嗜酸乳杆菌P302菌株产类细菌素最佳条件的研究

目的对产类细菌素嗜酸乳杆菌P302的发酵条件进行研究。方法采用琼脂扩散法测定发酵上清液对大肠埃希菌O139的抑菌活性。结果通过正交试验确定P302产类细菌素的最佳培养基组分为牛肉膏4％、胰蛋白胨0．2％、酵母粉0．8％、碳酸钙0．4％和蔗糖1％,0．4％复合维生素,0．3％Tween-80有利于类细菌素的产生。发酵工艺条件为最适初始pH7．0,最适温度37℃,最佳接种量0．3％,种龄14h,厌氧培养22h。结论通过优化发酵条件和发酵工艺,类细菌素的产量提高了35％。     

植物乳杆菌ZJ316生产细菌素

[目的]研究植物乳杆菌ZJ316生长和产细菌素的最佳培养基成分和发酵条件,以提高该菌产plantaricin ZJ316的能力.[方法]改变培养基成份和发酵条件,考察不同氮源、碳源等培养基成分和不同的发酵温度等条件对ZJ316生长和产细菌素的影响.[结果]最佳培养基为MRS培养基;优化后的培养基配方为葡萄糖10 g/L,麦芽糖10 g/L,酵母提取物10 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,柠檬酸三铵2 g/L,吐温80为1 Ml/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 6 g/L,乙酸钠5 g/L,硫酸镁0.2 g/L,硫酸锰0.05 g/L.培养基初始Ph6.5,30℃静置培养24 h.[结论]通过培养基成分和发酵条件的优化,细菌素产量提高了2.3倍,为进一步研究和规模化生产奠定基础.     

应用数学统计法优化副干酪乳杆菌HDl.7固定化细胞制备和产细菌素发酵

[目的]应用数学统计法对副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7的固定细胞制备和发酵条件进行优化,以提高细菌素产量.[方法]用2(6-2)部分因子分析法筛选对细菌素产量影响显著的因子,发现海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间对细菌素的产生影响显著.利用最陡爬坡法逼近最大响应区域.用Box-Behnken设计确定最佳海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间,并进行分批重复发酵.[结果]固定化生产细菌素的最佳条件是海藻酸钠浓度2.8%、CaC2,浓度5%、固定化时间4 h、菌体包埋量1/20、发酵时间63 h和固定化细胞的接种量8.2%,在此基础上用固定化细胞进行分批重复发酵,每批细菌素的发酵周期为24 h.[结论]通过对固定化细胞制备和发酵条件的优化,固定化细胞在327 h的分批重复发酵中细菌素的总体产量比游离细胞提高了19%,发酵液中无明显细胞渗漏现象且实现了细胞的重复利用,为细菌素的进一步研究和最终提取奠定了基础.     

短小芽胞杆菌产碱性木聚糖酶发酵条件的研究

碱性木聚糖酶在碱性条件下催化水解木聚糖,广泛应用于造纸、纺织等领域.着重对短小芽胞杆菌M-11产碱性木聚糖酶的发酵条件进行初步的探索.研究了菌株的生长曲线、确定最佳接种龄为16 h、最佳接种量为1％;确定最适碳源浓度为7％、最适单一氮源为氯化铵、其浓度为1.0％、最适无机盐为氯化铁、其浓度为3 mmol/L;在此基础之上进行6因素3水平的正交试验,确定最适产酶培养基组成:麸皮5％,接种量3％,氯化铵1.2％,氯化铁3.5 mmol/L,硫酸镁0.03％,氯化钠5 mmol/L,磷酸氢二钾0.4％;最适培养条件:接种龄16 h,初始pH 8.0,温度37℃,300 mL摇瓶装液量50 mL,摇床转速220 r/min,发酵周期48 h.通过对发酵条件的优化使发酵液酶活达613 IU/mL.无机氮源为其最适氮源,因此短小芽胞杆菌M-11在碱性木聚糖酶的产品开发上优于短小芽胞杆菌M -26.     

高分子量聚谷氨酸的微生物合成及其发酵过程的研究

目的：以枯草芽孢杆菌纳豆亚种为出发菌株,考察不同碳氮源及NaCl浓度、谷氨酸、种龄、接种量对微生物发酵产1-聚谷氨酸的影响,以提高γ-聚谷氨酸的产量。方法：该菌菌种活化后,接入种子培养基,于37℃、200r／min震荡培养18h,然后按2％接种量接入不同发酵培养基进行发酵培养。γ-聚谷氨酸分离纯化后,根据其产量筛选最适发酵培养基组成及发酵条件,并对产物进行分析测定。结果：①最佳碳氮源分别为葡萄糖、蛋白胨,NaCl浓度为30g／L、种龄15h、接种量3％,且需在培养基中添加谷氨酸。②该菌株在最适条件下发酵56h时,γ-聚谷氨酸产量达32．7g／L,凝胶渗透色谱分析其相对分子质量为426kDa,呈多分子质量聚集体形式。③γ-聚谷氨酸的合成与菌体生长并非完全同步。结论：γ-聚谷氨酸作为一种天然的、可生物降解的、对环境和人体无害的多聚物,可由微生物发酵合成,且在此适宜条件下产量较高。     

