The practice and principles of community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe: the CAMPFIRE programme

This paper describes Zimbabwe's wildlife-based CAMPFIRE programme. It suggests that community-based natural resource management is a potential solution to the inter-linked problems of poverty and conservation if it is based on sound management principles that also incorporate transparency, accountability and democracy because the unit of management is a community.This first section suggests that many of the causes of these natural resource problems in communal lands are a result of the failure of mechanisms to price and allocate resources efficiently. The second section describes the evolution of CAMPFIRE, while the third section summarizes the principles that underpin the programme. The fourth section discusses the governance of natural resources and describes the process by which rights to wildlife have been devolved. This emphasizes how important political and administrative systems are to wildlife conservation. CAMPFIRE can be viewed as a five-step process: getting an enabling political, legal, administrative and economic environment; creating awareness and a demand for the programme; generating revenues; using these revenues effectively; and, finally, setting in place the institutions and capacity for locally-based natural resource management. The first four sections of the paper deal with step on — the enabling environment, what it is and how it came about. The final section describes the actual implementation of the programme and is rather brief.     

The community resource management area mechanism: a strategy to manage African forest resources for REDD+

Climate change poses a significant threat to Africa, and deforestation rates have increased in recent years. Mitigation initiatives such as REDD+ are widely considered as potentially efficient ways to generate emission reductions (or removals), conserve or sustainably manage forests, and bring benefits to communities, but effective implementation models are lacking. This paper presents the case of Ghana''s Community Resource Management Area (CREMA) mechanism, an innovative natural resource governance and landscape-level planning tool that authorizes communities to manage their natural resources for economic and livelihood benefits. This paper argues that while the CREMA was originally developed to facilitate community-based wildlife management and habitat protection, it offers a promising community-based structure and process for managing African forest resources for REDD+. At a theoretical level, it conforms to the ecological, socio-cultural and economic factors that drive resource-users’ decision process and practices. And from a practical mitigation standpoint, the CREMA has the potential to help solve many of the key challenges for REDD+ in Africa, including definition of boundaries, smallholder aggregation, free prior and informed consent, ensuring permanence, preventing leakage, clarifying land tenure and carbon rights, as well as enabling equitable benefit-sharing arrangements. Ultimately, CREMA''s potential as a forest management and climate change mitigation strategy that generates livelihood benefits for smallholder farmers and forest users will depend upon the willingness of African governments to support the mechanism and give it full legislative backing, and the motivation of communities to adopt the CREMA and integrate democratic decision-making and planning with their traditional values and natural resource management systems.     

自然资源持续利用的理论分析

自然资源持续利用的理论分析赵景柱（中国科学院生态环境研究中心,北京１０００８５）ＴｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＵｓｅｏｆＮａｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ￥ＺｈａｏＪｉｎｇｚｈｕ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃ...     

Drivers of change in global agriculture

As a result of agricultural intensification, more food is produced today than needed to feed the entire world population and at prices that have never been so low. Yet despite this success and the impact of globalization and increasing world trade in agriculture, there remain large, persistent and, in some cases, worsening spatial differences in the ability of societies to both feed themselves and protect the long-term productive capacity of their natural resources. This paper explores these differences and develops a countryxfarming systems typology for exploring the linkages between human needs, agriculture and the environment, and for assessing options for addressing future food security, land use and ecosystem service challenges facing different societies around the world.     

农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响研究综述

随着我国经济形势的不断变化,越来越多的农户从传统的\"单一生计\"转向\"生计多样化\"和\"优势生计\"的发展方向。农户作为农村地区最基本的社会经济单元和行为决策主体,处于人口、经济与资源环境矛盾的核心,其生计策略与生计活动的动态变化势必对所处的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统带来一定的影响。在回顾农户生计研究的历史与现状的基础上,分别从农户生计策略的内涵与类型、农户生计策略转型及其驱动因素、生计策略转型对环境的影响3个方面,系统梳理了国内外学者对农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响的研究进展,尝试性地构建了农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响的基本研究框架,提出未来研究应当体现生计问题本身的动态性和复杂性,并注重可持续生计策略的界定与实现。     

