二氢杨梅素对高糖诱导的H9C2心肌细胞损伤的影响

目的探讨二氢杨梅素（DHM）对高糖（HG）诱导的心肌细胞H9C2损伤的影响及机制。 方法细胞处理分为对照组、35 mmol/L HG组、35mmol/L HG+50 μmol/L DHM组及50 μmol/L DHM组。CCK-8法检测细胞活力,化学比色法检测丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）水平,流式细胞术检测ROS水平;荧光定量PCR法及Elisa法分别检测TNFα、IL1β、IL6 mRNA和含量,Western Blotting检测p-IκBα、IκBα蛋白及核蛋白NF-κB p65的表达水平。采用单因素方差分析进行组间比较。 结果对照组、35mmol/?L HG组、35?mmol/L HG+50?μmol/L DHM组、35?mmol/L HG+100?μmol/L DHM组的细胞活力分别是（100±0.00） ﹪、（52.23±5.69） ﹪、（74.58±6.12） ﹪和（86.04±3.76）﹪,差异具有统计学意义（F?= 40.61,P?< 0.01）。对照组、35?mmol/L HG组和35?mmol/L HG+100?μmol/L DHM组的MDA和ROS水平,SOD和CAT活性分别是（0.44±0.06）?nmol/?ml,（2.33±0.40）?nmol/?ml,（1.48±0.41）?nmol/ml、（156.0±9.00）U/ml,（325.3±10.69）U/ml,（244.0±9.54）?U/ml,（10.62± 1.59）?U/?ml,（5.18±0.34）U/ml,（7.75±0.53）U/ml,（11.31±0.98）?U/ml,（5.20±1.12）?U/?ml和（8.06±0.66）U/ml,差异具有统计学意义（F?= 30.34,29.75,14.72,P均< 0.01）。DHM预处理可明显拮抗HG对H9C2心肌细胞TNFα、IL1β和IL6 mRNA及含量的上调作用,差异存在统计学意义（P?均< 0.01）。DHM可抑制HG对H9C2心肌细胞p-IκBα/?IκBα蛋白和核蛋白NF-κB p65表达的增加作用,差异存在统计学意义（P均< 0.01）。 结论DHM可拮抗HG诱导的H9C2心肌细胞损伤,这可能与其抑制NF-κB信号通路有关。     

肌肽通过调节JNK和NF-kappaB通路抑制高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡

高血糖症是糖尿病并发心血管疾病的重要危险因素. 高血糖诱导产生的活性氧（ROS）能够引起糖尿病心肌病.我们的前期工作已经证实,肌肽对高糖环境下细胞凋亡具有保护作用,但其机制尚未明确.为研究肌肽对高糖诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用及相关信号机制,以高糖诱导心肌细胞H9c2为模型,采用Brdu-ELISA法检测细胞增殖过程中DNA合成情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,免疫印迹实验检测JNK/c-Jun、NF-κB的磷酸化水平,RT-PCR检测TNF-α的mRNA表达. 实验结果显示,肌肽能够提高高糖损伤的H9c2细胞增殖能力,降低心肌细胞凋亡,抑制高糖激活的JNK、c-Jun和NF-κB磷酸化水平及TNFα的mRNA表达. 上述结果表明,肌肽拮抗高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡机制与抑制p-JNK /p-c-Jun、p-NF-κB水平和TNF-α表达有关.     

二苯乙烯苷通过抑制NF-κB的激活减轻MPP+诱导 的PC12细胞凋亡

目的:探讨2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-o-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystibene-2-o-β-D-glucoside,TSG)对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(1-methy-4-phenylpyridinium,MPP+)诱导PC12细胞凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法:四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色试验检测PC12细胞活性;Hoechst33258染色法测定细胞凋亡;Westernblotting检测NF-κB(P65)和IκBα蛋白的表达。结果:MPP+(300μmol/L)作用于PC12细胞24h后,与正常对照组比较,细胞存活率降低(53.3±3.4%)(P<0.01);细胞染色质固缩,细胞核呈致密浓染。TSG(1,5,10μmol/L)预处理24h后,细胞存活率增加(60.8±1.9%),(70.1±1.8%)(P<0.01),(81.2±1.9%)(P<0.01);细胞核凝聚明显减少,且具有量一效关系。另外,MPP+可使PC12细胞核中NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达升高,细胞浆中IκBα蛋白表达降低;与MPP+处理组细胞相比,TSG预处理后,PC12细胞核中高表达的NF-κB(P65)蛋白水平明显降低,细胞浆中低表达的IκBα蛋白水平升高。结论:TSG对MPP+诱导的PC12细胞凋亡具有浓度依赖性的抑制作用,其作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB的激活有关。     