一株红景天内生细菌的筛选及初步研究

【目的】从红景天根部筛选并鉴定一株产酪醇的细菌,初步研究其产酪醇特性,为寻找红景天替代资源提供新途径。【方法】用NA培养基从大花红景天根部中分离内生细菌,通过薄层层析(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)筛选出产量最大的菌株,经菌落形态分析、革兰氏染色分析及16S rRNA基因序列分析其分类学地位。单因素实验确定初始pH、培养温度、发酵时间及接种量对菌株产酪醇活力的影响。【结果】从大花红景天根部分离出14株内生细菌,其中8株能产酪醇,筛选出酪醇产量最大的菌株B3,经菌落形态分析、革兰氏染色分析及16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定为水生拉恩氏菌(Rahnella aquatilis)。研究其发酵条件,其最适pH为6.0,最适温度为32 °C,最佳发酵时间为42 h,最佳接种量为15%。在最适发酵条件下,用改良NA培养基发酵,B3菌株酪醇的产量为15.68 mg/L。【结论】B3菌株是一株具有产酪醇能力的细菌,在最适发酵条件下酪醇产量达到15.68 mg/L,具有潜在的开发价值。     

细菌素发酵条件的研究进展

自从乳酸乳球菌产生的细菌素--Nisin批准作为食品防腐剂以来,细菌素的研究已成为微生物学研究中的一个活跃领域,研究内容主要涉及产细菌素菌株的筛选和鉴定,细菌素的分离纯化、理化性质、作用机制、发酵条件和应用以及工程菌株的构建等。人们已从不同生态环境中筛选到产细菌素的菌株,如新鲜牛奶、发酵奶制品、豆芽、泡菜、香肠和动物肠道等.细菌素的产量除了与菌株自身性质有关外,发酵条件对细菌素的产量有很大影响,如培养基成分、有机溶剂、培养温度、培养时间、培养方式、起始pH、接种量和接种种龄等,其中以培养基成分、有机溶剂的添加和培养温度影响较大。     

应用数学统计法优化副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7固定化细胞制备和产细菌素发酵

摘要：【目的】应用数学统计法对副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7的固定细胞制备和发酵条件进行优化,以提高细菌素产量。【方法】用26?2部分因子分析法筛选对细菌素产量影响显著的因子,发现海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间对细菌素的产生影响显著。利用最陡爬坡法逼近最大响应区域。用Box-Behnken设计确定最佳海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间,并进行分批重复发酵。【结果】固定化生产细菌素的最佳条件是海藻酸钠浓度2.8%、CaCl2浓度5%、固定化时间4 h、菌体包埋量1/20、发酵时间63 h和固定化细胞的接种量8.2%,在此基础上用固定化细胞进行分批重复发酵,每批细菌素的发酵周期为24 h,产量为游离发酵的70%,比游离细胞发酵周期缩短1/2。【结论】通过对固定化细胞制备和发酵条件的优化,固定化细胞在327 h的分批重复发酵中细菌素的总体产量比游离细胞提高了19%,发酵液中无明显细胞渗漏现象且实现了细胞的重复利用,为细菌素的进一步研究和最终提取奠定了基础。     

樟树内生细菌EBS05发酵条件的研究

枯草芽胞杆菌EBS05是从樟树中分离的1株对多种植物病原真菌具有拮抗作用的内生细菌。以小麦纹枯病菌为靶标菌,通过单因素试验和正交设计试验对其发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,内生细菌EBS05适宜的发酵培养基主要营养成分的组成和配比分别为可溶性淀粉3%、蛋白胨2%、NaCl 0.25%。最佳发酵条件为:初始pH5~9,最适温度34℃,装液量25 mL/250 mL三角瓶,接种量3%,发酵时间72 h。     

细菌产纤维素酶和脂肪酶固体培养基及接种和培养时间的研究

为准确鉴定和筛选产纤维素和脂肪酶细菌，通过平板扩散法测定不同氮源培养基对细菌产纤维素酶和不同碳源培养基对细菌产脂肪酶活性的影响，确定细菌产纤维素酶和脂肪酶的最佳培养基，利用最佳培养基研究不同琼脂含量、海水和淡水溶剂、菌种的培养时间及接种后的培养时间对细菌纤维素酶和脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明，以蛋白胨为氮源的A培养基为细菌产纤维素酶最佳培养基，以Tween-20为碳源的培养基为细菌产脂肪酶最佳培养基；培养基中琼脂的最佳用量均为13‰；所有菌株在海水培养基上产生的纤维素酶活性比淡水培养基上高，但脂肪酶活性并非如此；鉴定和筛选产纤维素酶和脂肪酶细菌接种菌种的最佳培养时间分别为18 h和24~32 h，测定细菌产纤维素酶和脂肪酶的最佳培养时间分别为48~72 h和120 h。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.