勐宋Sangpabawa中棕榈藤资源的保护和持续利用

物种多样性的研究是生物多样性研究的基础,对生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。Ｓａｎｇ ｐａｂａｗａ是哈尼语“头人的藤林”,它是我国仅有的为保护棕榈藤资源而建立的自然保护区。本文通过对勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源现状的研究,分析了棕榈藤数量锐减的原因：１．市场经济新形势下,管理不善,造成人们过度采收藤条,并且采收时滥砍乱伐;２．外界干扰影响了棕榈藤的正常自然更新;３．良种藤的栽培使非良种藤在当地处于濒危或渐危状态。并提出利用价值是衡量保护价值的一个重要标准这一原则。在此基础上,提出勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源的保护对策：１．挖掘藤类资源的利用价值,增强人们对它的保护意识;２．加强对Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ的管理,完善村规民约,防止偷砍乱伐;３．建立棕榈藤收集区和种苗基地,保护藤类资源多样性,满足生产种植需求;４．建立商品藤生产和加工基地,满足市场需求。     

北京市生态系统服务价值时空变化及其驱动力

人类活动主导的土地利用变化改变了生态系统的结构和功能,影响了生态系统服务水平。评估生态系统服务价值是合理配置自然资源和生态环境保护的重要基础。以北京市域为研究范围,基于2003年、2010年2022年三期遥感影像解译数据,采用当量因子法、空间自相关分析等方法,分析了两轮城市总体规划以来,1km×1km网格下的全市生态系统服务价值的空间分布和变化特征,并利用地理探测器研究了生态系统服务价值空间异质性的驱动力因素。研究结果发现:(1)研究时段内全市生态系统服务价值变化特征与非建设用地组分变化相对应,出现了先下降后上升的趋势,其总量增加了109.46亿元,林地和水域的增加是生态系统服务价值提升的关键;(2)从生态系统服务四大类型的价值看,调节功能 > 支持功能 > 供给功能 > 文化功能,调节服务是北京市生态系统的主导功能;(3)从空间分布看,生态系统服务价值呈现西北高、东南低的空间格局,而且全市生态系统服务价值表现为正相关和空间聚集分布,局部表现为高-高、低-低集聚;生态系统服务价值热点地区主要集中于大型湿地水域, 生态系统服务价值冷点分布范围在逐渐向市中心城区收缩;(4)生态系统服务价值空间异质性受到自然地理和社会经济的共同作用,其中气温的贡献最大,双因子间的耦合作用增强了对生态系统服务价值空间分布的解释力。研究揭示了城市土地利用变化过程中生态系统服务的时空变化规律及其驱动力。提出了提升生态系统服务价值的非建设用地管理建议,可为自然资源的可持续利用提供重要参考。     

基于扎根理论的社区参与国家公园建设与管理的机制研究

大量研究表明自然保护地周边社区居民对保护地的态度是影响社区参与保护,实现保护地管理目标的主要因素,由此建立了\"认知-态度-参与\"的行为逻辑。中国国家公园体制建设希望进一步推进社区与保护地的关系,全面提升自然保护管理效率,也建立在对这一行为逻辑的认同之上。为验证社区认知与行为的关系,并为促进不同利益相关者参与国家公园建设与管理提供科学支持,研究试图分析武夷山国家公园体制试点区社区居民的国家公园的\"认知-态度-参与\"的行为逻辑以揭示社区参与国家公园建设与管理的深层机制。与一般研究不同在于,本研究是针对正在建设中的国家公园,使得本地利益相关方的态度有机会影响国家公园建设进程。为获得社区\"认知-态度-参与\"核心观念,探索社区参与的过程和方式,提出促进社区参与的方法,研究采用扎根理论这一质性研究方法,基于对本地利益相关者采用半结构化开放问题的深度访谈,归纳出概念与范畴,形成社区参与国家公园建设与管理的理论。研究首先形成45个概念与13个范畴,通过范式模型研究发现,稳定资源使用权利、引导社区参与决策、保障社区发展权利、创新社区产业模式、提高个体适应能力、降低政策风险影响等六个主范畴能够解释社区居民对国家公园的认知-态度-参与这一行为逻辑。通过归纳主范畴,研究进一步提炼出社区参与国家公园建设与管理的理论核心在于社区自然资源管理的自主性、创新性与适应性,其内在机制在于社区参与是一个自主性提高的动态过程,需要通过保障社区生计资源禀赋来实现长期的价值转化,最终使其成为社会-生态系统适应性治理的组成部分。在理论阐释基础上,研究提出从改善社区认知、提升社区参与角度推进国家公园建设的路径。研究也指出,所提出的社区参与机制理论能够提炼量化指标评价社区参与,追踪武夷山国家公园体制试点进程。