谷氨酰胺转氨酶研究进展

谷氨酰胺转氨酶是一种催化酰基转移反应的转移酶,它可使蛋白分子间和分子内产生共价交联,从而改变蛋白的功能特性,在食品、医药、化妆品、纺织等领域具有重要的潜在应用价值。研究表明,谷氨酰胺转氨酶广泛存在于生物组织中。为了更好的研究开发这一资源,对谷氨酰胺转氨酶的来源、理化特性、作用机制、功能以及工业生产的现状进行了综述,其中重点探讨了不同来源的谷氨酰胺转氨酶在理化特性以及底物特异性方面的差异。     

微生物脂肪酶分子改造研究进展

有关脂肪酶分子改造的蛋白质工程研究 ,越来越引起研究人员的兴趣[1 - 4] 。在过去的短短几年中 ,关于如何定向改造蛋白质特定性状的研究有了一些明显的进展。1　脂肪酶简介脂肪酶被广泛用于催化三脂酰甘油酯及其他一些水不溶性酯类的水解、醇解、酯化、转酯化以及酯类逆向合成反应[5] 。它们是一类具有多种催化能力的酶 ,经常还能表现出磷脂酶、溶血磷脂酶、胆固醇酯酶、酰胺水解酶等其他一些酶的活性。目前 ,已有越来越多的各种微生物来源的脂肪酶被应用于洗涤剂、油脂与食品加工、有机合成、表面清洗、皮革与造纸工业等生产实践。虽然各…     

抗菌肽结构与功能关系及分子改造研究进展

抗菌肽是生物体产生的一种具有抗菌活性的多肽小分子,具有广谱、特异性的抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等作用。研究表明抗菌肽的正电荷含量、疏水性和肽链结构对抗菌肽的活性至关重要的。围绕以上三个方面对抗菌肽进行分子设计和改造,以期更加有效地提高抗菌肽的抗菌活性,获得到更加高效、低毒的抗菌肽产品。该文主要通过抗菌肽结构与功能的关系,介绍抗菌肽分子设计的研究进展。     

微生物酶分子改造研究进展

近年来,越来越多的酶蛋白已经采用重组微生物反应器进行高效生产。为了改善酶蛋白的催化性能,提高其环境适应性,同时提高酶蛋白的表达量,降低生产成本,各种针对酶蛋白分子改造的基因工程技术已经得到大量的应用。综述了用于酶分子改造和进化的主要分子生物学方法,如定点突变、易错PCR、基因改组、密码子优化等技术及其应用成就。     

ω-转氨酶分子改造研究进展

ω-转氨酶能催化羰基化合物发生不对称还原胺化反应,在制备手性胺类化合物方面具有较好的应用前景。由于底物结合区域特殊的空间结构,野生型ω-转氨酶在合成大位阻手性胺方面的应用受到了限制。此外,在立体选择性和稳定性方面这一类酶也存在一些不足,目前满足工业应用需求的ω-转氨酶仍较为有限。文中首先介绍了ω-转氨酶的结构特征和催化机制,并探讨S型和R型酶在结构特征方面的主要差异。然后对ω-转氨酶的分子改造研究进行了综述,重点阐述了基于结构特征和催化机制进行的分子改造研究,包括底物特异性改造、立体选择性改造和稳定性改造三方面。最后,对ω-转氨酶分子改造研究进展进行总结和展望。     

普鲁兰酶的异源表达、结构解析及分子改造研究进展

淀粉是由葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4-葡萄糖苷键和α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键连接而成,不仅是食物的主要成分,也是淀粉深加工工业的基本原料来源。普鲁兰酶能够高效水解淀粉分子中的α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键,与其他的淀粉加工酶复合使用,能够有效提高淀粉的利用率,在淀粉深加工工业中具有“提质增效”的重要作用。本文综述了普鲁兰酶产酶菌株的筛选及编码基因的克隆表达,总结了表达元件及发酵条件优化对普鲁兰酶产酶水平的影响,探讨了普鲁兰酶结构解析及分子改造等方面的研究进展。同时分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望,以期为普鲁兰酶的研究及应用提供参考和启示。     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶的表达及分子改造研究进展

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶具有催化蛋白质和某些非蛋白物质交联的功能,被广泛应用于食品、医药及纺织等领域.为提高该酶的产量及建立相应的分子改造平台,上世纪90年代日本味之素公司便开展了微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶重组菌构建的研究.目前,该酶已在多个表达系统中实现活性表达,部分重组菌较野生菌的产酶能力有显著提高.近年来,谷氨酰胺转胺酶的分子改造研究也取得了初步进展,酶的催化活力、热稳定性及底物专一性得到提升.文中对上述研究中涉及的蛋白质表达及改造策略进行了简要的总结及分析,并指出相关研究的发展趋势.     

