铜绿假单胞菌耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药机制

铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)是医院内感染常见的条件致病菌,其耐药性日益严重,经常仅对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物(如亚胺培南、美洛培南、伊米培南和帕尼培南等)敏感.然而近年来,国内、外文献报道PA对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药(RCPA)呈逐渐上升趋势,这些耐药菌同时还对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类等其他类型的多种抗菌药物耐药,成为临床治疗的难题.在北美、南美、欧洲和澳大利亚进行的统计显示PA对美罗培南耐药率为75.4%,其他地区的耐药率在62%～70%[1].     

宁波地区肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶基因的检测研究

目的对宁波地区耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况和碳青霉烯酶耐药基因进行研究了解。方法收集2010年1月至11月耐亚胺培南(IPM)、美罗培南(MEM)或厄他培南(ETP)的肠杆菌科菌株进行Hodge试验确认,对于阳性试验菌株PCR同时检测blaKPC、blaNDM-1、blaIMI-1、blaGES、blaSME、blaNmcA和blaSHV-387种基因。结果共收集到肠杆菌科细菌256株,其中耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌16株,占6.1%;采用改良Hodge试验确认阳性10株,占62.5%株。PCR检测显示10株均携带有blaKPC,其中肺炎克雷伯菌6株,产气肠杆菌2株,阴沟肠杆菌2株。结论宁波地区产blaKPC型碳青霉烯酶是肠杆菌科细菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的关键因素,其编码基因位于可转移质粒进行传播使得目前的耐药情况越来越严峻。     

一株洛菲不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药机制的研究

目的研究洛菲不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药的分子机制。方法K-B纸片琼脂扩散法检测洛菲不动杆菌B69对头孢他啶、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、阿米卡星的耐药性,琼脂对倍稀释法检测B69对亚胺培南、美洛培南的最低抑菌浓度;PCR扩增OXA、IMP、VIM型碳青霉烯酶基因,测序确定耐药基因型别;粗提酶水解亚胺培南纸片试验检测酶活性。结果洛菲不动杆菌B69具有多重耐药性;PCR扩增IMP基因阳性,经测序为IMP-8;粗提酶水解亚胺培南。结论产IMP-8型金属β-内酰胺酶是洛菲不动杆菌B69对碳青霉烯耐药的重要机制。     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌体外抗菌活性分析

目的了解临床分离的59株碳青霉烯酶类抗生素耐药的肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)体外药敏情况。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2Compact全自动细菌分析鉴定系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏,MALDI-TOF MS确认。琼脂稀释法测定临床常用抗生素的最低抑菌浓度。结果分离的菌株以肺炎克雷伯菌为主。59株CRE除对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率100.0%外,对哌拉西林/他巴唑坦和阿莫西林/克拉维酸同样完全耐药。头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、氨曲南耐药率分别为91.5%、98.5%和94.8%。阿米卡星有较好的抗菌活性,耐药率为44.8%。替加环素耐药率最低,为22.0%。结论 CRE耐药率较高,头孢类、青霉素类及其复合制剂单独用药不适合作为本地区CRE菌株抗菌药物,需联合用药。替加环素目前可作为CRE理想用药,阿米卡星也可作为次选。     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌耐药基因传播机制研究现状

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae,CRE)在临床中的分离率越来越高,在抗菌药物的选择性压力下,碳青霉烯酶耐药基因可位于不同的移动元件,在不同种属和同种属细菌之间播散,给临床抗感染治疗带来了极大的困难。对碳青霉烯酶耐药基因可移动元件进行了简要综述,旨在阐明CRE耐药基因传播机制,为CRE感染的预防、治疗及感染的控制提供了参考依据。     

肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶基因的检测

目的了解余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况和碳青霉烯酶耐药基因类型。方法收集2014年3月至12月耐亚胺培南和厄他培南的肠杆菌科细菌18株,进行Hodge试验确认。对于阳性试验菌株采用PCR法检测bla_(KPC)、bla_(NDM-1)、bla_(MH)、bla_(GES)、bla_(SME)、bla_(NmcA)和bla_(SHV-38)七种基因。结果 18株耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌经改良Hodge试验确认阳性11株,占61.1%。经PCR检测显示11株均携带有bla_(KPC)基因,其中肺炎克雷伯菌6株,大肠埃希菌3株,阴沟肠杆菌2株。结论余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药机制主要是bla_(KPC)型碳青霉烯酶。     

