分析

为摸清上海黄浦江5条骨干人工河流开挖半个世纪以来形成的鱼类物种资源家底,文章于2021年6月(夏季)和11月(秋季)用刺网对20个断面作了采集,获得鱼类标本13379尾,经鉴定有60种,隶属于8目17科45属。其中,鲤形目有2科28属41种,鲈形目7科8属8种;洄游鱼类2种,河口鱼类8种,其余均为淡水鱼类。IRI≥1000的优势种合计有9种,刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是5条河流共有的优势种。ABC曲线反映除金汇港外,其他河流总体上以中小型鱼类为主体,鱼类群落受到了严重干扰。β_c指数和β_r指数均反映浦东川杨河与大治河之间的鱼类组成相异性最大,浦南金汇港与龙泉港之间的鱼类组成相异性最小。20个断面可分为3组, D1和Z2断面为组Ⅰ,金汇港、龙泉港和除Z2断面的大治河为组Ⅱ,川杨河和除D1断面的淀浦河为组Ⅲ,似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、刀鲚、鲫(Carassius auratus)和?(Hemiculter leucisculus)是造成组间鱼类群落结构差异性的主要分歧种。研究认为,这5条人工骨干支流保存了比黄浦江源头、干流...     

Size, growth, population density and food of brown trout Salmo trutta L. in two sections of a south Swedish stream

Size, growth and population density of trout, Salmo trutta populations between the upper part of a small stream and downstream section were compared. The density of 0+ trout was about equal in the two sections, while trout >0+ were more numerous in the downstream section. Apart from water depth and volume, abiotic conditions were similar in the two sections. The utilization by trout of the available benthos was always greater in the downstream section. The discrepancies found in trout size and density between the sections were considered to be due to the increased spatial requirements by the larger fish. Growth rate of 0+ fish in terms of length increase per month was the same in both sections. The 0+ fish were found in the upper section. Earlier hatching due to temperature differences between the sections and larger size at hatching in the downstream section were factors of possible significance.     

基于耳石微化学的长江安徽和县江段刀鲚生境履历重建

为了解长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的“生境履历”, 利用电子探针微区分析技术研究了2015年5月17日在长江安徽和县江段捕获的刀鲚短颌鲚与长颌鲚类型耳石Sr和Ca微化学特征。短颌鲚的耳石Sr/Ca值变化动态为2类, 一类比值稳定在2.00左右(1.65±0.87—2.03±0.96), 反映了其纯淡水的生境履历; 另一类比值波动显著, 不仅具有对应淡水生境的低值(2.39±1.18—2.63±0.85), 还具有对应半咸水生境的高值(3.22±1.17—3.29±1.14), 显现了其江海生活的生境履历。长颌鲚耳石的Sr/Ca值均波动显著, 同时具有对应淡水生境的低值(1.35±1.07—2.37±1.04)和半咸水、海水生境的高值(3.47±1.09—8.35±1.25), 表现了其均为溯河洄游的生境履历。Sr面分析结果也与上述Sr/Ca值的结果相印证。长江安徽和县江段刀鲚资源组成复杂, 群体可由纯淡水型和江海生活型的个体共同组成。     

Flow-related patterns in abundance and composition of the fish fauna of a degraded Australian lowland river

