密度和修剪对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响

田间试验研究了种植密度和不同时期根修剪对黄土旱塬冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根系时空分布、土壤水分利用以及产量的影响。供试材料为该地区广泛种植的冬小麦品种长武135。试验设定4个密度处理:SR1、SR2、SR3和SR4,分别为180、225、280和340株/m2,其中SR2为常规密度;以及4个根修剪处理:CK(不剪根处理)、W(越冬期根修剪)、S(返青期根修剪)和B(越冬期根修剪+返青期根修剪)。研究结果表明,冬小麦返青期、孕穗期和花期根系总干重随种植密度的增加而增加。根修剪处理显著降低了各生育期冬小麦根系总干重,不同处理间排序为CKWSB。种植密度和根修剪对冬小麦根系总长度的影响与根系总干重类似,各处理间根系总干重和根系总长度的差异主要来自于0—20 cm表土层。冬小麦表土层(0—20 cm)中的根干重密度(DRWD)和根长密度(RLD)都随种植密度的提高而增加。根修剪降低了返青期、孕穗期和花期冬小麦DRWD和RLD在0—20 cm表土层中的分布,但增加了花期60—100 cm深土层中的DRWD和RLD。整个生育期土壤水分消耗随种植密度增加而增加,而根修剪显著减少土壤水分的消耗。冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率随着种植密度增加而显著提高。根修剪处理显著增加了冬小麦的产量,且W处理的产量最高,同时根修剪也显著提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率。由此可见,越冬期根修剪(W)可以最大程度提高冬小麦产量。考虑到经济效益,建议旱地雨养农业区在较高的密度下进行越冬期根修剪处理,从而达到生产上高产高效的目的。     

EFFECTS OF ROOT PRUNING AT THE REGREENING STAGE ON DROUGHT TOLERANCE AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF WINTER WHEAT IN LATE GROWING STAGE

 通过盆栽试验研究了返青期根修剪对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)后期耐旱性及水分利用效率的影响。在返青期设置了两个根修剪处理: 1)小剪根, 在植株一侧切去部分侧生根; 2)大剪根, 在主茎四周切去部分侧生根。不剪根者设为对照(CK)。研究结果显示, 两个根修剪处理均显著减少了小麦的根系, 但对根冠比没有显著影响。在花期, 两个根修剪处理的小麦旗叶的叶绿素荧光参数最大光化学效率(The maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ, F_v/F_m)、 PSⅡ潜在活性 (PSⅡ potential activity, F_v/F_o)、实际光化学量子产量(Effective PSⅡ quantum yield, Φ_PSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(Apparent rate of photosynthetic electron transport, ETR)、光化学淬灭系数( Coefficient of photochemical quenching, q_P)和非光化学淬灭系数(Coefficient of non-photochemical quenching, NPQ)值, 在停止供水7 d后, 均显著高于对照, 这表明根修剪小麦的耐旱性强于对照, 因此在干旱胁迫下有较高的光化学活性。小剪根处理在高水条件下对小麦产量无显著影响, 而在中度干旱条件下显著提高了小麦的产量, 因此, 小剪根处理显著提高了小麦的抗旱系数; 小剪根处理在高水分处理(土壤水分含量为田间持水量的85%)和中度干旱胁迫处理(土壤水分含量为田间持水量的55%)条件下, 均显著提高了小麦的水分利用效率。但大剪根处理由于严重影响了群体数量和产量, 水分利用效率和抗旱系数均没有提高。可见, 适当地减少根系有助于小麦的耐旱性和水分利用效率的提高。     