摩根摩根菌β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解摩根摩根菌临床分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、头孢菌素酶（AmpC）、金属酶（MBLs）、碳青霉烯酶（KPC）情况,并分析其对17种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 ESBLs和AmpC及MBLs采用三维试验检测,碳青霉烯酶采用改良Hodge试验进行检测,并以K-B法测定17种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 102株摩根摩根菌单产ESBLs 15株,检出率为14.71%;单产AmpC 8株,检出率为7.84%;单产金属β-内酰胺酶（MBLs）3株,检出率为2.94%;所有菌株中未检出碳青霉烯酶（KPC）;同产ESBLs及AmpC 6株,检出率为5.88%;未发现其他双产酶菌株。摩根摩根菌非产酶分离株对17种抗生素的耐药率均低于50.0%;摩根摩根菌产酶分离株对亚胺培南、美罗培南培南的耐药率低于15.0%,与非产酶菌株相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对其余抗生素的耐药率均明显高于非产酶菌株（P〈0.05）。同产ESBLs＋AmpC与耐亚胺培南摩根摩根菌分离株呈多重耐药。结论我院摩根摩根菌分离株产生多种β-内酰胺酶,且对常用抗生素耐药性比较严重,建议临床医师合理使用抗生素,以免耐药菌株的产生。     

鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及碳青霉烯酶检测

目的了解临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性及其产碳青霉烯酶情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法采用MicroScan WalkAway-40全自动微生物分析仪对240株临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,改良的Hodge试验检测耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌产生的碳青霉烯酶,并采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果 240株鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低(20.8%),对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、复方新诺明的耐药率均大于50%;耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶的检出率为64.0%。结论临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严重,碳青霉烯酶是鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因。     

肺结核并发粘质沙雷菌肺部感染的耐药性分析及产ESBLs、AmpC酶和碳青霉烯酶的检测

目的探讨肺结核患者并发粘质沙雷菌肺部感染的耐药现状及ESBLs、AmpC酶、碳青霉烯酶的检测率,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法收集2011年1月至2015年6月从缙云县人民医院肺结核并发粘质沙雷菌肺部感染患者的痰液标本中分离的74株粘质沙雷菌,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,采用双纸片确证试验进行ESBLs检测、头孢西丁三维试验法检测AmpC酶、改良Hodge试验筛选碳青霉烯酶,利用WHONET 5.6软件分析药敏试验数据。结果药敏试验表明粘质沙雷菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、氨曲南的耐药率较高,耐药率均大于60.0%,对妥布霉素、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、丁胺卡那霉素的耐药率较低,耐药率均小于10.0%;在74株粘质沙雷菌中,共有21株产ESBLs,检出率为28.4%;产AmpC酶15株,检出率为20.3%,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶细菌6株,占8.1%;对美罗培南耐药的菌株5株,改良Hodge试验阳性株4株,阳性率为5.4%。结论从肺结核患者分离出的粘质沙雷菌多重耐药率高,耐药机制复杂,耐药性的产生与产ESBLs、AmpC酶、碳青霉烯酶有关,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理用药。     

铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药相关基因的筛选

为了在基因组水平筛选获得铜绿假单胞菌PAO1对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药相关基因,本研究通过构建PAO1转座突变体文库、筛选对亚胺培南、美罗培南和比亚培南耐药及敏感突变株;通过随机PCR、核苷酸测序及序列比对的手段,确定了突变体中转座子的插入位点及其破坏的基因,获得了48个PAO1中对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药和敏感相关的基因,其中27个基因突变后表现为耐药性增强,21个基因突变后表现为药物敏感性增强.本实验筛选获得的48个基因中有5个与Alvarez-Ortega和Dotsch等人筛选的基因重复.通过对PA0011,PA0667及PA3901进行基因敲除及遗传互补,进一步确证这3个基因均与PAO1对碳青霉烯类的耐药性相关.本次筛选发现了38个新的与碳青霉烯类耐药相关的基因,其中包括13个class4类基因.对这些新基因的进一步研究,不仅有利于全面了解铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制及其调控网络,而且有利于药物作用靶点的发现,为有效治疗铜绿假单胞菌的感染提供新思路.     

Antibiotic susceptibility and occurrence of ESBL, IBL and MBL in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains

The aim of this study was to evaluate the drug susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains and to detect strains producing inducible beta-lactamases (IBL), extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), and metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL). During 6 month (October 2005 - March 2006), 66 strains of P. aeruginosa strains were cultured from clinical specimens obtained from patients of two of hospitals in Siedlce and from patients of outpatient clinics. All the strains were identified in the automatic ATB (bio Mérieux). The susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics was tested by standard disc diffusion method. The majority of strains were susceptible to meropenem (89.4%), piperacillin combined with tazobactam (84.8%), ciprofloxacin (84.8%) and piperacillin (83.3%). Many of our strains were resistant to carbenicillin (69.7%), mezlocillin (45.5%), gentamicin (42.4%) and netylmicin (30.3%). 6 strains (9.1%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Inducible beta-lactamases were detected with the use double disc method according to Sanders and Sanders. ESBL-producing strains were detected with double disc test (DDST) according to Jarlier et al. These strains were identified as ESBL-positive on the basis of the DDST were also determined using a double disc (DD) test according to Appleton. Production of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) was examined with the use of Etest MBL (AB Biodisk, Sweden) and the double disc test according to Arakava et al. Sixty-five IBL-producing strains (98.5% of all strains) and three strains (4.5%) with MBL activity were detected. Strains producing extended beta-lactamases (ESBL) were not found.     