1. A 7‐year study was conducted in three hydrologically distinct sections within the highly regulated, lowland Campaspe River to investigate the influence of hydrology on temporal and spatial patterns in fish composition, abundance and recruitment. One section had 6 months, one section 2 months and one section no months of increased flow due to storage releases. The fish fauna of the less regulated, nearby Broken River served as a reference to which that of the Campaspe River was compared for the last 3 years of the study to allow insight into the relative effects of hydrology, barriers to movement and other environmental characteristics. The study included one high‐flow year, a moderate‐flow year and five low‐flow years. 2. A total of 16 fish species – 10 native and six alien – were caught in the Campaspe River, although of the native species, only three are considered to have self‐sustaining populations. The remaining species are either itinerants or a result of stocking. Alien species comprised approximately 64% of the total biomass of all fish caught. 3. Overall composition of the fish fauna did not differ significantly by year, but did by section of river. Species richness and the abundance of most of the dominant species also differed significantly by river section, but there was little inter‐annual variation in the abundance of any species, except for European perch and for common carp; the latter showing an increase in abundance following a high‐flow event during the spring of 2000 as a result of recruitment. 4. Overall faunal composition was not influenced by hydrology. However, multiple regression indicated that species richness, abundance of the dominant species and abundance of young‐of‐year (YOY) of golden perch, European perch and common carp all were influenced significantly by hydrological variables. The nature of the relationships was dependent on river section and hydrological season (‘winter’ or ‘spring/summer’). Of note was the result that the total abundance of fish and that of YOY common carp were significantly positively related to the number of spells above the threshold for movement upstream through the lower two weirs in the Campaspe River. Only one significant relationship between hydrological and fish‐related variables was found for the upper river section, whereas seven and five were found for the lower and middle sections respectively. 5. Comparisons with fish collected in the Broken River over 3 years suggest that the fauna of the Broken River is in a more natural state than that of the Campaspe River. Since the two rivers do not differ substantially in water quality, and since both contain significant weirs, which act as barriers to movement of fish, flow regulation is most likely to be the major reason for the poor state of the fauna in the Campaspe River.     

River channelization effects on fish population structure in the Larraun river (Northern Spain)

As a consequence of the construction of the A-15 highway between 1991 and 1995, some modifications affecting the Larraun River (Navarra, North of Spain) were made. One of the most important effects was the channelization of a section of the river in the middle zone. Fish were caught by electrofishing in August of 1996 in the channelized reach, as well as in non-modified stretches upstream and downstream. Physical and chemical variables and shelter availability were also analyzed. The captured fish were measured (total length) and released into the river. We calculated the density, biomass, length distribution and diversity, comparing the obtained results from the different stretches. The number of species was higher in the lower zones of the river and diversity increased progressively downstream. The fish density in the channelized section was slightly lower than in the other two points. Also biomass in the channelized section was about a factor of 10 smaller than the calculated biomass in unaltered points. Moreover, in comparison with the unaltered sections of the river, in the channelized area a major decrease in the presence of fish larger than 150 mm was detected. The low shelter availability in the channelized section, lack of bank vegetation and alterations in the substratum could explain the observed variations in the length distribution, biomass and the lower value of the density of European minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758).     

The occurrence of Caryophyllaeus laticeps in the nase Chondrostoma nasus from Austrian rivers: possible anthropogenic factors

Between April 2003 and November 2006 a total of 198 nase Chondrostoma nasus (L.) were examined for parasites from seven river sites in Austria. The selected sites showed different levels of anthropogenic alterations in river morphology ranging from pristine areas, with minor anthropogenic alterations, to strongly physically altered rivers. A variety of parasites were recovered from the skin, gills, swimbladder and eyes, with Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas) being identified as the only cestode species occurring in the intestine. This is the first record of this species in nase in Austria. Caryophyllaeus laticeps was confined to the first 20% of the intestine, even in heavily infected hosts. The occurrence of C. laticeps within the fish population seems to be correlated with the degree of anthropogenic changes of the nase's habitat. In rivers with a high degree of ecological integrity or in rivers that are only partially dammed, C. laticeps is either absent in C. nasus or occurs with low prevalence (5.6-20%) and low mean intensity values (1.0-4.0). Where anthropogenic factors have changed the entire river into a reservoir, and fish cannot escape, the prevalence of infection with C. laticeps increases from 46.2 to 78.2% and the mean intensity from 8.8 to 17.2.     