高糖通过诱导HT22细胞衰老和凋亡抑制细胞生长

目的探讨高糖(High glucose,HG)对小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22细胞的生长抑制作用,分析其是否通过HG诱导细胞衰老以及凋亡而实现。方法采用台盼蓝染色计数法检测细胞生长状况并绘制生长曲线,β-半乳糖苷酶(Senescence associated acidic-β-galactosidas,SA-β-Gal)染色法检测衰老的HT22细胞,Hoechst 33258染色法检测HT22细胞凋亡形态。结果(1)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml,48h)能显著抑制HT22细胞生长(P0.05,P0.01);(2)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml)处理48h可明显诱导SA-β-Gal染色阳性率增加(P0.001);(3)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml,48h)能诱导HT22细胞发生凋亡(P0.001),且呈浓度依赖性。结论 HG可通过诱导HT22细胞衰老和凋亡而抑制HT22细胞生长。     

二苯乙烯苷通过抑制NF-κB的激活减轻MPP＋诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

目的：探讨2,3,5,4＇-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-o-β-D-葡萄糖苷（2,3,5,4＇-tetrahydroxystibene-2-o-β-D-glucoside,TSG）对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（1-methy-4-phenylpyridinium,MPP＋）诱导PC12细胞凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法：四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）比色试验检测PC12细胞活性;Hoechst33258染色法测定细胞凋亡;Westernblotting检测NF-κB（P65）和IκBα蛋白的表达。结果：MPP＋（300μmol/L）作用于PC12细胞24h后,与正常对照组比较,细胞存活率降低（53.3±3.4%）（P〈0.01）;细胞染色质固缩,细胞核呈致密浓染。TSG（1,5,10μmol/L）预处理24h后,细胞存活率增加（60.8±1.9%）,（70.1±1.8%）（P〈0.01）,（81.2±1.9%）（P〈0.01）;细胞核凝聚明显减少,且具有量一效关系。另外,MPP＋可使PC12细胞核中NF-κB（P65）蛋白表达升高,细胞浆中IκBα蛋白表达降低;与MPP＋处理组细胞相比,TSG预处理后,PC12细胞核中高表达的NF-κB（P65）蛋白水平明显降低,细胞浆中低表达的IκBα蛋白水平升高。结论：TSG对MPP＋诱导的PC12细胞凋亡具有浓度依赖性的抑制作用,其作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB的激活有关。     

β-淀粉样蛋白通过激活caspase-3诱导PC12细胞凋亡

目的探讨β-淀粉样蛋白25-35片段（Aβ25-35）对体外培养的大鼠嗜铬瘤细胞PC12细胞促凋亡机制。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法观察不同浓度的Aβ25-35干预PC12细胞24h后的细胞活性;将细胞分为对照组、实验组（即20 mmol/L Aβ25-35组）,流式细胞技术观察两组PC12细胞凋亡率;免疫细胞化学染色法观察PC12细胞凋亡基因caspase-3的表达。结果PC12细胞活性呈Aβ25-35剂量依赖性降低,且浓度为20 mmol/L时降低最显著;PC12细胞实验组的凋亡率为23.03%±1.22%,对照组为2.42%±0.87%（P〈0.01）;caspase-3实验组的阳性表达较对照组明显增加（P〈0.01）。结论Aβ可通过激活促凋亡基因caspase-3诱导PC12细胞凋亡。     

梓醇对氧糖剥夺诱导PC1 2 细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：观察梓醇对氧糖剥夺（OGD）诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用。方法：采用Hoechst 33258 DNA染色法,四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）检测细胞活性;化学比色法测定乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的释放量,用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡比例以及P53和Bcl-2蛋白。结果：OGD可导致PC12细胞活力明显下降,LDH释放量增加、P53蛋白表达上升,Bcl-2蛋白表达下降。梓醇可明显改善细胞形态结构,显著降低LDH释放量、降低P53蛋白的表达,提高Bcl-2蛋白的表达,降低细胞凋亡率。结论：梓醇通过调节细胞凋亡相关基因的表达而抑制细胞凋亡。     

二氢杨梅素通过抑制铁自噬而抑制铁超载诱导的肝星状细胞活化

目的 肝星状细胞（HSCs）是肝纤维化（HF）过程中细胞外基质（ECM）的主要来源,在HF的发生发展中起着重要作用。二氢杨梅素（DMY）具有保肝作用,但机制不清。本研究观察了DMY对枸橼酸铁铵（FAC）诱导HSC-T6细胞活化的影响,并探讨了可能的机制。方法 采用MTT法检测细胞活力,ELISA法检测培养上清中ECM主要成分的含量,普鲁士蓝染色观察HSC-T6细胞铁沉积,比色法测定HSC-T6细胞总铁含量,钙黄绿素法检测细胞内游离铁水平,透射电镜观察HSC-T6细胞超微结构。蛋白质免疫印迹法检测铁蛋白重链1（FTH1）、α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、核受体辅活化子4（NCOA4）、微管相关蛋白1轻链3（LC3）和p62/SQSTM1的表达。结果 与FAC组比较,DMY+FAC组细胞培养液中ECM主要成分、细胞内总铁和游离铁水平、细胞中α-SMA、NCOA4和LC3-Ⅱ表达以及LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值均显著降低,而FTH1和p62蛋白表达显著上调。雷帕霉素部分阻断DMY抑制FAC诱导的HSCs活化的作用。结论 DMY可抑制铁超载诱导的HSCs活化,其机制可能与抑制铁自噬有关。     