黄土旱塬冬小麦返青期断根对根冠比、水分利用及产量的影响

采用适当的农艺措施来影响根系生长以提高作物水分利用效率是节水农业研究的一项重要内容。通过田间试验研究了旱作冬小麦‘长武135’(Triticum aestivum cv. Changwu135)返青期切断部分侧生根对根冠比、水分利用效率及产量的影响。与不断根处理相比,冬小麦切断部分侧根后,极显著地减少了表层的根量,花期时断根和不断根小麦在0~20 cm土层根量分别249.70和307.52 g·m^-2,100 cm以上总根量分别为305.53和368.73 g·m^-2。断根比不断根处理根呼吸速率下降了25.57%。断根也抑制了小麦的群体数量,断根和不断根处理单位面积的穗数分别为590.33和646.33 m^-2,但断根显著增加了千粒重,断根和不断根分别为45.99和41.47 g,收获指数也有一定提高。断根对籽粒产量没有显著影响,但断根后土壤含水量显著增加,水分消耗减少。以生物量计算的水分利用效率和以产量计算的水分利用效率分别提高了32.52%和29.98%。因此,在旱地农业中,通过返青期人工断根措施削减根系降低根系对同化产物的消耗和减少耗水量来达到提高冬小麦水分利用效率的方法,是可行的。但今后还需对断根措施作进一步研究,以期实现产量和水分利用效率的同步提高。     

土壤水分对返青期断根冬小麦补偿效应的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下返青期断根冬小麦的补偿效应.结果表明,断根小麦的早期生长受到抑制,叶面积在返青 拔节期间显著下降,到开花期能恢复至对照水平.高水分条件下断根小麦拔节期的叶绿素荧光参数包括表观光合电子传递速率、实际光化量子产量、光化学淬灭系数、非光化学淬灭值均显著大于对照,开花后单茎干物质积累为0.81 g,显著大于对照（0.56 g）,花后干物质积累系数比对照提高了38.79%,断根小麦根量虽有所下降但差异不显著;低水分条件下断根小麦的叶绿素荧光参数和花后干物质积累与对照之间没有显著差异,但断根小麦的根系生物量（7.83 g·pot^-1）显著小于对照（9.77 g·pot^-1）.土壤水分对断根小麦的地上生物量和籽粒产量的补偿效应没有显著影响.断根处理的冬小麦在两种土壤水分条件下均显著降低了耗水量,在整个生育期,高水分条件下冬小麦断根处理可节水2 000 ml左右,水分利用效率为1.97 g·kg ^-1,显著大于对照的1.70 g·kg ^-1;低水分条件下也可节水1 500 ml左右,水分利用效率虽有所提高,但未达到显著性差异.     

不同耕作方式对陇中旱农区春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布及产量的影响

依托陇中旱农区长期的保护性耕作定位试验,对不同耕作方式下春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布特征及作物产量进行研究,以探索耕作措施影响作物产量的机制.结果表明: 随着生育期的推进,春小麦和豌豆的总根长、根表面积呈先增后减的趋势,开花期达到最大;春小麦根系苗期以0～10 cm最多,花期、成熟期10～30 cm最多;而豌豆根系苗期和成熟期均以0～10 cm最多,花期10～30 cm最多.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜增加了根长和根表面积,春小麦和豌豆各生育时期的根长较传统耕作增加了35.9%～92.6%,根表面积增加了43.2%～162.4%.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜优化了春小麦和豌豆根系分布,与传统耕作相比,增加了春小麦和豌豆苗期0～10 cm土层根长和根表面积分布比例,花期和成熟期深层次根系分布也显著增加,免耕秸秆覆盖在开花期30～80 cm土层根长和根表面积的分布比例分别比传统耕作提高了3.3%和9.7%.春小麦各生育期的总根长、根表面积与产量呈显著正相关,豌豆各生育期的总根长与豌豆产量呈极显著正相关.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜较传统耕作春小麦和豌豆产量增加23.4%～38.7%,水分利用效率提高了13.7%～28.5%.在陇中旱农区,免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜可以增加作物根长和根表面积,优化了根系在土壤中的空间分布,增强作物根层吸收能力,从而提高作物产量和水分高效利用.     

