The marine algae of Hluleka (Transkei) and the warm temperate/sub-tropical transition on the east coast of southern Africa

The marine flora of the transition region between the warm temperate south coast and sub-tropical east coast of southern Africa is very poorly documented. The seaweeds of Hluleka Nature Reserve, centrally placed along this transition, are described. 178 species (120 rhodophytes, 33 chlorophytes and 25 phaeophytes) are recorded, including 28 new records for the region, and a new combination,Tiffaniella schmitziana (Barton) nov. comb. A biogeographical analysis of those species whose distribution is sufficiently known reveals that 65% are warm water species, also occurring in tropical seas. Hluleka is thus towards the warmer end of the transition, and the major discontinuity is sharply defined, occurring in the ca 130 km of coastline between Hluleka and the mouth of the Kei River. It is probable that a rapid temperature gradient along this stretch of coast (change of 2°C in annual mean) is responsible for the discontinuity.     

Seaweed biogeography of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States

The northern boundary of the warm temperate region of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States is set at Cape Hatteras; the southern boundary lies at Cape Canaveral. There is some spillover of cool temperate species south of Cape Hatteras into North Carolina and spillover of warm temperate species south of Cape Canaveral toward Palm Beach. Elements of the warm temperate flora also extend into the northern Gulf of Mexico, but precise limits to the flora cannot be drawn there. Thirty-one species are endemic to the warm temperate flora. The inshore waters of North Carolina include approximately equal numbers of species with northern and southern centres of distribution; the species of the offshore waters have predominantly southern affinities, but also include most of the endemic species. Seasonal changes in the shallow water flora of North Carolina reflect eurythermal cool temperate and tropical elements in winter and summer respectively and a year-round warm temperate element. These groupings have been verified by experimental studies in which light and temperature were varied. The deep water flora is a summer flora dominated by perennial species. The inshore, eurythermal cool temperate and tropical species have a variety of cryptic stages by which they persist throughout the year.Paper presented at the Seaweed Biogeography Workshop of the International Working Group on Seaweed Biogeography, held from 3–7 April 1984 at the Department of Marine Biology, Rijks-universiteit Groningen (The Netherlands). Convenor: C. van den Hoek.     

广东大瑶山维管植物区系的基本特征

广东大瑶山地处南岭山脉南部的中亚热带地区, 25°11'18"N, 113°13'02"E,有野生维管植物1411种(含变种),隶属于194科701属。其中蕨类植物132种,所占比例较大,表明植物区系起源古老。区系表征科与植被优势科为壳斗科、山茶科、樟科、木兰科、金缕梅科、桑科、紫金牛科、山矾科等,说明该地域是华夏植物区系的重要组成部分。种子植物属的分布区类型中泛热带分布占优势,同时热带、温带区系成分均有不同程度地侵入,区系成分复杂,充分体现出其原始古老的自然性与植物种类的多样性。     

广东荷包岛维管束植物区系特征分析

在对广东荷包岛植被全面踏查的基础上,结合其植物区系成分及组成特征分析,对该区系特点进行了系统研究。结果显示,该岛共有维管束植物135科370属541种,其中,蕨类植物22科28属40种,种子植物113科342属501种;野生种子植物共有465种,栽培植物共有36种。在属级水平上,荷包岛植物区系以热带成分占绝对优势,热带性质属占野生植物非世界广布属的87.80%;在种级水平上,中国特有种74种,占非世界总种数的15.91%。泛热带分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布、热带亚洲分布4种分布类型构成了该植物区系的主体。将荷包岛与我国东南沿海其他岛屿（澳门、香港东平洲岛、浙江舟山群岛、上海崇明岛）的植物区系进行比较发现,该岛植物区系表现出更强的热带性质,与澳门植物区系性质最为接近。     