α-硫辛酸对6-羟多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的影响

实验运用PC12细胞系研究6-羟多巴胺的细胞毒性作用以及α-硫辛酸抗6-羟多巴胺毒性的作用及其机制.用MTT法测定显示6-OHDA使细胞存活率降低至56.8%,细胞突起变短、胞质浓缩、核质深染,细胞贴壁能力下降,胞膜损伤.原位末端dUTP标记法(TUNEL)显示阳性标记细胞,表明6-OHDA引起PC12细胞产生坏死和凋亡.流式细胞仪分析表明6-OHDA作用后凋亡细胞比例达20.09%.运用α-硫辛酸预处理后,能明显预防6-OHDA的毒性作用,可使细胞存活率上升,凋亡细胞比例降低至3.09%,α-硫辛酸的作用与提高细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量有关.     

Overexpression of LIM Kinase 1 Renders Resistance to Apoptosis in PC12 Cells by Inhibition of Caspase Activation

LIM kinases (LIMKs) regulate actin polymerization by phosphorylating cofilin and are predominantly expressed in neural tissue. In this study, the effect of LIMK1 overexpression in PC12 cell apoptosis was investigated. PC12 cells overexpressing the wild-type LIMK1 were more resistant to serum-withdrawal-induced cell death and the level of caspase 3 activation in these cells was lower than in the control PC12 cells or than in the PC12 cells expressing a mutant LIMK1 lacking the kinase domain. The inhibition of JNK activation was observed in the PC12 cells overexpressing the wild-type LIMK1 after serum withdrawal. These results suggest that the LIMK1 might allow resistance to apoptosis in PC12 cells by inhibiting JNK activation.     

Inhibition of Drug-Induced Apoptosis by Survival Factors in PC12 Cells

Abstract: Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells have been shown to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) when deprived of serum and to be rescued by nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, aurintricarboxylic acid, or exogenous expression of bcl-2 . We show here that the cytotoxic drugs cycloheximide, actinomycin D, colchicine, and EGTA also induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. These findings prompted us to investigate whether apoptosis induced by these drugs involves similar pathways in each case, and whether the factors preventing the apoptotic death of serum-deprived PC12 cells can also protect the cells from apoptosis induced by the cytotoxic drugs. Nerve growth factor, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and expression of bcl-2 inhibited apoptosis induced by all four cytotoxic drugs. Fibroblast growth factor inhibited apoptosis induced by EGTA or colchicine. Aurintricarboxylic acid inhibited apoptosis induced by EGTA. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by treatments with the various drugs is mediated by different initiating pathways, all of which converge into a final, common pathway. Nerve growth factor, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and bcl-2 appear to affect the final common pathway, whereas fibroblast growth factor and aurincarboxylic acid appear to be more specific and affect only some of the pathways.     

过表达CREG抑制高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡

目的：探讨E1A激活基因阻遏子（Cellular repressor of ElA-stimulated genes,CREG）在高糖引起的人脐静脉内皮细胞（Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells,HUVECs）损伤中的作用,为寻找糖尿病血管病变新的治疗靶点提供实验依据。方法：采用胶原酶消化法分离原代HUVECs,并用内皮细胞标志物CD31免疫荧光染色进行鉴定。分别用含有5．5mmol／1葡萄糖（正常糖对照组）、5．5mmol／1葡萄糖＋27．5mmol／1甘露醇（渗透压对照组）或33mmol／l葡萄糖（高糖组）的培养液培养HUVECs48h。WesternBlot检测剪切体caspase-3表达;AnnexinV／PI双染后流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。通过感染表达CREG基因的腺病毒获得CREG过表达的HUvECs,WesternBlot及流式细胞术评价CREG过表达对HUVECs凋亡的影响。结果：高糖处理48h后,HUVECs内剪切体caspase-3的蛋白表达增加,细胞凋亡率增加;过表达CREG后,高糖处理的HUVECs内剪切体Caspase-3表达和凋亡细胞比例均明显降低,但仍高于正常糖对照组。结论：CREG过表达可抑制高糖引起的HUVECs凋亡。     