Downstream variations of phytoplankton in the St.Lawrence River (Québec, Canada)

Longitudinal variations of phytoplankton biomass and composition were assessed in a 250 km-long section of the St.Lawrence River, which alternately runs through narrow (< 2 km) river cross sections and wide (up to 10 km) fluvial lakes. In the main river stem, concentrations of suspended matter and total phosphorus increased with distance downstream, whereas light penetration decreased. Seasonal changes in plankton composition and biomass were more important than those resulting from differences in water mass (tributary) of origin. Sampling at three cross river sections and in two fluvial lakes showed a progressive downstream decrease in phytoplankton biomass and changes in size structure and taxonomic composition. River plankton was primarily composed of small (< 10 µm equivalent spherical diameter), truly planktonic cells belonging to Cryptophyceae and diatoms, with Chlorophyceae in summer. Plankton sampled in summer among rooted macrophytes in fluvial lakes exhibited a higher biomass of resuspended periphytic algae than in the main river stem, which contributed slightly to downstream phytoplankton biomass.Successive river cross sections always shared about 50% of their taxa, indicating a rapid downstream transport of algae within the main water mass. However, the proportion of species common to all cross sections was highest during the spring freshet, and lowest during summer low discharge, likely resulting from the development of a distinct flora in fluvial lakes during summer. Conversely, about 30% of the identified taxa were exclusive to a cross section and were replaced by others occurring downstream. Overall, phytoplankton composition along the St.Lawrence River is primarily controlled by advective forces, which result in a homogeneous flora in the main river stem, with a local contribution of resuspended periphyton from fluvial lakes.     

The lake sturgeon,Acipenser fulvescens,in the Menominee River,Wisconsin-Michigan

Synopsis The Menominee River is the boundary between the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin. It contains one of the few fishable lake sturgeon populations remaining in either state. Two sections of the river harbor naturally reproducing sturgeon stocks. Dams at either end of these sections curtail upstream movement of fish; however, some sturgeon move downstream over the dams. Surveys conducted in 1969 and 1970 and again in 1978 and 1979 intensively studied the sturgeons in a 42 km stretch of the river. Mark and recapture estimates of the number of sturgeon longer than 25 cm in this section ranged from 1884 to 2865. The number of fish longer than 107 cm ranged from 185 to 243. An estimate of 2834 sturgeon between 25 and 165 cm was made on a different 34 km stretch in 1979. Censuses on the hook and line fishery in 1969 and 1970 estimated sturgeon harvests of 59 and 48 fish, respectively. In 1974, the size limit was raised from 107 to 127 cm. Harvests of these larger fish were estimated at 19 and 41 in 1981 and 1982, respectively. Some other characteristics of the sturgeons and the fishery on the Menominee are also included.     

Role of habitat degradation in determining fish distribution and abundance along the lowland Warta River, Poland

The distribution and abundance of fish collected in 1996–1998 are compared in three river sections X, Y and Z in the 808‐km‐long Warta River, Poland. The upper section, X, was least human‐modified, the middle section, Y, was the most polluted by industry and regulated, and the downstream section, Z, was moderately disturbed. The differences between X and Y in concentrations of dissolved oxygen, volatile phenols and nitrite nitrogen, and in the index of availability of hiding places, were highly significant because these parameters were several times worse in the Y section; in the Z section they assumed intermediate values. Although the abundance of certain fish species was changing along the downstream river gradient (i.e. differed the most between X and Z), both the Kohonen artificial neural network (SOM) and assemblage indices showed the biggest differences between X and Y, thus confirming the crucial role of the degradation of aquatic environment in shaping fish assemblages. The latter result ensued from the reaction of the rheophilic burbot, stone loach, gudgeon, chub and dace, which were most abundant in X, almost absent in Y and reoccurring in Z (although less numerous when compared with X). The opposite was recorded for mud loach, tench, ide and silver bream, which were most abundant in the degraded section Y, probably because of weak competition with the almost‐absent rheophils. The abundance of two generalists, roach and pike, was similar in all three sections, i.e. changed neither along the downstream nor in the degradation gradient.     