Lebensformen und Florenelemente im Nordafrikanischen Trockenraum

Summary It is attempted to determine in detail the boundaries between the extratropical flora (holarctis), the saharo-arabian flora and the tropical flora (palaeotropis) in arid northern Africa on the basis of life forms.The analysis is based on 1258 species selected by a frequency distribution (Fig. 2). The species are classified into 12 groups of different life forms and floristic elements; phanerophytes (Ph), chamaephytes (Ch), hemicryptophytes (H) and therophytes (Th), as well as a tropical fkoristic element (P), a saharo-arabian (S) and an extratropical one (H). Thus, floristic boundaries of the tropics and the extratropical regions could be differentiated for the four life forms concerned (Fig. 4). The eight boundaries separate zones dominated by different floristic elements of any life form. Fig. 4 shows that, e.g., the floristic boundary of tropical phanerophytes runs much further north than equivalent boundaries of other life forms. A more detailed interpretation of fig. 4 is given for the east and west coast and for the Nile valley. The differences between the east and the west coast are explained by different temperature conditions (cold ocean current). For the Nile valley it could be shown that the taller the life forms of tropical species, the further north their numbers are still dominant over the equivalent extratropical life forms.Zonal life form spectra (Fig. 5) are presented for each floristic element. Therophytes and chamaephytes are the dominant life forms in the Sahara. Therophytes dominate on shallow gravelly soils over solid rock, whereas chamaephytes dominate where their roots can penetrate into deeper layers.Some relations between life forms or floristic elements and elimate are shown using correlation analysis. In this connection the physiology of summer and winter therophytes is briefly discussed.

Nomenklatur nach Quézel (1965)     

海南铜铁岭低地雨林蕨类植物区系及其特点

对海南铜铁岭热带低地雨林地区的蕨类植物区系进行了研究,结果表明铜铁岭共有蕨类植物117种,隶属40科、71属.含6种以上的科有水龙骨科、金星蕨科、铁角蕨科、叉蕨科、陵齿蕨科、膜蕨科和凤尾蕨科,它们是组成铜铁岭蕨类植物的优势科.根据植物的现代地理分布,本区的蕨类植物属和种的分布区类型中热带成分分别占非世界分布的95.31%和75.21%,说明了该地区蕨类植物区系与热带植物区系有着广泛的联系,热带性较强;本区蕨类植物大多数是林荫湿生或附生类型.七指蕨种群是该区珍稀蕨类植物,应该加强保护.     

广东揭东桑浦双麓自然保护区植被资源

通过线路调查结合典型样地调查,对广东揭东桑浦双麓自然保护区进行植被资源调查。据统计,保护区内共有维管植物580种(含种下等级),隶属129科371属。植物区系以热带、亚热带成分占明显优势,占种子植物科属的75%左右。原生植被为南亚热带常绿阔叶林,主要为石栎林和青冈林,但其覆盖面积比例较小,人工营造的马尾松林、台湾相思林等占有较大的比例。由此可见,人为经营活动对林分组成和结构的影响较大,宜采取封山育林、林分改造等营林措施,促使现有的针叶林和针阔混交林朝地带性顶级群落演替。     

Greta's Garbo: stranded seeds and fruits from Greta Beach, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean

Aim To describe the species composition of stranded seeds and fruits drifted by ocean currents to Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Location Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Methods Frequent visual searches along the strand line of the island's few accessible beaches over a 4-year period 1988–92, with most effort concentrated on Greta Beach, on the east coast. Results The collection contained not fewer than sixty-three species in forty-nine genera and twenty-nine families. Leguminous seeds were by far the most common (especially Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Dioclea spp., Entada spp., Erythrina spp. and Mucunagigantea (Willd.) DC.), but Calophyllum inophyllum L., Guettarda speciosa L., Hernandia ovigera L., Heritiera littoralis Aiton and Terminalia catappa L. were also common. Main conclusions Only about one-third of species recorded in the drift flora are native to the island, and most disseminules stranded on the island are probably not locally derived. The most likely distant sources of drift disseminules are probably the southern Indonesian islands and Sumatra, with most disseminules probably arriving via the Timor and Arafura Seas between Indonesia and Australia. However, some disseminules may originate from as far east as the Moluccas and the east coast of Kalimantan. The majority of species recorded in the drift flora are not native to the island, and yet some of these were encountered frequently and displayed a high degree of viability on arrival (e.g. Dioclea hexandra (Ralph) Mabb., Erythrina fusca Loureiro and Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.). Several possible reasons for the failure of many drift species to establish on the island are discussed.     

Seaweeds, latitudinal diversity patterns, and Rapoport's Rule

We analysed the geographic distribution of 645 species of marine benthic algae along the Atlantic coast of Europe and Pacific coast of temperate South America to test for the existence of an association between geographic range size and latitude (Rapoport's Rule) and for three key components of the explanations offered for it. We found that species in high diversity areas are characterized by small geographic ranges and by low specific growth rates as compared to species with large geographic ranges, thus supporting the Rapoport-rescue hypothesis. However, the pattern is not related to species' tolerances, to abiotic conditions or to climatic variability. Further, the inverse latitudinal diversity pattern shown by the marine algal flora of temperate Pacific South America, and the opposite patterns shown by tropical and subantarctic species within this flora, stressed that small geographic ranges are linked to high diversity areas in general, and not only in relation to the pole to tropic species diversity gradient.     