E.coli天冬氨酸转氨酶结构与功能关系的研究进展

天冬氨酸转氨酶是转氨反应的高效催化剂,并且对细胞中氮和碳的代谢起到非常重要的作用。上世纪90年代中期以来,从结构的水平上来分析E．coli天冬氨酸转氨酶的催化机理,以指导酶的改造研究已经成为国外的研究热点从酶的催化机理、序列及结构特点、活性中心残基组成以及基因多态性对结构和功能的影响四个方面。综述近年来有关E．coli天冬氨酸转氨酶的研究现状。     

腈水解酶克隆表达、固定化及分子改造的研究进展

随着基因工程技术的快速发展,通过对不同菌株腈水解酶基因的分析,将其克隆到表达菌株内,可以构建高效并且稳定的基因工程菌。对腈水解酶进行分子改造可以明显提高酶的活性、稳定性、底物耐受性和底物特异性等性能,为腈水解酶的工业化应用提供了可能。综述了腈水解酶的来源、结构、催化机制、克隆表达、固定化及分子改造等方面的研究进展。同时对腈水解酶的研究进行了展望,具有重要的指导意义。     

F-box蛋白家族的功能研究进展

F-box蛋白是一类含有F-box基序(motif),在泛素介导的蛋白质水解过程中具有底物识别特性的蛋白质家族.这类蛋白质在细胞时相转换、信号传导、发育等多种生理过程中都具有重要功能.     

Characterization of differences in substrate specificity among CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1: an integrated approach employing molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations

Recent trends in new drug discovery of anticancer drugs have made oncologists more aware of the fact that the new drug discovery must target the developing mechanism of tumorigenesis to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antineoplastic drugs. The drugs designed are expected to have high affinity towards the novel targets selectively. Current research highlights overexpression of CYP450s, particularly cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), in tumour cells, representing a novel target for anticancer therapy. However, the CYP1 family is identified as posing significant problems in selectivity of anticancer molecules towards CYP1A1. Three members have been identified in the human CYP1 family: CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1. Although sequences of the three isoform have high sequence identity, they have distinct substrate specificities. The understanding of macromolecular features that govern substrate specificity is required to understand the interplay between the protein function and dynamics, design novel antitumour compounds that could be specifically metabolized by only CYP1A1 to mediate their antitumour activity and elucidate the reasons for differences in substrate specificity profile among the three proteins. In the present study, we employed a combination of computational methodologies: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. We utilized eight substrates for elucidating the difference in substrate specificity of the three isoforms. Lastly, we conclude that the substrate specificity of a particular substrate depends upon the type of the active site residues, the dynamic motions in the protein structure upon ligand binding and the physico‐chemical characteristics of a particular ligand. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectral and molecular properties of peanut peroxidase isozymes

Properties of four peroxidase isozymes derived from peanut cells were examined. Electrophoresis on various concentrations of polyacrylamide gel indicated that they had the same molecular size. Filtration on Sephadex G-200 gels indicated the same Stoke's radius for all 4 isozymes. They had the same spectral properties in the oxidized, reduced and CO-reduced the pyridine hemochromogen forms, but they differed with regard to heat stability at 50° and 70° and their substrate specificity.     

中国肉牛分子与基因修饰育种研究进展

随着世界肉牛产业科技的快速发展,我国肉牛产业的整体水平得到明显提高并取得丰硕成果。肉牛育种技术实现了由常规杂交育种向分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种和基因组修饰育种的技术跨越,揭示出大量与生长发育、肉质品质、繁殖与疾病等相关的候选基因与分子标记,并逐步应用于肉牛育种实践。与生长发育性状相关的基因或分子标记主要集中在生长激素基因、生肌调节因子家族、肌肉生长抑制因子和胰岛素样生长因子等;参与肉质形成的基因主要集中在脂肪酸运输与沉积相关信号通路、钙蛋白酶信号通路、生肌调节因子家族与肌肉生长抑制因子等;繁殖性状相关基因或分子标记主要集中在GnRH-FSHR-LH、生长分化因子9、催乳素受体和FoxO1等;抗病相关基因主要有MHC基因家族、TOLL样受体4基因等。目前,利用精准基因编辑技术已培育出促生长发育与提高肉品质的肉牛育种新材料。本文总结了近年来我国在肉牛分子与基因组修饰育种领域取得的研究进展,以期为我国肉牛遗传育种技术研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Exploration of subsite binding specificity of human cathepsin D through kinetics and rule-based molecular modeling.

The family of aspartic proteinases includes several human enzymes that may play roles in both physiological and pathophysiological processes. The human lysosomal aspartic proteinase cathepsin D is thought to function in the normal degradation of intracellular and endocytosed proteins but has also emerged as a prognostic indicator of breast tumor invasiveness. Presented here are results from a continuing effort to elucidate the factors that contribute to specificity of ligand binding at individual subsites within the cathepsin D active site. The synthetic peptide Lys-Pro-Ile-Glu-Phe*Nph-Arg-Leu has proven to be an excellent chromogenic substrate for cathepsin D yielding a value of kcat/Km = 0.92 x 10(-6) s-1 M-1 for enzyme isolated from human placenta. In contrast, the peptide Lys-Pro-Ala-Lys-Phe*Nph-Arg-Leu and all derivatives with Ala-Lys in the P3-P2 positions are either not cleaved at all or cleaved with extremely poor efficiency. To explore the binding requirements of the S3 and S2 subsites of cathepsin D, a series of synthetic peptides was prepared with systematic replacements at the P2 position fixing either Ile or Ala in P3. Kinetic parameters were determined using both human placenta cathepsin D and recombinant human fibroblast cathepsin D expressed in Escherichia coli. A rule-based structural model of human cathepsin D, constructed on the basis of known three-dimensional structures of other aspartic proteinases, was utilized in an effort to rationalize the observed substrate selectivity.     

