裂殖酵母SAGA复合物亚基Spt20参与钙调蛋白磷酸酶调节的Cl-胞内平衡

SAGA(Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase)复合物是真核生物中高度保守的蛋白复合体, 参与转录激活、mRNA转运等诸多生物学过程。为了探究SAGA复合物亚基的潜在生物学功能, 文章以裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)SAGA复合物核心结构亚基Spt20为诱饵蛋白进行酵母双杂交筛选, 获得了Ppb1蛋白。Ppb1是真核生物重要信号分子-钙调蛋白磷酸酶的催化亚基。酵母双杂交验证及免疫共沉淀实验均表明Spt20与Ppb1可以在体内发生蛋白相互作用。裂殖酵母ppb1+缺失突变体对高浓度Cl-敏感, 而spt20+缺失突变体则能抵抗高浓度的外源Cl-, 维持细胞的正常生长。荧光共定位分析表明, 当外源Cl-浓度升高时, Ppb1蛋白能够从细胞质迁移入核, 与Spt20蛋白在细胞核内发生共定位。遗传分析显示, spt20+缺失可以抑制ppb1+缺失突变体对Cl-高度敏感的表型, spt20+与ppb1+处于Cl-平衡调节的同一通路, 且spt20+位于ppb1+的下游。上述结果表明, spt20+缺失突变体耐受外源高浓度Cl-, Spt20参与了钙调蛋白磷酸酶调节的Cl-胞内平衡。在高等生物中胞内Cl-浓度异常升高与心肌缺血/再灌注损伤等疾病的发生密切相关。鉴于Spt20在真核生物中高度保守, Spt20可能成为潜在的药物靶点应用于Cl-失衡相关疾病的防治中。     

酿酒酵母耐受单萜类化合物的机理研究进展

增强酿酒酵母对单萜的耐受性对于利用其生产单萜和利用含有单萜的生物质均具有重要意义.深入了解酿酒酵母应对单萜胁迫机理有助于构建一株较高单萜耐受性的酵母菌株,该菌株将有助于更高效率的单萜生产效率.研究表明,单萜会破坏酿酒酵母体内的氧化还原平衡,造成活性氧积累并进而导致菌体死亡.为了应对单萜诱发氧胁迫造成的损伤,酿酒酵母需要系统提升其抗氧化能力.本文归纳了酿酒酵母耐受多种典型单萜化合物胁迫机制的研究进展,并从酿酒酵母自身抗氧化机制方面,介绍了酿酒酵母应对氧胁迫的策略,并提出了进一步研究的方向.     

细胞膜蛋白与细胞骨架蛋白相互作用研究进展

细胞膜蛋白与胞浆骨架蛋白的相互作用对于维持细胞正常形态,细胞粘附与信号传导有重要作用,含有4.1/JEF结构域的蛋白4.1超家族与含有PDZ结构域的MAGUK蛋白家族能结合多种膜蛋白胞内区与胞浆蛋白,在膜蛋白与胞浆蛋白之间建立联系,对于细胞、细胞-细胞间连接的正常结构与功能的维持有着重要作用。     

Complexin 蛋白的研究进展

细胞中囊泡释放过程的SNARE假说认为SNARE(SolubleN ethyl maleimidesensitivefusionpro teinattachmentproteinreceptor)复合体是在突触囊泡和突触前膜融合过程中的基本元件。在这个过程中 ,还有许多蛋白质分子参与调控 ,如目前认为作为钙感受器的Synaptotagmin ,调节Syntaxin结合状态的nSec1,与NSF一起调节SNARE复合体解聚的alpha SNAP ,以及能与alpha SNAP竞争结合SNARE复合体的Complexin。本文就Complexin的研究状况作一介绍。     

人红细胞膜带3蛋白结构研究进展

人红细胞膜带３蛋白由９１１个氨基酸组成,可分为Ｎ端胞质域和Ｃ端膜域。最新研究结果表明,α螺旋含一较高的跨膜域往返跨膜１２次,在细胞膜中,带３蛋白主要以二聚体和四聚体形式存在,尽管其中的单体可独立地转运阴离子,然而二聚体中的两个单体之间存在着相互作用。     