水分胁迫下春小麦根系吸水功能效率的研究

对水分胁迫下不同根系大小的春小麦籽粒产量与水分利用效率、相对生长速度和根系功能效率之间的关系进行了研究。实验分为3个水分处理和3个根系大小处理,3个水分处理分别是土壤含水量保持在田间持水量的80％-90％(H),50％-60％(M)和30％-40％(L)。根系大小的处理是(1)大根系处理(B),(2)中根系处理(M)和(3)小根系处理(S)。实验结果表明,在中度和重度干旱条件下小根系处理(MS和LS)的作物具有较高的WEUg,WUEdm、相对生长速度、根系功能效率和籽粒产量;在高水分处理中,上述参数的数值在大根系处理中相对较高。根呼吸耗C量在作物的整个生育期中都占有十分重要的地位,尽管根呼吸耗C比例随作物的生长而呈同步增加的趋势,但实际耗C量却呈逐步下降的趋势,同一时期作物的根呼吸速率与土壤含水量之间存在正相关关系,说明适当降低土壤含水量可以有效地减少根呼吸耗C量,有利于提高作物的存活率。在干旱半干旱地区,春小麦的根功能效率尚未达到最高值,作物产量仍有潜力可挖,通过适时补灌和减少同化物向根系分配的比例和根系对同化产物的消耗量来达到提高春小麦籽粒产量的方法是可行的,但不是长久之计。     

土壤水分和磷营养对小麦根系生长生理特性的影响

采用小偃６号小麦品种,在模拟田间原状土容重的条件下土培,研究了土壤水分和磷营养对小麦根系生长生理特性的效应。结果表明：在土壤相对含水量为４０％─７０％范围内,土壤水分亏缺,小麦根系生长受到限制,根系比表面积（ＲＡ）、根呼吸速率（Ｒｐ）、根水势（Ｒψｗ）和叶片蒸腾强度（ＥＩ）明显降低,根系干物重（ＲＤＷ）减少;轻度干旱有利于根系的延伸生长;在土壤干旱条件下,磷营养可以提高根系ＲＡ,降低根系Ｒｐ,提高Ｒψｗ、增加叶面ＥＩ,促进根系延伸生长,扩大小麦根系对土壤深层水分的吸收和利用,进而促进地下部生长,提高ＲＤＷ。磷除作为一种营养物质促进作物根系生长发育外,在水分胁迫条件下,磷营养可明显改善植株体内的水分关系,增强对干旱缺水环境的适应能力,提高作物抗旱性。促进根系生长,提高水分利用的有效方法是根据土壤水分状况调节磷的用量。     

红砂幼苗根系形态特征和水分利用效率对土壤水分变化的响应

为探讨干旱与半干旱区受损红砂种群幼苗适宜生长的土壤水分条件,采用盆栽方法,研究了红砂幼苗在充分灌溉(FI)、适度灌溉(MI)、干旱处理(DT)3个水分处理下根系形态和水分利用效率的变化特征。结果表明:(1)红砂幼苗根系形态因水分条件和根序的不同而各异;随灌溉量的减少红砂幼苗根系直径和根体积均表现为FIMIDT,但干旱处理促进了根系的伸长生长和比表面积和比根长增加,根系形态的可塑性是红砂幼苗获取水分适应干旱环境的重要策略之一。(2)随根序的升高,各处理水平下红砂幼苗根长、比根长均显著减少,而其根直径和体积却显著增加,表明红砂幼苗根系内部具有高度的形态异质性。(3)与FI处理相比,MI和DT处理下红砂幼苗根系总生物量分别增加了50.00%、19.23%,但MI和DT处理却显著降低了红砂幼苗地上生物量,特别是叶片生物量下降幅度最大,分别降低了62.15%、83.28%,导致根冠比随灌溉量的减少而逐渐增加。(4)干旱处理显著提高了红砂幼苗的水分利用效率。研究认为,在灌溉量减少的情况下,红砂幼苗可通过根长、根系表面积和体积、直径等形态变化来优化其空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用,提高水分利用效率。     

