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Eliana M. Cuello Silvia N. López Andrea V. Andorno Carmen M. Hernández Eduardo N. Botto 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2018,20(1):73-80
- The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei is an invasive insect species, native from Australia, that specifically feeds on Eucalyptus trees. It has invaded several countries throughout the world. In Argentina, it was first recorded in 2005, although little is known about its ecology in the region.
- We assessed G. brimblecombei population development on Eucalypus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus dunnii using samples of branches for the immature stages and yellow sticky traps for the adults. We also identified the meteorological variables associated with changes in the red gum lerp psyllid abundance.
- The abundance of eggs, nymphs and adults stages of G. brimblecombei was significantly greater on E. camaldulensis than on E. dunnii in the 2 years of the survey.
- Glycaspis brimblecombei development was complete on E. camaldulensis where all instars were present, even in the unfavourable seasons. The full development of the psyllid population was not observed in E. dunnii where a high mortality of the first and second nymphal instars was detected.
- Temperature and relative humidity were the variables that mostly affected red gum lerp psyllid abundance, whereas no effect of rainfall was detected.
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Honeydew‐producing psyllids are an important pest of eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in California, USA, and may influence surrounding litter arthropod communities. In particular, the introduced Australian psyllids Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (both Hemiptera: Psyllidae) may facilitate the prevalence of invasive ant species. We examined ground‐dwelling arthropod communities under eucalyptus trees infested by psyllids. We used a model comparison approach to examine the association of psyllid infestation, ant abundance, and environmental factors with ground arthropod abundance and richness. We found a significant positive association between ant activity on eucalyptus trees and psyllid abundance. Higher psyllid abundance and higher Argentine ant abundance were associated with increased arthropod richness. Irrigation was also associated with increased arthropod richness and abundance. Regardless of location collected, arthropod communities collected in pitfall traps under trees with high psyllid abundance had high similarity to arthropod communities under trees with high ant activity. Abundance of isopods was positively associated with both ant and psyllid abundance. Other arthropod groups differed in their association with ants and psyllids. Argentine ants may exacerbate pest impacts and may also decrease the effectiveness of biological control programs for eucalyptus lerp psyllids. 相似文献
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Tree health is often negatively linked with the localized abundance of parasitic invertebrates. One group, the sap‐sucking psyllid insects (Homoptera: Psyllidae) are well known for their negative impact upon vegetation, an impact that often culminates in the defoliation and even death of hosts. In Australia, psyllid‐infested forest in poor health is also frequently occupied by a native honeyeater, the bell miner (Manorina melanophrys; Meliphagidae), so much so that the phenomenon has been dubbed ‘bell miner‐associated dieback’ (BMAD). Bell miners are thought to be the causative agent behind BMAD, in part because the species may selectively forage only upon the outer covering (lerp) exuded by psyllid nymphs, leaving the insect underneath to continue parasitizing hosts. As bell miners also aggressively exclude all other avian psyllid predators from occupied areas, these behavioural traits may favour increases in psyllid populations. We examined bell miner foraging behaviour to determine if non‐lethal foraging upon psyllid nymphs occurred more often than in a congener, the noisy miner (M. melanocephala; Meliphagidae). This was indeed the case, with bell miners significantly more likely to remove only the lerp covering during feeding, leaving the insect intact underneath. This arose from bell miners using their tongue to pry off the lerp cases, whereas noisy miners used their mandibles to snap at both the lerp and insect underneath. Furthermore, psyllids left behind following a bell miner foraging event were significantly more likely to be viable and regrow a lerp covering than those exposed by noisy miners. Together, this behaviour supports the theory that non‐lethal foraging behaviour of bell miners may contribute to high psyllid abundance, consistent with the mechanisms by which BMAD is thought to develop. 相似文献
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Gudrun Dittrich‐Schröder Michael J. Wingfield Brett P. Hurley Bernard Slippers 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2012,14(4):419-427
- 1 Extensive variation to damage by the invasive gall‐forming wasp Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is known to exist amongst Eucalyptus genotypes.
- 2 In the present study, 30 of the 50 tested genotypes were susceptible to gall formation and development of the wasp. Gall development on the petiole and leaves of plants was compared to calculate the percentage of infestation per plant and per genotype.
- 3 A positive correlation between galls on petioles and leaves indicated an absence of specificity at this level, and also that either leaves or petioles could be used to obtain an accurate estimate of the level of infestation.