长江口沿岸碎波带刀鲚仔稚鱼的日龄组成与生长

实验研究了长江口沿岸碎波带刀鲚仔稚鱼的日龄组成、孵化期、早期生长率和滞留时间。从2007年5-10月在长江口沿岸碎波带采集的刀鲚仔稚鱼中,共选取594尾(体长范围为3.0-30.5mm),划分发育阶段,并取矢耳石进行日龄分析。仔稚鱼日龄范围为7-34d,以13-18d日龄比例较高,占总数的50.1%;仔稚鱼体长(L,mm)与日龄(D,days)呈显著直线关系:L=0.73D+5.09,R2=0.74;孵化期为5月23日至10月4日,高峰期集中在5月末至8月上旬,且早期个体在孵化后7d左右开始进入到碎波带,在碎波带滞留约23d。       

四湖总干渠环境雌激素不同浓度江段鱼繁殖生物学比较研究

选取湖北四湖总干渠污染水平不同的3个江段(A、B、C), A离源头较近, B位于一农药厂排污口下方, C位于一城镇居民排污口下方, 比较鱼繁殖群体的生物学特征。A江段水体中未检测出环境雌激素, 而B、C两江段主要含有壬基酚和双酚A, 两种污染物总浓度在20 μg/L左右。与A江段相比, B、C江段鱼繁殖群体中雌性个体的比例明显较高, 卵粒较小; 雄性个体精巢组织间隙增大, 精原细胞和精子细胞密度低; 肝体指数增大、肝组织出现大量空泡, 肝细胞密度降低等特点。壬基酚和双酚A已被证明具有显著的雌激素活性和生殖毒性。因此, B、C江段壬基酚和双酚A环境雌激素浓度较高可能是导致鱼繁殖群体生物学特征改变的重要原因。     

长江安庆段仔稚鱼群落特征调查研究

安庆江段是长江下游重要渔业资源水域之一, 为了解该江段仔稚鱼群落特征及与环境因子的关系, 于2016年4月17日至8月15日对安庆江段仔稚鱼进行了逐日调查。结果显示: 研究共采集仔稚鱼个体92160尾, 鉴定90457尾, 隶属于7目11科49种, 其中鲤科(Cyprinidae)种类数居第一, 32种, 尾数占比为90.16%; 鰕虎鱼科(Gobiidae)居第二, 3种, 尾数占比为5.71%。在生态类型及产卵方式上, 淡水定居性鱼类和产漂流性卵鱼类数量占比最大, 分别为87.57%和88.30%。贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)是该江段第一优势种, 数量占比44.53%, 其余优势种为?(Hemiculter leucisculus, 占比14.21%)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea, 占比8.11%)、子陵吻鰕虎(Rhinogobius giurinus, 占比5.60%)、飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 占比4.75%)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni, 占比4.13%)、寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca engraulis, 占比4.50%)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis, 占比2.63%)、刀鲚(Coilia nasus, 占比1.89%)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 占比1.57%)。仔稚鱼丰度出现4次明显的高峰时期, 第一次在5月1日, 后面三次集中出现在6月中下旬, 分别为1127.00、1608.44、1568.35 和1202.94 ind./100 m3。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明, 影响安庆江段仔稚鱼丰度的主要环境因子为水流量、水位、透明度(P<0.05), 大多数仔稚鱼丰度与水流量、水位呈现负相关, 与透明度呈现正相关, 可能与该年份过高的水流量、水位有关。研究表明, 安庆江段的仔稚鱼种类较丰富, 但主要以小型鱼类为主, 且经济性仔稚鱼类占比小。研究初步探明了安庆江段的仔稚鱼资源状况, 其结果为安庆鱼类早期资源进一步研究提供基础资料, 同时也为渔业资源保护策略制定提供科学依据。     