调控乳酸菌酸胁迫抗性研究进展

作为工业化的细胞工厂,乳酸菌广泛应用于食品、农业和医药等行业。酸胁迫是乳酸菌在发酵生产以及作为益生菌在人体胃肠道系统中广泛存在的一种环境胁迫,严重影响乳酸菌的生理功能。近年来,随着系统生物学和代谢工程等技术的发展,为进一步揭示乳酸菌酸胁迫抗性机制并提高其耐酸性能带来了可能。本文综述了乳酸菌酸胁迫研究进展,介绍了乳酸菌应对酸胁迫的生理机制,并提出了提升乳酸菌酸胁迫抗性的策略。     

水稻转座子研究进展

转座子是植物基因组的重要组成部分,对于研究植物基因组进化等具有重要意义。随着水稻全基因组测序计划的开展和完成,水稻转座子研究取得了极大进展,目前已经在水稻基因组中发现了几乎所有类型的转座子,约占水稻基因组的35%。在正常情况下,大多数水稻转座子不具有转座活性,但是在特定的条件下（如组织培养或辐射等）,水稻基因组中沉默的转座子可以被激活,从而可能导致插入突变并影响基因的表达。在水稻中已鉴定出6个有活性的转座子,其中Tos17已被应用到水稻功能基因组研究中。转座子序列的新的分子标记转座子展示（transposon display,TD）现已被开发,并在水稻遗传作图和遗传分化研究中得到应用。     

水稻转座子研究进展

转座子是植物基因组的重要组成部分, 对于研究植物基因组进化等具有重要意义。随着水稻全基因组测序计划的开展和完成, 水稻转座子研究取得了极大进展, 目前已经在水稻基因组中发现了几乎所有类型的转座子, 约占水稻基因组的35%。在正常情况下, 大多数水稻转座子不具有转座活性, 但是在特定的条件下(如组织培养或辐射等), 水稻基因组中沉默的转座子可以被激活, 从而可能导致插入突变并影响基因的表达。在水稻中已鉴定出6个有活性的转座子, 其中Tos17已被应用到水稻功能基因组研究中。转座子序列的新的分子标记转座子展示(transposon display, TD)现已被开发, 并在水稻遗传作图和遗传分化研究中得到应用     

酿酒酵母Cdk1抑制蛋白的研究进展

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1(cyclin-dependent kinase 1,Cdk1)是真核生物细胞周期调控的核心,也是维持基因组稳定性的重要激酶,其活性受到严格调控.CDK抑制蛋白(cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor,CKI)是调节其活性的一类关键负调控因子,CKI功能失活导致细胞不受控制地增殖,促进癌症的发生发展.酿酒酵母作为细胞周期研究的重要模式生物,在揭示CDK活性调控机制中发挥着重要作用.酿酒酵母中已发现的Cdk1抑制蛋白CKI包括Far1、Sic1以及最近鉴定的Cip1蛋白.这三个CKI蛋白在不同细胞时期中,通过抑制Cdk1活性调控细胞周期的进程.此外,CKI还在应对环境胁迫,保持基因组稳定性中发挥重要作用.本文对酿酒酵母Cdk1抑制蛋白CKI的研究进展,尤其是CKI在细胞周期运转及胁迫应答中的作用做出综述,以期为细胞周期及癌症的基础研究提供模式依据.     