玉米根系形态性状和空间分布对水分利用效率的调控

玉米根系形态性状(总根长、根系表面积和根系干物质重)与植物整体水分利用效率间具有显著或极显著的相关性,回归曲线趋势基本相同,均呈二次曲线关系,只是相关系数不同。说明从提高水分利用效率来说,根系需要维持适宜的大小。其中根长对水分利用效率的贡献是第一位的,而根系干物质重的贡献最小,根系表面积介于二者之间。从空间分布来说,玉米每层节根数、节根长度和直径在父母本和杂交种间也具有显著或极显著的差异。与中下层根量相比,母本与不抗旱的父本处于上层干土中的根系数量明显较多,且根系直径大,吸水困难。而杂交种在干旱条件下上层根重和数量维持不变,或略高于不抗旱品种,但中层和下层根系数量和长度明显高于不抗旱品种,且根系直径小于不抗旱品种,这样从多的有效根系数量和低的吸水阻力两方面保证了水分的吸收,从而使其产量和水分利用效率均最高,说明通过根系形态特性和空间分布的优化能够调节作物整体的水分利用效率。     

锰素浸种对小麦幼苗光合特性及其根系形态与活力的影响

采用盆栽试验,以小麦品种‘西农979’为材料,设置对照（0 g/L）、低（0.03 g/L）、中（0.06 g/L）和高（0.12 g/L）4个锰浸种浓度,探讨锰素浸种对小麦苗期光合作用、根系形态指标及其活力的影响。结果显示：（1）在0~0.06 g/L锰浸种浓度下,随着锰浓度的增加,小麦幼苗叶片的光合色素含量和净光合速率显著增加,气孔导度增大,胞间二氧化碳浓度降低,叶片水分利用效率增加,并在0.06 g/L浓度时效果最佳;当锰浓度高于0.06 g/L时,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间二氧化碳均呈下降趋势。（2）0.06 g/L锰浸种处理小麦幼苗总根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力均达到最大,并显著高于对照。（3）小麦幼苗的地上部、根系和整株干重以及根冠比均随着锰浓度的增加呈先升后降的单峰曲线变化,并在0.06 g/L处理下达到最大,且显著高于对照。研究表明,适宜浓度锰素浸种能够有效提高小麦苗期的光合特性,促进根系发育,进而促进小麦出叶和冬前分蘖,但过高浓度的锰素浸种则会抑制小麦生长;综合考虑小麦幼苗光合特性、根系和生物量的表现,当地缺锰地区可通过适当浓度锰素（0.06 g/L）浸种有效促进小麦苗期生长。     

不同水分条件对冬小麦根系时空分布、土壤水利用和产量的影响

为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦灌水对根系时空分布和土壤水分利用规律的影响,以冬小麦石麦15为材料,利用田间定位试验研究了不同灌水处理(春季不灌水W0;春季灌拔节水75mm,W1;春季灌起身水、孕穗水和灌浆水共225mm,W3)对根系干重密度(DRWD)、根长密度(RLD)、体积密度、分枝数等在0—200cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及其对耗水和产量的影响,结果表明:随着春季灌水量的减少,开花后0—80cm土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度均显著减少,80cm—200m土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度却显著增加,并且显著增加冬小麦在灌浆期间对100cm以下深层土层水分的利用,总耗水量W1和W0分别比W3减少70.9mm、115.1mm,土壤耗水量分别比W3增加79.1mm、108.9mm,子粒产量W1和W0分别比W3减少653.3kg/hm2、1470kg/hm2,水分利用效率(WUE)则分别比W3提高0.09kg/m3、0.06kg/m3。晚播冬小麦春季灌1水(拔节水)可以促进根系深扎,增加深土层的根系分布量,提高对深层土壤贮水的吸收利用量,有利于实现节水与高产的统一。     

Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Root growth is critical for crops to use soil water under water-limited conditions. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of available soil water on root and shoot growth, and root water uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under deficit irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Treatments consisted of rainfed, deficit irrigation at different developmental stages, and adequate irrigation. The rainfed plots had the lowest shoot dry weight because available soil water decreased rapidly from booting to late grain filling. For the deficit-irrigation treatments, crops that received irrigation at jointing and booting had higher shoot dry weight than those that received irrigation at anthesis and middle grain filling. Rapid root growth occurred in both rainfed and irrigated crops from floral initiation to anthesis, and maximum rooting depth occurred by booting. Root length density and dry weight decreased after anthesis. From floral initiation to booting, root length density and growth rate were higher in rainfed than in irrigated crops. However, root length density and growth rate were lower in rainfed than in irrigated crops from booting to anthesis. As a result, the difference in root length density between rainfed and irrigated treatments was small during grain filling. The root growth and water use below 1.4 m were limited by a caliche (45% CaCO₃) layer at about 1.4 m profile. The mean water uptake rate decreased as available soil water decreased. During grain filling, root water uptake was higher from the irrigated crops than from the rainfed. Irrigation from jointing to anthesis increased seasonal evapotranspiration, grain yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency based on yield (WUE), but did not affect water-use efficiency based on aboveground biomass. There was no significant difference in WUE among irrigation treatments except one-irrigation at middle grain filling. Due to a relatively deep root system in rainfed crops, the higher grain yield and WUE in irrigated crops compared to rainfed crops was not a result of rooting depth or root length density, but increased harvest index, and higher water uptake rate during grain filling.     

Effects of root pruning on the growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of root pruning at the stem elongation stage on the growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). The results showed that stomatal conductance (g) and transpiration (E) of wheat were very sensitive to root pruning. After root pruning, they declined rapidly and but returned to pre-pruning values 15 days after treatment. Under well-watered conditions, there was no significant difference in leaf water potential (ψ_leaf) between root pruned and control plants after root pruning. Under moderate drought stress, ψ_leaf of root pruned plants declined significantly compared to the control 3 days after root pruning. After 15 days, ψ_leaf of root pruned plants was similar to the controls. Under different soil moisture levels, net assimilation rate (A) of root pruned plants was lower than controls 3–7 days after root pruning, but was similar to the controls 15 days after pruning. At anthesis (50 days after root pruning), root pruned plants showed significantly higher A compared with the control. Leaf area per tiller and tiller number of root pruning plants was significant lower than the control at booting stage, which showed that root pruning restrained the growth of plants in the early growing stage, but leaf area per stem, of root pruned plants, was similar to the control at anthesis. Under both soil moisture levels, there was no significant difference in grain yield between root pruned and the control plants in the monoculture. In mixture with the control plants, the root pruned plants was less productive and had a lower relative yield (0.92 and 0.78, respectively) compared with the control (1.13 and 1.19, respectively), which suggested that the pruned plants lost some of its competing ability and showed a lower ability to acquire and use the same resources in the mixture compared with the control plant. Over the whole growing cycle, root pruning reduced water consumption (by 10% under well-watered conditions and 16% under moderate drought stress) of wheat significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05), and but there was no significant difference in grain yield between root pruned and control plants. Therefore root pruned wheat had a higher WUE with respect to grain yield compared with the controls. In conclusion, lowering water consumption by root pruning in the early growing stage is an effective way to improve water use efficiency in arid and semi arid areas.     

根区水肥空间耦合对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

利用管栽试验研究了根区不同湿润方式（整体湿润、上湿下干、上干下湿）、施肥方式（整体施肥、上层施肥、下层施肥）及其耦合对冬小麦不同生育期生长及产量的影响.结果表明：下层施肥方式显著降低了分蘖期冬小麦的株高和叶面积,而不同湿润方式对分蘖期株高和叶面积的影响不显著,拔节期水肥同区方式的株高大于水肥异区方式,表现出协同耦合效应.上干下湿方式和下层施肥方式显著降低了根系干物质量、地上部干物质量和总干物质量,上层施肥方式有利于增加冬小麦生物量,而上湿下干方式与施肥处理对地上部干物质量和总干物质量的耦合效应明显.水肥同区处理的根冠比高于水肥异区处理;上干下湿方式的水分利用效率显著高于整体湿润和上湿下干方式,水肥同区处理的水分利用效率高于水肥异区处理,但下层施肥方式的水分利用效率较低.与上干下湿方式相比,上湿下干和整体湿润方式的冬小麦单穗粒数分别增加了41.7%和61.9%,上层施肥和整体施肥方式的单穗粒数高于下层施肥方式,上湿下干方式与施肥处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素（除千粒重外）的水肥耦合效应明显.不同水肥处理主要通过影响单穗粒数来影响冬小麦产量.     

Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation in winter wheat has been practiced in the areas with limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (i) understand the physiological basis for determinations of grain yield and water-use efficiency in grain yield (WUE) under deficit irrigation; and (ii) investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on dry matter accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves during grain filling. A field experiment was conducted in the Southern High Plains of the USA and winter wheat (cv. TAM 202) was grown on Pullman clay loam soil (fine mixed thermic Torretic Paleustoll). Treatments consisted of rain-fed, deficit irrigation from jointing to the middle of grain filling, and full irrigation. The physiological measurements included leaf water potential, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and leaf area index. The rain-fed treatment had the lowest seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), biomass, grain yield, harvest index (HI) and WUE as a result of moderate to severe water stress from jointing to grain filling. Irrigation application increased seasonal ET, and ET increased as irrigation frequency increased. The seasonal ET increased 20% in one-irrigation treatments between jointing and anthesis, 32-46% in two-irrigation treatments, and 67% in three- and full irrigation treatments. Plant biomass, grain yield, HI and WUE increased as the result of increased ET. The increased yield under irrigation was mainly contributed by the increased number of spikes, and seeds per square meter and per spike. Among the irrigation treatments, grain yield increased significantly but the WUE increased slightly as irrigation frequency increased. The increased WUE under deficit irrigation was contributed by increased HI. Water stress during grain filling reduced Pn and Gs, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, the water stress during grain filling induced remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves to grains, and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves significantly contributed to the increased grain yield and HI. The results of this study showed that deficit irrigation between jointing and anthesis significantly increased wheat yield and WUE through increasing both current photosynthesis and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves.     

不同类型保水剂对冬小麦水分利用效率和根系形态的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究5种不同类型保水剂及2个施用水平对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、根形态的影响.结果表明: 冬小麦茎蘖数、旗叶面积、产量和水分利用效率在不同类型保水剂及施用量处理之间存在显著差异.与对照相比,5种保水剂处理冬小麦产量增加1.3%～7.9%,水分利用效率由对照的17.1 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1提高到18.0～20.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1.保水剂对冬小麦根系的平均直径、总根长和总表面积的影响均达到显著水平,在0～20和20～40 cm土层,总根长分别增加3.7%～19.1%和6.3%～27.3%,总表面积分别增加6.5%～21.7%和2.9%～18.5%.冬小麦根系形态特征与冬小麦产量和水分利用效率均呈显著正相关.丙烯酰胺/无机矿物复合型保水剂对提高冬小麦水分利用效率和促进根系生长效果最为明显.     

推迟拔节水对小麦氮素积累与分配和硝态氮运移的影响

摘要：2007—2008年度以高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设置2个拔节水灌溉时期,为拔节期和拔节后10 d;3个目标相对含水量,灌水后0~140 cm土层土壤相对含水量分别达到65%、75%、80%,以W1、W2、W3表示拔节期灌水处理,DW1、DW2、DW3表示拔节后10 d灌水处理;开花期均灌水至0~140 cm土层土壤相对含水量为70%,研究推迟拔节水对小麦氮素积累与分配和硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明：（1）W2和DW2处理有利于提高0~60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量,促进籽粒氮素积累;营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒的转运量、籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力分别高于W1和DW1,与W3和DW3处理无显著差异;开花后植株氮素积累量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率分别高于W3和DW3,是拔节期和拔节后10 d灌水的最优处理。（2）W2和DW2处理比较,DW2成熟期100~140 cm土层硝态氮残留量低于W2,籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、氮素吸收效率、氮肥偏生产力和水分利用效率均显著高于W2,是本试验条件下的最佳灌水方案。2008—2009生长季试验各处理变化趋势同2007—2008年度。