水坝拆除对黑水河鱼类群落结构和空间分布的影响

水坝拆除引起河流连通性、水动力、河流地貌等一系列变化,直接影响了鱼类群落结构和空间分布。黑水河为金沙江左岸一级支流,其上共建四级电站,出于支流生境恢复需求,第四级水坝老木河水坝于2018年12月实行拆除。为探明低水头坝拆除对鱼类群落的影响,结合2018年6月和2019年6月黑水河下游60.4km河段10个点位的渔获物调查,对拆坝前后鱼类群落结构和生态类型变化、优势物种与单位捕捞努力量以及不同河段间的群落相似性进行了分析。结果表明,水坝拆除半年后优势物种仍以鲤科和鳅科为主,但物种数和丰度整体上增加;生态类型上以杂食、喜急流和产微粘性卵鱼为主;拆坝后鱼类群落空间分布变化明显,靠近河口的自然河段鱼类上溯洄游到原坝址的上下游,部分长江上游特有鱼类在原坝址附近发生定殖行为,且拆坝后各河段的鱼类组成结构有同质化趋势。总体上,老木河水坝的拆除对黑水河下游的鱼类群落结构和空间分布产生了积极的影响。     

长江安庆段刀鲚寄生线虫群落结构及感染特征

为理清刀鲚(Coilia nasus)洄游时间与体内寄生线虫的关系,于2018年4—7月在长江安庆段调查了刀鲚寄生线虫的感染情况及群落结构。结果显示,刀鲚线虫感染率为96.0%,平均感染强度为8.06±7.26,平均感染丰度为7.74±7.29。经ITS分子标记共鉴定出7种线虫,其中异尖属2种,宫脂属4种,针晶蛔属1种,均为海水性寄生虫,可作为刀鲚有海水生活经历的生物标记。其中派氏异尖线虫(Anisakis pegreffii)的感染率最高,为84.5%,其次为内弯宫脂线虫(Hysterothylacium aduncum)(31.0%),二者的感染强度和感染丰度也较高,其中平均感染强度分别为6.40±6.08和2.81±2.49,平均感染丰度分别为5.41±6.05和0.87±1.90;派氏异尖线虫感染丰度和感染强度在洄游早期呈上升趋势,到6月下旬稍有降低但不显著(P>0.05),内弯宫脂线虫感染丰度和强度则均表现为下降趋势。刀鲚寄生线虫的群落结构在不同洄游时间也有所差异,其中刀鲚感染线虫的平均物种丰富度和Brillouin多样性指数均呈下降趋势,但优势物种一直是派氏异尖线虫,...     

Fish assemblage changes relative to environmental factors and time in the Warta River, Poland, and its oxbow lakes

Four oxbow lakes and two neighbouring sections of their parent Warta River (Odra River system, Poland) were sampled to investigate differences in fish assemblages between habitats in 1999–2000. Additional comparisons were made with 12 other oxbow lakes in this section of the river that were sampled 30–40 years ago. Downstream of a man‐made reservoir, higher species number, diversity and evenness were recorded in oxbow lakes than in the river channel. Upstream of the reservoir, differences in these variables from both habitats were insignificant. Fluvial and stagnant water samples were clearly separated in the multivariate space of a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). For two oxbow lakes and two neighbouring sections of the Warta River, 12 abiotic and biotic environmental variables were available, and only velocity, water temperature and conductivity were significantly correlated with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) axes. Fish assemblages of four recently investigated oxbow lakes were clearly separated in the multivariate space of DCA from other neighbouring oxbows sampled 30–40 years ago. Species previously subdominant were becoming rare. Oxbow lakes that are continuously or at least periodically connected with the channel are indispensable for maintaining high biodiversity and a sustainable fishery in the river system.     