The Abundant Histone Chaperones Spt6 and FACT Collaborate to Assemble,Inspect, and Maintain Chromatin Structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt6 protein is a conserved chromatin factor with several distinct functional domains, including a natively unstructured 30-residue N-terminal region that binds competitively with Spn1 or nucleosomes. To uncover physiological roles of these interactions, we isolated histone mutations that suppress defects caused by weakening Spt6:Spn1 binding with the spt6-F249K mutation. The strongest suppressor was H2A-N39K, which perturbs the point of contact between the two H2A-H2B dimers in an assembled nucleosome. Substantial suppression also was observed when the H2A-H2B interface with H3-H4 was altered, and many members of this class of mutations also suppressed a defect in another essential histone chaperone, FACT. Spt6 is best known as an H3-H4 chaperone, but we found that it binds with similar affinity to H2A-H2B or H3-H4. Like FACT, Spt6 is therefore capable of binding each of the individual components of a nucleosome, but unlike FACT, Spt6 did not produce endonuclease-sensitive reorganized nucleosomes and did not displace H2A-H2B dimers from nucleosomes. Spt6 and FACT therefore have distinct activities, but defects can be suppressed by overlapping histone mutations. We also found that Spt6 and FACT together are nearly as abundant as nucleosomes, with ∼24,000 Spt6 molecules, ∼42,000 FACT molecules, and ∼75,000 nucleosomes per cell. Histone mutations that destabilize interfaces within nucleosomes therefore reveal multiple spatial regions that have both common and distinct roles in the functions of these two essential and abundant histone chaperones. We discuss these observations in terms of different potential roles for chaperones in both promoting the assembly of nucleosomes and monitoring their quality.     

UBX domain-containing proteins are involved in lipid homeostasis and stress responses in Pichia pastoris

Ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing proteins constitute a family of proteins and are substrate adaptors of AAA ATPase Cdc48. UBX proteins can bind to the N-terminal region of Cdc48 to perform endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation (ERAD). In this study, we identified two UBX domain-containing proteins, Ubx1 and Ubx2, in Pichia pastoris and found that the two proteins could recover the growth defect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ubx2Δ. Our results revealed that Ubx1 and Ubx2 play critical roles in synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by affecting Spt23. In addition, the results demonstrated that both Ubx1 and Ubx2 are involved in lipid droplet formation and protein degradation. Deletion of UBX1 led to increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and disruption of UBX2 impaired cell viability under osmotic stress. The phenotypes of ubx1Δ+UBX2, ubx2Δ+UBX1 and ubx1Δubx2Δ and RNA-seq data suggested that Ubx1 and Ubx2 play different roles in cell functions, and the roles of Ubx1 may be more numerous than Ubx2. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the relationship between lipid homeostasis and cell functions in the oil-producing organism P. pastoris.     

Human TSG101 does not replace Saccharomyces cerevisiae VPS23 role in the quality control of plasma membrane proteins

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae VPS23 (STP22) gene is implicated in the control of vesicle movement and quality of plasma membrane proteins. VPS23 mutants have defects either in removing defective membrane proteins such as alpha-mating factor receptor and arginine permease. The human ortholog TSG101 and its variants, isolated from tumor cells, do not substitute VPS23 in its ability to rescue the phenotype of defective plasma membrane proteins.     

酿酒酵母氧化胁迫应答反应机制

氧化胁迫是生物体面对逆境时的重要反应。在与逆境和活性氧做斗争的过程中,细胞进化出一套完整的应答调控机制,通过调节体内活性氧的代谢平衡,来保护DNA、脂质和蛋白质等免受氧化攻击。本文以酿酒酵母为例,根据近年来国内外研究的进展,围绕其在氧化胁迫应答过程中的三道保护屏障,即抗氧化物质和防御酶系统、转录调节和氧化物降解以及细胞器自噬,综述了其抗氧化代谢机理,为深入认识细胞的抗氧化应答机制奠定基础。     

Simultaneous synthesis and assembly of various hepatitis B surface proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast transposon of class-1 -based vectors, allowing integration at a series of chromosomal loci by homologous recombination with resident transposons, were constructed. Using such vectors, we have introduced several copies of an expression cassette encoding the major hepatitis B surface protein as well as expression cassettes encoding the middle (M) or/and the large (L) surface protein into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In extracts of such strains, coassembly of the different proteins into a single lipoprotein structure is observed. This was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the major protein using monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against epitopes that are present only on the M or the L protein. These results show that hepatitis B surface antigen envelope proteins synthesized in yeast are able to assemble into structures composed of different polypeptides. This opens the possibility of producing in yeast a variety of particles carrying well-defined amounts of preS epitopes on their surface. Also, one can envisage the production of mixed particles containing different foreign epitopes on their surface, in defined relative abundance, which could be useful for vaccine applications.