- 4 Genotypes of E. nitens×E. grandis and E. grandis×E. camaldulensis were most susceptible, with a maximum damage index value for leaves and petioles of 0.52 and 0.39, respectively. Eucalyptus dunii, E. nitens, E. smithii, E. urophylla and E. saligna×E. urophylla showed little or no infestation.
- 5 The results obtained in the present study suggest that the selection and planting of resistant/less susceptible genotypes will be an important aid in managing damage from L. invasa invasion.
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Rodrigo J. Mercader Nathan W. Siegert rew M. Liebhold Deborah G. McCullough 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2009,11(4):421-424
- 1 Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive forest insect pest threatening more than 8 billion ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in North America. Development of effective survey methods and strategies to slow the spread of A. planipennis requires an understanding of dispersal, particularly in recently established satellite populations.
- 2 We assessed the dispersal of A. planipennis beetles over a single generation at two sites by intensively sampling ash trees at known distances from infested ash logs, the point source of the infestations. Larval density was recorded from more than 100 trees at each site.
- 3 Density of A. planipennis larvae by distance for one site was fit to the Ricker function, inverse power function, and the negative exponential function using a maximum likelihood approach. The prediction of the best model, a negative exponential function, was compared with the results from both sites.
- 4 The present study demonstrates that larval densities rapidly declined with distance, and that most larvae (88.9 and 90.3%) were on trees within 100 m of the emergence point of the adults at each site. The larval distribution pattern observed at both sites was adequately described by the negative exponential function.
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Inusa Jacob Ajene Fathiya Mbarak Khamis Barbara van Asch Gerhard Pietersen Nurhussen Seid Anne Wambui Wairimu Fidelis Levi Ombura Komivi Senyo Akutse Mamoudou Stamou Sevgan Subramanian Samira Mohammed Sunday Ekesi 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(7)
The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is a key pest of Citrus sp. worldwide, as it acts as a vector for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterial pathogen that causes citrus Huanglongbing. Diaphorina citri has been reported in Kenya, Tanzania, and more recently in Ethiopia. This study assessed the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of the pest to gain insights into the potential sources of its introduction into Africa. Population structure and differentiation of D. citri populations from China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the USA were assessed using 10 microsatellite loci. Additionally, five new complete mitogenomes of D. citri collected in China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the USA were analyzed in the context of publicly available sequences. Genotype data grouped the D. citri populations from Kenya and Tanzania in one cluster, and those from Ethiopia formed a separate cluster. The two genetic clusters inferred from genotype data were congruent with mitochondrial sequence data. The mitogenomes from Kenya/Tanzania/China had 99.0% similarity, and the Ethiopia/USA had 99.9% similarity. In conclusion, D. citri populations in eastern Africa have different sources, as the Kenyan and Tanzanian populations probably originated from southeastern Asia, while the Ethiopian population most probably originated from the Americas. 相似文献
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杭州地区猪尸体上昆虫群落的组成与演替的初步观察 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
对杭州地区猪尸体的腐败过程及尸体上昆虫群落的演替规律,进行了初步观察和研究。结果表明,室外地表上猪尸体的腐败过程可以划分为新鲜、肿胀、腐烂、干化和残骸5个连续的阶段;常见昆虫包括3目、19科、33种,其中双翅目的巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、南岭绿蝇、大头金蝇、肥须亚麻蝇等为优势种。尸体上昆虫群落的演替有明显的时间规律可循。许多昆虫类群的出现时间与尸体腐败阶段有明确的对应关系,这种对应关系可以为法医科学中推测死后间隔时间(postmortem interval, PMI)提供依据。 相似文献
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八十年代以来以基因工程技术为主导的分子生物学研究大大丰富了人们对生命过程和本质的认识。基因工程技术在昆虫学研究中日益受到重视。一个新兴的学科─-昆虫分子生物学已经形成。在分子生物学研究中基因探针是必不可少的重要的工具。由于在系统进化上人和哺乳类遗传距离较近,其基因探针具有较大的通用性,所以医学发展起来的人基因探针为哺乳动物研究带来了许多方便。而无脊椎动物的分子生物学研究一向十分薄弱,因此可用于昆虫的基因探针来源困难,研究者常需在实验设计初期对已有的众多基因探针进行预选或自己制备。所以基因探针的选择和使用对昆虫分子生物学研究至为关键。本文就昆虫学常用的基因探针的类型,标记方法,特别是应用等方面选择若干典型实例作一些介绍和评述。 相似文献
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外来树种对本地林业虫害的诱发作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