Return migration of one‐sea‐winter Atlantic salmon in the River Tana

Fifty‐three one‐sea‐winter Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (45–63 cm L _T) were radio‐tagged in the Tana fjord, Barents Sea, in 1995. Thirty‐seven fish (70%) entered the freshwater zone of the River Tana in an average of 3 days after release in the fjord. The migration speeds in the lowest river section below the first riffle area were significantly higher than in the subsequent river section below the second riffle area. Similarly, the observed time spent in the first riffle area was significantly lower than in the next riffle area. The majority of Atlantic salmon entered the river during the hours of high tide and the subsequent ebb tide. In addition, most river entries were recorded around midnight. No effects of river flow on the river entry or migration speed were detected, but the migration speed of Atlantic salmon in both river sections examined was greater at lower temperatures. Twenty‐eight fish (72%) were recaptured in the river, 71% of them with weirs and gillnets, and 29% by rod and line. Over half of the Atlantic salmon (54%) were recaptured within 3 weeks following river entry, and within the first 100 km of the river (56%). The results are discussed in relation to earlier studies on multi‐sea‐winter Atlantic salmon in the River Tana.     

Use of water flow direction to provide spatial information in a small-scale orientation task

Experiments were designed to investigate whether three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can use direction of water flow as an orientation cue. The fish had to learn the location of a food patch in a channel where water flow direction was the only reliable indicator of the food patch position. Fish from two ponds and two rivers were trained and tested in the spatial task to determine whether river three-spined sticklebacks are more adept at using water flow as a spatial cue than fish from ponds. All fish were able to use water flow to locate the food patch but one of the two river groups was significantly faster at learning the patch location. When the task was reversed so that fish that had formerly been trained to swim downstream now had to learn to swim upstream and vice versa both river groups learned the reversed task faster than the two pond groups. In a second experiment, to investigate whether fish from ponds or rivers vary in the type of spatial cue that they prefer to use, fish from one pond and one river were given a choice between two different types of spatial cue: flow direction or visual landmarks. A test trial in which these two cues were put into conflict revealed that the river population showed a strong preference for flow direction whilst the pond population preferred to use visual landmarks.     

Influence of rearing method on ide Leuciscus idus L. juvenile survival under pike and pikeperch predation

Nase Chondrostoma nasus L., once one of the most common fish species in the upper reaches of central European rivers, is now considered endangered throughout its natural range. Since 2000 the Department of Ichthyobiology and Fisheries, Warsaw Agricultural University, has co-operated with the Polish Anglers Association in Krosno to study the effects of river restocking with pond‐farmed nase juveniles. The experiment is carried out on Wislok River, where nase was very twenty years ago but has now completely disappeared. Selected parts of the river are stocked with tagged, one‐summer and 1 year‐old juveniles. Changes in nase occurrence, and their growth and foraging behaviour have been analysed.     

洞庭湖中是否存在溯河洄游型刀鲚

利用电子探针微区分析(EPMA)技术, 分析了2018年8月采自湖南省岳阳市洞庭湖畔水产市场2尾刀鲚(Coilia nasus)干制个体的矢耳石中锶和钙微化学特征。定量线分析结果显示, 2尾样本的耳石锶钙比值(Sr/Ca×1000)波动显著, 从耳石核心到边缘可分别出现对应淡水生境的锶钙比值<3的低值区, 对应于半咸水生境的3—7高值区和再次为对应于淡水生境<3的低值区。面分布分析结果更直观显示两尾刀鲚个体的耳石从核心到边缘对应于不同盐度生境的锶含量变化图谱, 即从耳石核心到边缘可分别出现对应于淡水生境的蓝色区域, 对应长江口外半咸水生境的黄绿色区域和再次对应于淡水生境的蓝色区域。这种淡水-半咸水-淡水的生境转换显示出了上述个体的典型溯河洄游生活史“履历”。研究显示目前距长江河口约1400 km的洞庭湖中仍可能存在溯河洄游型刀鲚个体。