Rapid Detection and Differentiation of KPC and MBL Carbapenemases among Enterobacterales Isolates by a Modified Combined-Disk Test

This study was conducted to develop a cheap, rapid, and accurate modified combined-disk test (mCDT) approach to detect and differentiate KPC and MBL carbapenemases among clinical carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates and simultaneously distinguish them from carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales (CSE) isolates. A total of 163 CRE and 90 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates were tested using imipenem and meropenem disks and different concentrations of carbapenemase inhibitors. The optimal sensitivity and specificity for detecting KPC carbapenemase were 97.2% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting MBL carbapenemase were 100% and 100% with imipenem or meropenem and carbapenemase inhibitors within six hours. The inhibitory zone diameter of 18 mm for imipenem or meropenem disks without inhibitor could distinguish CRE from CSE isolates. Therefore, this mCDT approach may be a useful tool in clinical laboratories to detect CRE isolates and differentiate KPC and MBL producers, which is beneficial for patient management and hospital infection prevention and control. Open in a separate window     

Antibiotic susceptibility and occurrence of ESBL in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different clinical specimens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the drug susceptibility of 132 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients hospitalized in SPSK University Hospital in Bialystok. The isolates were obtained from clinical specimens over an 11-month period in 2001 and 2002. All the strains were identified in automatic ATB system using API 20 NE strips, and their susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by standard disc-diffusion method and agar dilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for five antibiotics: piperacillin, amikacin, ceftazidime, imipenem and ciprofloxacin. The majority of strains were susceptible to ceftazidime (91.7%), piperacillin combined with tazobactam (85.6%), amikacin (80.3%), meropenem and imipenem (81.8%). Many of our strains were resistant to cefotaxime (73.5%), ticarcillin (53%) and ciprofloxacin (48.5%). Also, the trial was undertaken to detect strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and inducible beta-lactamases (IBL) among P. aeruginosa rods isolated from different specimens. ESBL-producing strains were detected with double disc test (DDST) and combination double disc (CD) test. Clavulanate was applied as the inhibitor of these beta-lactamases. Strains producing ESBL were not found. On the other hand, as many as 127 P. aeruginosa strains (96.2%) produced inducible beta-lactamases (IBL).     

In vitro activity of three different antimicrobial agents against ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae blood isolates

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) usually associated with multiple drug resistance, including beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics. This resistance can cause Limitation in the choice of drugs appropriate for using in clinical practice, especially in life-threatening infections. In this study we aimed to investigate in vitro activity of meropenem, ciprofloxacine and amikacin against ESBL-producing and non-producing blood isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Fifty-eight E. coli (21 ESBL-producing, 37 non-ESBL producing) and 99 K. pneumoniae (54 ESBL-producing, 45 non-ESBL producing) strains were included in the study. The presence of ESBL was investigated by double disk synergy test and E-test methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by microdilution method according to NCCLS guideline. In vitro susceptibilities of ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains were found as 100% for meropenem, 33.3% and 25.9% for ciprofloxacine, 94.5% and 83.3% for amikacin. It was observed that; meropenem was equally active agent in both ESBL-producing and non-producing strains, and its activity was not affected by ESBL production. Whereas amikacin activity was minimally affected and ciprofloxacine activity was markedly decreased by ESBL production. In conclusion, meropenem seems to be better choice of antibiotic should be used for ESBL positive life-threatening infections, because of remaining highest activity.     

300 株鲍曼不动杆菌琼脂稀释法与纸片扩散法药敏检测结果比较

目的:比较琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对鲍曼不动杆菌的药敏试验结果。方法:随机挑选的300株鲍曼不动杆菌,检测其标本及科室的分布情况,并采用琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法检测鲍曼不动杆菌对环丙沙星(CIP)、庆大霉素(CN)、阿米卡星(AK)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、头孢吡肟(FEP)、左氧氟沙星(LEV)、氨苄西林-舒巴坦(SAM)、妥布霉素(TOB)、美洛培南(MEN)、米诺环素(MH)、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(SCF)11种抗菌药物的敏感性,比较两种检测结果的差异。结果:300株鲍曼不动杆菌主要分布在痰液标本中,共214株,占71.3%,主要来源于ICU 101株(33.7%)及脑外科59株(19.7%)。药敏检测结果显示,两种检测方法所得的SCF和MH的敏感性差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其他9种抗菌药物的药敏检测结果差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对鲍曼不动杆菌药敏试验结果并不完全一致,临床用药时尤其要注意SCF和MH这两种药物药敏结果的可靠性。     