高糖通过线粒体途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡

线粒体途径是细胞凋亡的重要途径之一. 在特定的刺激下,例如高糖条件,可以通过caspase依赖性和非依赖性两种途径诱导多种细胞凋亡.但线粒体凋亡途径在高糖引起成骨细胞凋亡中所起的作用,目前尚不清楚.本研究证明,高糖可以通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡.Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞学检测显示,高糖可诱导MC3T3-E1细胞凋亡.Western印迹检测发现,不同浓度D-葡萄糖（11,22,33 mmol/L）可以引起线粒体中Bax蛋白表达的增加,使Bax蛋白由细胞质中易位到线粒体,激活了线粒体凋亡途径.JC-1荧光探针检测证实,高糖处理成骨细胞后,线粒体膜电位明显降低,表明线粒体途径被激活.而细胞质中的细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）表达增加,细胞色素c和AIF从线粒体中释放到细胞质中,释放到细胞质中的细胞色素c使caspase-3、caspase-9剪切活化,从而激活了caspase依赖性凋亡途径.因此,线粒体凋亡途径可能是高糖诱导成骨细胞凋亡过程中一个重要的途径.     

依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：探讨依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PCI2细胞凋亡的影响。方法：体外培养PCI2细胞,并分为依达拉奉对硝普钠保护组（含500μmol／L硝普钠和75μmol／L依达拉奉）、硝普钠诱导组（含500μmol／L硝普钠）和对照组。采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖率：流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡情况;Western-blot检i受4凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2和凋亡促进蛋白Bad的表达。结果：与对照组相比,硝普钠处理的PCI2细胞增殖率显著降低,而细胞凋亡率显著升高,细胞内Bcl-2的表达显著减少,而Bad的表显著增加,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;与单纯硝普钠诱导组相比,依达拉奉处理组细的胞增殖率显著增加而细胞凋亡率显著减少,同时Bcl－2的表达显著增加,而Bad的表达明显减少,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PCI2细胞凋亡具有抑制作用,可能通过增加Bcl-2的表达并降低Bad的表达发挥抗凋亡作用。     

CrmA Protects Against Apoptosis and Ceramide Formation in PC12 Cells

TNF- activated caspase 8 and caspase 3 in PC12 cells, leading to cell death by apoptosis (DNA fragmentation). TNF- caspase activation and cell killing were blocked by transfection and overexpression of the viral protein CrmA, which specifically inhibits caspase 8. CrmA was also able to block the TNF--induced increase in ceramide formation in PC12 cells. Conversely, if caspase 8 was activated by light-activated Rose Bengal, there was an increase in both ceramide and caspase 3–mediated apoptosis, which was blocked by CrmA overexpression. This suggested that caspase 8 increases ceramide either by increasing its synthesis or by activating sphingomyelinase. Since fumonisin B1 did not block and sphingomyelin decreased when ceramide increased, we concluded that activation of sphingomyelinase is the most likely mechanism. The Rose Bengal activation of caspase 8 and increased ceramide formation was blocked with IETD-CHO, to show that reactive oxygen species (also generated by Rose Bengal) were not responsible for the observed increase in ceramide. Thus in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, ceramide appears to amplify the death signal and there appears to be a sequence of events: TNF; TRADD, pro-caspase 8, caspase 8, sphingomyelinase, ceramide, caspase 3, apoptosis.     

三七素对谷氨酸损伤的PC12 细胞的影响

目的:研究三七素对谷氨酸损伤的PC12细胞的影响。方法:用谷氨酸复制体外培养的PC12细胞损伤模型,采用MTT法、Hoechst33342/PI双重染色法分别研究高、低剂量三七素对谷氨酸所致的PC12细胞损伤的影响。结果:谷氨酸刺激后,PC12细胞存活率较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)、凋亡显著增强(P<0.05)。给予高剂量三七素可加重谷氨酸引起的PC12增殖力降低、凋亡增强。但低剂量三七素干预后,细胞存活率较模型组显著升高(P<0.05),凋亡较模型组明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:高剂量三七素可加重谷氨酸对PC12细胞的损伤,但低剂量三七素可显著减轻谷氨酸对PC12细胞的损伤,但具体机制尚有待于进一步研究。     

Protective Effects of Paeonia lactiflora Pall on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of Paeonia lactiflora pall (PLE). Total phenolic content of PLE was 89.65 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of PLE. IC₅₀ values for reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were 297.57, 3.33, and 32.74 μg, respectively. The protective effect of PLE against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage to PC12 cells was investigated by an 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. After 2 h of cell exposure to 0.5 mM H₂O₂, a marked reduction in cell survival was observed. However, this reduction was significantly prevented by 10–100 μg/ml of PLE. H₂O₂ also induced severe apoptosis of the PC12 cells, which was indicated by a flow cytometric analysis. Interestingly, the H₂O₂-stressed PC12 cells that had been incubated with PLE had greatly suppressed apoptosis. The results suggest that PLE could be a candidate for a new antioxidant against neuronal diseases.