Formyl-coenzyme A (CoA):oxalate CoA-transferase from the acidophile Acetobacter aceti has a distinctive electrostatic surface and inherent acid stability

Bacterial formyl-CoA:oxalate CoA-transferase (FCOCT) and oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase work in tandem to perform a proton-consuming decarboxylation that has been suggested to have a role in generalized acid resistance. FCOCT is the product of uctB in the acidophilic acetic acid bacterium Acetobacter aceti. As expected for an acid-resistance factor, UctB remains folded at the low pH values encountered in the A. aceti cytoplasm. A comparison of crystal structures of FCOCTs and related proteins revealed few features in UctB that would distinguish it from nonacidophilic proteins and thereby account for its acid stability properties, other than a strikingly featureless electrostatic surface. The apparently neutral surface is a result of a "speckled" charge decoration, in which charged surface residues are surrounded by compensating charges but do not form salt bridges. A quantitative comparison among orthologs identified a pattern of residue substitution in UctB that may be a consequence of selection for protein stability by constant exposure to acetic acid. We suggest that this surface charge pattern, which is a distinctive feature of A. aceti proteins, creates a stabilizing electrostatic network without stiffening the protein or compromising protein-solvent interactions.     

赤眼蜂分子鉴定研究进展

赤眼蜂是害虫生物防治中的重要天敌资源。该属种类繁多,已报道有200余种,其蜂种的正确鉴定与选择是影响其田间防效的重要因素。依赖雄成蜂外生殖器形态特征的传统赤眼蜂分类鉴定技术不仅对专业技术要求高、耗时费力,而且无法用于孤雌产雌品系的种类鉴定以及近缘种的区分。分子鉴定技术可以通过选择合适的分子标记,为赤眼蜂鉴定提供准确、便捷、高效的方法。本文对赤眼蜂分子鉴定中分子标记的选择及常用分子鉴定方法进行了综述,并提出了未来可能的发展方向。     

Tyrosine aminotransferase: biochemical and structural properties and molecular dynamics simulations

Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) catalyzes the transamination of tyrosine and other aromatic amino acids. The enzyme is thought to play a role in tyrosinemia type II, hepatitis and hepatic carcinoma recovery. The objective of this study is to investigate its biochemical and structural characteristics and substrate specificity in order to provide insight regarding its involvement in these diseases. Mouse TAT (mTAT) was cloned from a mouse cDNA library, and its recombinant protein was produced using Escherichia coli cells and purified using various chromatographic techniques. The recombinant mTAT is able to catalyze the transamination of tyrosine using α-ketoglutaric acid as an amino group acceptor at neutral pH. The enzyme also can use glutamate and phenylalanine as amino group donors and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylpyruvate and alpha-ketocaproic acid as amino group acceptors. Through macromolecular crystallography we have determined the mTAT crystal structure at 2.9 ? resolution. The crystal structure revealed the interaction between the pyridoxal-5′-phosphate cofactor and the enzyme, as well as the formation of a disulphide bond. The detection of disulphide bond provides some rational explanation regarding previously observed TAT inactivation under oxidative conditions and reactivation of the inactive TAT in the presence of a reducing agent. Molecular dynamics simulations using the crystal structures of Trypanosoma cruzi TAT and human TAT provided further insight regarding the substrate-enzyme interactions and substrate specificity. The biochemical and structural properties of TAT and the binding of its cofactor and the substrate may help in elucidation of the mechanism of TAT inhibition and activation.     

基因修饰技术研究进展

基因修饰技术是用于基因组定点改造的分子工具,目前主要有锌指核酸酶(ZFN)技术、转录激活子样效应物核酸酶(TALEN)技术和CRISPR-Cas核酸酶(CRISPR-Cas)技术。这些核酸酶都可以在DNA靶位点产生双链断裂(DSB),诱发细胞内源性的修复机制,激活体内非同源末端连接(NHEJ)或同源重组(HR)两种不同的修复机制,从而实现内源基因的敲除或外源基因的定点敲入。近年来,基因修饰技术已成功应用到细菌、酵母、人类细胞、果蝇、斑马鱼、小鼠、大鼠、家畜、食蟹猴、拟南芥、水稻、烟草、玉米、高粱、小麦和大麦等多种生物,显示了其强大的基因编辑优势。特别是新近出现的CRISPR-Cas9技术,降低了成本,使基因编辑变得简洁、高效和易于操作,得到了很多研究人员的关注。本文系统介绍了以上3种技术的原理及最新研究进展,并对未来的研究和应用做出了展望。