Marine macroalgal biodiversity hotspots: why is there high species richness and endemism in southern Australian marine benthic flora?

The southern Australian marine macroalgal flora has the highest levels of species richness and endemism of any regional macroalgal flora in the world. Analyses of species composition and distributions for the southern Australian flora have identified four different floristic elements, namely the southern Australian endemic element, the widely distributed temperate element, the tropical element and a cold water element. Within the southern Australian endemic element, four species distribution patterns are apparent, thought to largely result from the Jurassic to Oligocene fragmentation of East Gondwana, the subsequent migration of Tethyan ancestors from the west Australian coast and the later invasion of high latitude Pacific species. Climatic deterioration from the late Eocene to the present is thought responsible for the replacement of the previous tropical south coast flora by an endemic temperate flora which has subsequently diversified in response to fluctuating environmental conditions, abundant rocky substrata and substantial habitat heterogeneity. High levels of endemism are attributed to Australia's long isolation and maintained, as is the high species richness, by the lack of recent mass extinction events. The warm water Leeuwin Current has had profound influence in the region since the Eocene, flowing to disperse macroalgal species onto the south coast as well as ameliorating the local environment. It is now evident that the high species richness and endemism we now observe in the southern Australian marine macroalgal flora can be attributed to a complex interaction of biogeographical, ecological and phylogenetic processes over the last 160 million years.     

Revealing the scale of marine bioinvasions in developing regions: a South African re-assessment

As recently as 2009 the number of introductions recorded for South Africa comprised 22 marine and estuarine species. This review aims to reassess the diversity and scale of introduced marine and estuarine species in the region. Accurate taxonomic and systematic work, broad review of historical records and new sampling surveys across selected marine habitats conducted by a team of local and international experts has effectively revealed the presence of previously misidentified, overlooked, or new introductions. A total of 86 introduced and 39 cryptogenic species are recognized, increasing known numbers four and twofold respectively within 1 year, although the current assessment is far from fully comprehensive. Additional species were revealed within the historic literature (76%), from surveys conducted post-2005 (11%) and following taxonomic resolution (13%). Temporal analyses confirmed discovery rates were increasing over time. Ship fouling and ballast water were the dominant vector pathways, accounting for 48 and 38% respectively. Spatial analyses revealed patterns of bioinvasion to be significantly higher on the west coast compared to the other coastal regions. Overall, 53% of introductions were concentrated within harbour areas with only 4 open-coast invaders detected at present. Introduced species found in the cool and warm-temperate provinces of the west and south coast mainly originated from the northern hemisphere (65%). In contrast, introductions located in the sub-tropical and tropical provinces of the east coast mainly originated from the southern hemisphere (18%), with the remaining 17% of introduced species being of unknown origin. The research approach described has proven pivotal, contributing massively toward revealing the true scale and patterns of bioinvasion for a developing region within a relatively short period of time.     

格氏栲自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物组成特征分析

本文在11000m²样地调查材料的基础上,分析了福建三明格氏栲自然保护区常绿阔叶林群落的植物种类组成、分布区类型和物种多样性特点。结果显示,群落共计有维管植物223种,隶属于80个科159属,其中单种属占总属数的80.5%;地理成分复杂,具有中国15个种子植物属分布区类型中的12个,且以热带亚热带成分为主,其中泛热带分布属的比例最高,其次为热带亚洲分布属,温带成分占有一定比例;群落不同层次多样性指数由大到小的变化规律为:灌木层 >乔木层 >草本层;植物分布区类型与物种多样性指数的分析表明,该群落是介于南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林和中亚热带常绿阔叶林之间的过渡类型。     

A Comparative Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of the East Side and the West Side of the Northern Gaoligong Mts . in Northwestern Yunnan,China