白蜡窄吉丁、萧氏松茎象、光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛、云斑天牛和桑天牛等林业害虫均为我国本地林业生态系统中的昆虫种类,在北美白蜡树、北美松树和北美黑杨派杨树等外来树种引入和大量栽培之前,一直没有形成严重的危害,以至于白蜡窄吉丁和萧氏松茎象都没有引起人们的关注。这些重要林业害虫在我国的发生都是伴随着敏感外来树种的引进和大量不合理的种植而逐渐严重起来的。本文对外来树种的引进与本地林业虫害的发生之间的关系进行了分析,提出了外来树种的不合理引进可能诱发本地林业新虫害的观点,并对其发生机理以及相应的研究和治理对策进行了讨论。 相似文献
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考查我国农作物重大害虫历史发生状况,研究粘虫Mythimna separata Walker、稻飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Sstal稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee、二化螟Chilo sup pressalis Walker、三化螟Tryporyza incertulas Walker、麦蚜Schizaphis graminum Rondani、玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee、棉铃虫Helicoverpar armigera (Hubner)等害虫的长期发生规律,初步发现粘虫、二化螟、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、玉米螟等长期变化有约16年周 期现象,稻飞虱、三化螟有12年左右周期性规律,二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、麦蚜、棉铃虫等发生周期约11年。根据害虫规律性作出“九五”期间发展趋势预测。 相似文献
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本文根据保护生物圈与经济持续发展的要求,提出害虫种群的“生态控制’对策,以代替现在国内外采用的“综合防治”。文中根据生态学与经济学理论,不仅提出了“生态控制”应遵循的经济学与生态学的管理原则,并且提出了“生态控制”的指导思想与方法论,以及它的目标函数、约束条件与主要对策。进而根据国内外本领域的科技发展动态分析与生产实际需要,论述了本种对策在生产中的可行性与重要性。 相似文献
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在昆虫中,RNAi是一种对抗外源病毒的天然免疫方式,基于生物体中的这种内在机制而建立的RNAi技术已经被广泛用来研究多种昆虫基因的功能。近年的研究结果表明RNAi技术在抵御害虫和防治益虫疾病方面具有潜在的应用价值,有可能对农业有害生物的控制起到巨大的推动作用。本文综述了RNAi与昆虫免疫、及其在昆虫基因功能研究、害虫控制、益虫疾病控制和昆虫系统生物学方面的最新研究进展,并展望了RNAi在昆虫学研究中的发展趋势。 相似文献
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Ridley AW Hereward JP Daglish GJ Raghu S Collins PJ Walter GH 《Molecular ecology》2011,20(8):1635-1646
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) has been used as a model organism to develop and test important ecological and evolutionary concepts and is also a major pest of grain and grain products globally. This beetle species is assumed to be a good colonizer of grain storages through anthropogenic movement of grain, and active dispersal by flight is considered unlikely. Studies using T. castaneum have therefore used confined or walking insects. We combine an ecological study of dispersal with an analysis of gene flow using microsatellites to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics and adult flight of T. castaneum in an ecological landscape in eastern Australia. Flying beetles were caught in traps at grain storages and in fields at least 1 km from the nearest stored grain at regular intervals for an entire year. Significantly more beetles were trapped at storages than in fields, and almost no beetles were caught in native vegetation reserves many kilometres from the nearest stored grain. Genetic differentiation between beetles caught at storages and in fields was low, indicating that although T. castaneum is predominantly aggregated around grain storages, active dispersal takes place to the extent that significant gene flow occurs between them, mitigating founder effects and genetic drift. By combining ecological and molecular techniques, we reveal much higher levels of active dispersal through adult flight in T. castaneum than previously thought. We conclude that the implications of adult flight to previous and future studies on this model organism warrant consideration. 相似文献
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Abstract Taxonomic representation and regional distribution patterns of taxa, life forms, and defence mechanisms of the succulent flora of South Africa and Namibia are quantified and discussed in relation to physical and biotic factors. Habitats are investigated and for each region centres of succulent species richness are pointed out. 相似文献
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The status of wetland inventory effort and availability of maps and other data sources is reviewed for the ten countries of southern Africa: Angola, Bostwana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The aims and strategies for inventory are discussed and the main survey methods compared. Prior to commissioning new inventory work careful collation of existing maps and imagery is recommended together with targeting of strategic inventory at Province level, reserving high resolution effort only for certain important sites. 相似文献
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Exposure of Ephestia cautella eggs to anoxic conditions retards the development of the embryo, causing a marked delay in hatching. Phosphine treatment results in little or no hatch delay in surviving embryos and produces characteristic ultrastructural lesions, mainly manifested as changes in mitochondrial organization. 相似文献