腰椎间盘突出症260例临床分析

目的：总结腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点及诊治要点。方法：回顾性分析260例腰椎间盘突出症手术患者的临床资料。结果：直腿抬高与影像学检查结果符合率为100％,治疗优良率这88．08％,有效率100％。结论：腰、下肢和臀部疼痛、下肢麻木、体位改变、运动障碍、感觉障碍、肌萎缩都是腰椎间盘突出症的主要临床表现;直腿抬高试验高试验可作为早期诊断的重要参考指标,要要根据患者体征、病程等具体情况选择适合的最佳治法。     

ONPG圆片的制备和应用

用国产材料及试剂,自制β－半乳糖甙酶试验用ＯＮＰＧ圆片。经过菌种试验和临床实验室应用证明,使用此种圆片与常规试管法和国外的同类圆片进行对比试验,所得结果完全一致。此种圆片使用方便,易于保存,可以长期使用,且节约试剂,达到国外同类制品的质量,有助于保证和提高细菌鉴定工作质量。     

奇异变形杆菌耐药性的4年监测及碳青霉烯类耐药株的耐药机制研究

目的了解本地区2007年到2010年奇异变形杆菌的临床分布与常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,了解碳青霉烯类耐药菌株可能存在的机制。方法回顾分析2007年到2010年临床分离奇异变形杆菌的资料及整体耐药情况;对保存的耐亚胺培南（IPM）、美罗培南（MEM）或厄他培南（ETP）的菌株进行复苏,并做Hoage试验进行产碳青霉烯酶的确认,同时对试验菌株进行耐药基因的PCR扩增检测。结果2007年到2010年,奇异变形杆菌在临床各送检样本中以痰液分离率最高：51．1％、34．4％、22．1％和35．4％,其次为尿液：14．3％、28．O％、34．9％和33．6％;耐药监测分析显示,4年间对喹诺酮类、青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氨基糖苷类耐药率相对较高且较为稳定;对碳青霉烯类耐药最低但增加明显,亚胺培南从2007年的1．8％升到2010年的16．1％,美罗培南从2007年的1．7％升到2010年的16．8％。15株耐碳青霉烯类菌株中,Hoage试验阳性7株,6fn。基因阳性11株,blaCTX-M基因阳性13株。结论本地区奇异变形杆菌对临床常用的抗菌药物均有较高的耐药性,对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率最低,但增加明显。位于质粒上的blaKPc基因所产生的碳青霉烯酶和6如cTx-M基因所产生的超广谱β-内酰胺酶是本菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,临床应引起高度重视。     

Tobacco mosaic virus protein: kinetic and equilibrium studies on the pH-dependent transition. A-protein yields double disc.

Concentration dependent and temperature dependent stopped-flow experiments on the transition A-protein→double disc show a triphasic reaction consisting of a nucleation phase, a propagation phase and a slow redistribution of polymer size which involves the dissociation of “overshoot” aggregates into double discs and smaller aggregates. No first order rate process is observed under the present experimental conditions. Equilibrium circular dichroism data and preliminary kinetic data at various temperatures indicate a change at about 21°C which might be correlated to a partial transition double disc→helix parallelled by a further shift in the equilibrium of double disc formation; from both data the thermodynamic and activation parameters for the A-protein→double disc transition are estimated.     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌的流行病学特点与治疗现状

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE)是近年来检出率不断升高的一种临床常见耐药菌,是导致患者死亡的独立危险因素。CRE的出现主要是由于细菌产碳青霉烯酶,包括肺炎克雷伯菌产生的碳青霉烯酶(Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase,KPC)、金属β-内酰胺酶(metallo-β-lactamase,MBL)和 苯唑西林酶(oxacillinase,OXA),少数是由于细菌外膜蛋白改变以及外排泵高表达。临床上最常见的CRE是肺炎克雷伯菌,最常暴发CRE感染的科室是重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU),感染高危因素包括接触医疗机构、各种侵入性操作以及抗菌药物使用史。由于缺乏前瞻性临床试验数据,目前在治疗CRE感染的高危患者时多采用多药联合的经验性治疗措施,一些经典药物如多黏菌素、替加环素、磷霉素等起到了意想不到的效果,一些新药如头孢他啶-阿维巴坦也投入使用并发挥了一定作用。本文就近年来CRE感染的流行病学特点以及目前临床上主要使用的药物进行综述。