The differences in rainfall and temperature between the east and west sides of the northern GaoligongMts. leads to distinct differences in the plant diversity and floristic characteristics between the two sides . Recorded taxa on the east side include 1 475 native species and 192 varieties (or subspecies) belonging to 580 genera in 152 families and for the west side include 1 804 native species and 186 varieties ( or subspecies) belonging to 659 genera in 162 families . Based on the statistics and analysis of families, genera, and species, a comparative floristic study on the seed plants for the east side and the west side of the northern Gaoligong Mts. was carried out. The results are as follows: 1) The present flora on the east and west sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts . have the same floristic origins, but the relative contribution from these different sources has changed through time . The result is that the floristic similarity of families, genera, and species between the east side and the west side has decreased through time; 2) The floristic characteristic of seed plants for the west side has become more greatly influenced by tropical floristic elements than has that of the east side, and the influence by the temperate floristic elements has become less influenced on the west side but greater on the east side; 3) The flora of the west side is more closely linked with that of the eastern Himalayans than is the flora of the east side, and the flora of the east side is more closely linked with the other floras farther to the east. Owing to the obstruct of the Gaoligong Mts. ridge itself, it is seemingly difficult for the species interchange between the two sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts. ; 4) The ecological-geographical environment has made it more conducive to species conservation and the speciation on the west side than on the east side, so the west side is not only a refuge for some ancient floristic elements but also as a cradle of some new species.     

海南中部山区到东部沿海区域植物区系比较研究

海南岛地形中高周低,从中部山区到东部沿海平原地区,由于自然条件及历史上人类干扰程度的不同,因此植物区系组成发生了一定程度的变化。为探讨植物区系组成的变化与保护区的次生性、面积及海拔高度等因素的关系,该研究采用样方和样线调查法,对海南岛中偏东部会山保护区进行物种调查,并结合该团队以往调查的中部五指山原自然保护区(现属热带雨林国家公园)、东部非沿海的白石岭保护区和东北部沿海的铜鼓岭自然保护区的数据,对4个保护区的植物区系组成特点进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)五指山、会山、白石岭、铜鼓岭保护区分别分布有1 893、1 415、634、913种野生种子植物,中部的2个保护区植物种类明显高于其他2个保护区。(2)保护区之间的物种相似性与海拔差和面积差呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。(3)4个保护区均为热带成分占主导地位,在属水平上五指山热带亚洲分布最多,其他3个保护区泛热带分布最多; 在种水平上均为热带亚洲分布最多且铜鼓岭占比最大。综上认为,从中部山区到东部沿海平原地区表现出次生性越大,海拔高度越低,生境类型越少,植物物种数越少; 同时,在属和种的水平上,呈现出热带成分增加,温带成分、中国特有分布和孑遗属、种均减少的特征。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassiosira mala</Emphasis> (Bacillariophyta), a potentially harmful,marine diatom from Chilka Lake and other coastal localities of Odisha,India: Nomenclature,frustule morphology and global biogeography

Our examination of net phytoplankton collected from coastal localities in Odisha on the east coast of India, including Chilka Lake, Chandrabhaga Beach and Puri, in December 2015, revealed the overwhelming dominance of Thalassiosira mala, a gelatinous colony-forming, potentially harmful, marine planktonic diatom. The large numbers of cells allowed us to observe details of the cingulum not previously reported. The epicingulum is composed of four open bands including an areolated valvocopula, an areolated copula and two non-areolated pleurae. The immature hypocingulum includes at least two bands. Openings of alternate bands are arranged in a dextral pattern. Based on previous reports from the west coast and our current findings, Thalassiosira mala appears to be a common, widely distributed primary producer in Indian coastal waters. The presence of morphologically similar species, especially those <20 μm in diameter, underscores the importance of reliable species-level taxonomy using appropriate techniques for meaningful ecological and biogeographic considerations and for monitoring potentially harmful algae in India’s economically important coastal waters. Published reports suggest that Thalassiosira mala is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters, present in 26 of 232 ecoregions and 18 of 62 provinces recognized in a recent classification of coastal marine ecoregions.     

瑞丽莫里热带雨林种子植物区系的初步研究

初步分析了鲜为人知的滇西南瑞丽莫里的热带雨林植物区系组成与地理成分。该植物区系中热带和主产热带的科占总科数的80%以上,热带分布属占总属数的84.1%;典型热带分布种占总种数的82.1%,该区系在科、属和种水平上均以热带成分占优势,明显属于热带性质的植物区系。在其热带分布属中,又以热带亚洲分布属最多,占总属数的26.5%;典型热带分布种中也以热带亚洲分布及其变型的种占绝对优势,占总种数的72.9%,反映了该植物区系具有热带亚洲植物区系的性质特点。在其热带亚洲成分中,又具体以南亚—大陆东南亚成分比例最高,反映了滇西南的热带雨林植物区系由于地域邻接关系,受印度(喜马拉雅)—缅甸植物区系的强烈影响。     

Climate‐driven rampant speciation of the Cape flora

Aim To test whether the radiation of the extremely rich Cape flora is correlated with marine‐driven climate change. Location Middle to Late Miocene in the south‐east Atlantic and the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) off the west coast of South Africa. Methods We studied the palynology of the thoroughly dated Middle to Late Miocene sediments of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1085 retrieved from the Atlantic off the mouth of the Orange River. Both marine upwelling and terrestrial input are recorded at this site, which allows a direct correlation between changes in the terrestrial flora and the marine BUS in the south‐east Atlantic. Results Pollen types from plants of tropical affinity disappeared, and those from the Cape flora gradually increased, between 10 and 6 Ma. Our data corroborate the inferred dating of the diversification in Aizoaceae c. 8 Ma. Main conclusions Inferred vegetation changes for the Late Miocene south‐western African coast are the disappearance of Podocarpus‐dominated Afromontane forests, and a change in the vegetation of the coastal plain from tropical grassland and thicket to semi‐arid succulent vegetation. These changes are indicative of an increased summer drought, and are in step with the development of the southern BUS. They pre‐date the Pliocene uplift of the East African escarpment, suggesting that this did not play a role in stimulating vegetation change. Some Fynbos elements were present throughout the recorded period (from 11 Ma), suggesting that at least some elements of this vegetation were already in place during the onset of the BUS. This is consistent with a marine‐driven climate change in south‐western Africa triggering substantial radiation in the terrestrial flora, especially in the Aizoaceae.     

贡嘎山蕨类植物区系的特点

贡嘎山蕨类植物区系共含４０科,９３属,３９９种,最主要的是耳蕨属Ｐｏｌｙｓｔｉｃｈｕｍ,鳞毛蕨属Ｄｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ,蹄盖蕨属Ａｔｈｙｒｉｕｍ以及水龙骨科Ｐｏｌｙｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ等系统演化上较高级的类群,所含的种子是喜马拉雅和中国西南当地分化的种;其特有成分多为新特有属,可认为它是随青藏高原隆起而形成的较年青的蕨类区系,热带属在本区数量多而种类少,在山上河可与北温带种类并存。贡嘎山处于蕨类物种东     

海南鹦哥岭的种子植物区系

海南鹦哥岭保存了我国华南地区面积最大和最原始的热带雨林。2003–2006年间, 作者通过近4个月的野外调查, 对该地区植物物种多样性进行了研究, 以期阐明其种子植物区系组成及其在中国植物物种多样性研究及保育中的重要性。结果如下: 该地区共有野生种子植物173科825属1,706种(含变种)。该地植物区系成分热带性质较强, 在属的水平上, 泛热带和热带亚洲成分占优势, 各占非世界属总数的25.28%和32.36%; 中国特有属8个, 占非世界属总数的1.01%, 其中海南特有属2个, 分别为多核果属(Pyrenocarpa)、盾叶苣苔属(Metapetrocosmea)。在种的水平上, 热带成分占非世界种总数的70.50%, 处于明显优势地位; 中国特有种474种, 占非世界种总数的28.42%, 其中海南特有种149种, 占中国特有种的31.44%。鹦哥岭的植物区系在组成上具有较强的特殊性, 主要表现在不但具有较多的特殊类群, 而且是亚热带植物种类与典型热带植物种类、干热性植物种类与湿热性植物种类相互渗透的交汇地带, 在植物区系地理研究方面具有重要意义。最后作者还讨论了该地区与邻近4个地区植物区系的联系, 认为鹦哥岭与吊罗山的种子植物区系相似性最大, 而与鼎湖山、西双版纳的种子植物区系相比, 鹦哥岭表现出更强的热带性。     

西双版纳植物区系的特点与亲缘

西双版纳植物区系经初步资料整理统计有种子植物 3336种 ,隶属于 1 1 4 0个属 ,大约 1 97个科。植物区系成分构成是热带分布的科和属分别占总科和属数的 60 .1 %和 83.5% ,在热带分布属中 ,又以热带亚洲成分占优势 (占 32 .8% )。通过植物区系组成和地理成分分析 ,认为该植物区系是热带性质的 ,属于热带亚洲区系的一部分 ,并带有明显热带边缘性质和几种地理成分交汇的特点。西双版纳植物区系与广西热带植物区系和海南热带植物区系在发生上同源 ,主要来自于古南大陆与古北大陆区系成分的融合 ,在发展上受热带亚洲植物区系的渗透和强烈影响。